GLAZING

Ar. KINKAR BHATTACHARJEE

 CONTENT
QUESTIONS
1) WHAT IS GLAZING? EXPLAIN BRIEFLY
2) TYPES OF GLAZING
3) DIFFRENCE BETWEEN STRUCTURAL
GLAZING AND CURTAIN WALLING

CONTENT
1) INTRODUCTION
2) MATERIALS 1) BOLTED
3) WHY GLAZING GLAZING
1) STRUCTURAL 2) CABLE STAYED
GLAZING GLAZING
3) FIN
SUPPORTED
3) TYPES GLAZING

1) STICK SYSTEM
2) CURTAIN
WALLS 2) UNITIZED
SYSTEM
4) DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CURTAIN WALLS AND STRUCTURAL
GLAZING
5) MARKERT SURVEY
6) CASE STUDY
7) CONCLUSION
 INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS GLAZING
• GLAZING, WHICH DERIVES FROM THE MIDDLE
ENGLISH FOR 'GLASS', IS A PART OF A WALL OR
WINDOW MADE OF GLASS.
• GLAZING IS WHEN YOU PAINT A THIN LAYER OF
MINERALS AND GLASS ONTO A FIRED OR UNFIRED
CERAMIC PIECE.
• THE ACT OF INSTALLING GLASS IN WINDOWS, DOORS OR
FIXED OPENINGS.
• IN PRACTICALLY , IT WOULD BE THE ACTUAL
INSTALLATION OF A PIECE OF GLASS WITHIN A FRAME.
 MATERIALS
MATERIALS TO BE USED
• GLASS - 100% RECYCLABLE MATERIAL.
- LESS WEIGHT, BUT HIGH STRENGTH.
• ALUMINUM - SAND GEL USED FOR BONDING
• SILICONE GLASS.
- ETHYLENE PROPYLENE DI AMINE
SEALANTS MONOMER. WEATHERPROOF JOINT
• EPDM SEALANTS.
TO PREVENT WATER AND AIR
ENTERING. TEMPERATURE UNTO
110 DEGREE KELVIN.

• ALUMINIUM
- Used as framing
• STAINLESS STEEL materials
 CONTENT
MATERIALS
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
The design professional specifies the structural framing members in accordance
with design parameters of the building project. The structural framing is normally fabricated
from an aluminum alloy and may be either anodized or finished with an architectural coating.
If an architectural coating is applied, it must be done in-shop by a licensed applicator in strict
conformance with the manufacturer’s specification and quality control procedures. Anodized
coatings on aluminum tend to be variable, and may create problems for silicone adhesion if not
strictly monitored.

GLASS

Glass type normally used is clear vision glass, which may be tinted or treated with a reflective
coating. Other types of glass considered by the design professional include: annealed, heat-
strengthened, tempered, laminated, or insulating glass. Considerations – if the glass is
treated with a reflective coating, low E coating, or an opacifier (as with some spandrel
types), structural silicone sealant adhesion to, and compatibility with, this coating must be
verified. If insulating glass is used, it shall be a high quality, dual-seal unit with a silicone
secondary seal in compliance with local specification.

STRUCTURAL SILICONE SEALANTS

The sealant selection is made based on several factors, including: the type of System being
used, the design parameters to be met and the requirements of the glazing contractors, only
high strength silicone sealants specifically designed tested for structural glazing shall be
used. General or multi- purpose silicone sealants not specifically designed for structural
glazing should
 WHY GLAZING?
WHY GLAZING
• Structurally glazed systems create a greater
transparency than traditional captured systems.
• There are less visual interruptions due to the lack of
metal on the exterior (and potentially the interior),
creating a seamless, continuous glass look.
• Traditional captured curtain wall systems have
pressure plates and caps that can conduct large
amounts of heat in or out of the façade depending
on the season.
• Since there is little to no exposed exterior metal, there
is also less thermal bridging with structural glazing,
saving on energy consumption costs.
• New technology and better integration with day

Lighting and climate control systems allow

advanced glazing in building facades to

• 1) improve the comfort and performance of

Building occupants,

• 2) assist in national and global efforts to reduce

energy consumption
 TYPESOF GLAZING

COMMONLY USED INNOVATIVE GLAZING SYSTEMS

ARE:
STRUCTURAL GLAZING CURTAIN WALLS
1. BOLTED GLAZING 1. STICK SYSTEM

2. CABLE STYED GLAZING 2. UNITIZED SYSTEM

3. FIN SUPPORTED GLAZING

 STRUCTURAL GLAZING

1. STRUCTURAL GLAZING
• STRUCTURAL GLAZING, IN THEIR SIMPLEST FORM
• CONSISTING OF GLASS THAT IS BONDED TO A STRUCTURE
WITHOUT THE USE OF CONTINUOUSLY GASKET ALUMINUM
PRESSURE PLATES .

• WHY STRUCTURAL GLAZING ?

• CREATE A GREATER TRANSPARENCY .
• LESS VISUAL INTERRUPTIONS.
• SEAMLESS, CONTINUOUS GLASS LOOK.
• LESS THERMAL BRIDGING WITH STRUCTURAL GLAZING, SAVING ON
ENERGY CONSUMPTION COSTS.
 STRUCTURAL GLAZING
STRUCTURAL GLAZING
• STRUCTURAL GLAZING IS A SYSTEM OF BONDING GLASS TO A
BUILDING’S STRUCTURAL FRAMING MEMBERS UTILIZING A HIGH
STRENGTH, HIGH PERFORMANCE SILICONE SEALANT SPECIFICALLY
DESIGNED AND TESTED FOR STRUCTURAL GLAZING.
• IN STRUCTURAL GLAZING APPLICATIONS, DYNAMIC WIND LOADS
ARE TRANSFERRED FROM THE GLASS, BY THE STRUCTURAL SILICONE
SEALANT, TO THE PERIMETER STRUCTURAL SUPPORT.
• STRUCTURAL GLASS FAÇADE TECHNOLOGY EMBRACES A DESIGN
OBJECTIVE OF HIGH TRANSPARENCY AND EXPRESSED STRUCTURE,
AND INCORPORATES SOME
• APPLICATIONS WHERE AN ALUMINUM EXTRUSION AS THE
PRIMARY SPANNING MEMBER BECOMES IMPRACTICAL OR
IMPOSSIBLE.
 BOLTED GLAZING
1. BOLTED GLAZING

• Spider glazing is generally installed in a areas where maximum visibility is required and
the systems are chosen based upon the height of the opening available.
• Spider glazing is a major concept for facade glazing and elevation glazing using spider glass
hardware. Almost all the exterior design concepts can be done with spider glazing. Spider
glazing is the best option available for the larger opening elevation in the exterior and entrance of
commercial and residential buildings. Spider glazing act as structural support for any high-end
exterior designs. Spider glazing can be customized for various designed buildings with the help of
spider glazing hardware.

1.Spider glazing is an important concept for glazing .

2. Spider glazing act as structural support for any high-end exterior designs.
3.Toughened glass and various other components
involved in spider glazing .
4. Toughened glass like 12mm ,15mm toughened glass and 19mm toughened glass are used.
5. Structural support for the spider glazing can be taken from structure of the building and for the
larger elevations structural support should be created with mild steel or stainless steel. In spider
glazing concept fin glass of 15mm is used as dead weight and pressure with standing force.
6. Spider glazing fittings available like 4 way spiders,2 way spiders to facilitate various spider
glazing design options.
 FIN SUPPORTED
2. FIN SUPPORTED GLAZING
GLASS FINS REPRESENT THE EARLIEST FORM OF
STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADE A GLASS FIN IS
REPLACES A FRAME OR MULLION. THE REACTION
LOAD TRANSFERRED TO THE TOP & BOTTOM OF
THE FIN SHOE. FIN SYSTEMS ARE ALSO DESIGNED
WITH BOLTED JOINTS. IT CREATE GREATER VISIBILITY
& INCREASE THE NATURAL LIGHT IN INTERIORS.
 CABLE SUPPORTED
3. CABLE SUPPORTED GLAZING
• TENSION FACADES USE HIGH TENSILE
CABLES OR STAINLESS STEEL RODS TO
IMPOSE THE LOADS OF THE FACADE ON THE
MAIN STRUCTURE. THIS DECREASES THE
AMOUNT OF SOLID STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
VISIBLE ON THE PROJECT, THEREFORE
INCREASING THE TRANSPARENCY OF THE
FACADE. THE TWO MAIN TYPES IN THE
INDUSTRY ARE TENSION ROD FACADES AND
CABLE NET WALLS.
• THIS STRUCTURAL SYSTEM SUPPORTS GLASS
BY A NET GEOMETRY OF PRE-TENSIONED
CABLES.
• CABLE NETS ARE REMARKABLY MINIMAL
STRUCTURES WHEN THE BOUNDARY STEEL
REQUIRED TO ACCOMMODATE TYPICALLY
HIGH PRESTRESS LOADS IS IGNORED.
• CABLE PRESTRESS MUST BE APPLIED IN THE
FIELD VIA COMPLEX HYDRAULIC JACKING
PROCESSES. INSTALLATION MEANS AND
METHODS ARE A PRIMARY CONSIDERATION
FOR ALL CABLE STRUCTURES.
 CONTENT
STRUCTURAL GLAZING ACCESSORIES
• MULLIONS (VERTICAL MEMBER)- MULLIONS
ARE PROVIDED BASICALLY TO TRANSFER
THE DEAD LOAD OF THE CURTAIN WALL.

• TRANSOMS (HORIZONTAL MEMBER)

TRANSOMS ARE ALUMINIUM SECTIONS
PROVIDED IN BETWEEN THE MULLIONS
HORIZONTALLY.

• SILICONE SEALANTS - SILICONE SEALANTS

ARE USED TO PREVENT THE PASSAGE OF
MOISTURE, AIR, DUST AND HEAT THROUGH
ALL THE JOINTS.

• SETTING BLOCKS - SETTING BLOCKS ARE

USED TO PROVIDE SUPPORT IN THE
RELATION TO THE SIZE OF GLASS, GLAZING
TECHNIQUES AND CONDITION OF USE.

• LOCATION BLOCKS -EDGES OF THE

GLASS, TO PREVENT MOVEMENT OF THE
GLASS WITHIN THE FRAME
OTHER GLAZING SYSTEMS
FRAMELESS GLAZING SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL BRACING OF
NON-GLASS MATERIALS SHOCK RESISTANT GLAZING

SECTION OF STRUCTURAL GLAZING

 STRUCTURAL GLAZING

ADVANTAGES AND CONCLUSION

• ALLOWS FOR BROADER ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN FLEXIBILITY
• INCREASES THE THERMAL EFFICIENCY OF BUILDINGS
• REDUCES OR ELIMINATES WATER AND AIR INFILTRATION
• REDUCES THE POTENTIAL FOR THERMAL BREAKAGE OF GLASS
• ADVANCED GLAZING'S WILL BE DYNAMIC ELEMENTS IN FACADES THAT
ARE FULLY INTEGRATED INTO BUILDING OPERATIONS, PROVIDING
DAY LIGHTING AND NATURAL VENTILATION.
• BY USING THE MODERN TECHNOLOGY OF GLAZING, WE CAN
SIMPLIFY THE CONSTRUCTION PERIOD, GIVE MORE STABILITY AND
GOOD
 CURTAIN
CURTAIN WALL WALLS
• A curtain wall system is an outer covering of a building in which the outer walls are non- structural, but
merely keep the weather out and the occupants in.
• Curtain walls are non structural members and are made of a lightweight material reducing construction
costs. When glass is used as the curtain wall, a great advantage is that natural light can penetrate
deeper within the building.
• The curtain wall façade does not carry any dead load weight from the building other than its own dead
load weight.
• Curtain wall systems must be designed to handle all loads imposed on it as well as keep air and water
from penetrating the building envelope.

Common types of curtain The glass and aluminum curtain wall

When a curtain wall is designed the
wall systems for high-rise system is a marvel of engineering
following are taken into
buildings and architecture. A totally non
consideration,
1. Stick system combustible system of glass and
• Loads aluminum requiring minimal
• Air Infiltration 2. Unit system
3. Unit and mullion system maintenance and providing years of
• Water
4. Column-cover and aesthetic quality and building
• Penetration
spandrel system envelope performance. It is the m8
• Deflection
5. Various types of glass wall ost advanced exterior window wall
• Strength
system system available for buildings.
• Thermal criteria
 CURTAIN WALLS
Application of curtain wall

ADVANTAGES:
 GREAT FLEXIBILITY - SITE Vertical Concave contoured
MODIFICATION IS POSSIBLE. Convex contoured
curtainwall Curtainwall curtain Curtainwall

DISADVANTAGES:
 DIFFICULTIES IN QUALITY CONTROL.
 RELIES HEAVILY ON SITE
WORKMANSHIP.
 REQUIRES DIFFERENT TRADE MEN.
 DIFFICULT TO ACCOMMODATE
BUILDING MOVEMENT.
 DIFFICULT TO CONTROL WATER
DRAINAGE
TO INDIVIDUAL FLOORS.
 TOO MANY LOSS
PARTS AND
COMPONENTS ON
SITE.
 POOR ACOUSTIC AND THERMAL
INSULATION
 CONTENT
UNITIZED SYSTEMS
Unitized curtain walls entail factory fabrication and assembly of panels
and may include factory glazing. These completed units are hung on
the building structure to form the building enclosure. Unitized curtain
wall has the advantages of: speed; lower field installation costs; and
quality control within an interior climate controlled environment. The
economic benefits are typically realized on large projects or in areas of
high field labor rates.

ADVANTAGES
-Waterproofing
-Ensuring aesthetic features thanks to its synchronous surface
-Easy for installation
-The installation is time saving therefore
ensuring the progress for projects .
-accommodates building movements.
-Minimizes site operations.
-Shorter construction duration. - Enables other trades to commence
work much earlier.

DISADVANTAGES
-The installation work need to be done by
high-skilled workers
-The price of unitized curtain wall is higher than sticks.
-The transportation of panels is more complicated.
-Units are assembled and glazed under controlled shop
conditions.
-Full pressure equalization drainage system at each floor.
 CURTAIN
STICK SYSTEM WALLS

THE VAST MAJORITY OF CURTAIN WALLS ARE INSTALLED

LONG PIECES (REFERRED TO AS STICKS) BETWEEN FLOORS
VERTICALLY AND BETWEEN VERTICAL MEMBERS
HORIZONTALLY. FRAMING MEMBERS MAY BE FABRICATED IN
A SHOP, BUT ALL INSTALLATION AND GLAZING IS TYPICALLY
PERFORMED AT THE JOBSITE. STICK CURTAIN WALLS ARE
PROCESSED, MANUFACTURED AT FACTORY AND ASSEMBLED,
INSTALLED AND COMPLETED AT SITE. THIS KIND OF CURTAIN
WALL CAN BE USED FOR ALL OUTSIDE SURFACE TYPES OF
BUILDINGS AND ESPECIALLY SUITABLE FOR SOPHISTICATED
AND MULTIPLE JOINT STRUCTURE ARCHITECTURE.
ADVANTAGES
- WATERPROOFING
- EASY FOR TRANSPORTATION

DISADVANTAGES
- DIFFICULTIES IN QUALITY CONTROL.
- RELIES HEAVILY ON SITE WORKMANSHIP.
- REQUIRES DIFFERENT TRADE MEN.
- DIFFICULT TO ACCOMMODATE BUILDING MOVEMENT.
- DIFFICULT TO CONTROL WATER DRAINAGE TO INDIVIDUAL
FLOORS.
- TOO MANY LOSS PARTS AND COMPONENTS ON SITE.
- POOR ACOUSTIC AND THERMAL INSULATION.
- DETERIORATION OF EXPANSION AND SEALANT JOINTS.
 DIFFRENCE BETWEEN UNITIZED CURTAIN WALLS AND STICK
CURTAIN WALLS
• UNITIZED CURTAIN SYSTEMS ARE COMPOSED OF LARGE
GLASS UNITS THAT ARE CREATED AND GLAZED WITHIN A
FACTORY AND THEN SENT TO THE CONSTRUCTION SITE.

• ONCE ON SITE, THE UNITS CAN THEN BE HOISTED ON TO

ANCHORS CONNECTED TO THE BUILDING.

• SINCE THERE IS NO ON-SITE GLAZING, ANOTHER MAJOR

BENEFIT OF USING A UNITIZED SYSTEM IS THE SPEED OF
INSTALLATION.

• THE SYSTEM CAN BE INSTALLED IN A THIRD OF THE TIME OF A

STICK-BUILT SYSTEM.

• THIS SYSTEM IS WELL SUITED FOR CASES WHERE THERE ARE

HIGHER FIELD LABOR COSTS (THEREBY SHIFTING THE LABOR
TO A MORE COST-EFFECTIVE FACTORY WORK FORCE), WHERE
HIGHER PERFORMANCE IS NEEDED (FOR WIND LOADS,
AIR/MOISTURE PROTECTION, SEISMIC/BLAST
PERFORMANCE), FOR TALLER STRUCTURES, AND MORE
REGULAR CONDITIONS FOR PANEL OPTIMIZATION.
 CONTENT
GLASS ALUMINIUM CURTAIN WALLS
•THE GLASS AND ALUMINUM CURTAIN WALL SYSTEM IS A
MARVEL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE.
•A TOTALLY NON COMBUSTIBLE SYSTEM OF GLASS AND
ALUMINUM REQUIRING MINIMAL MAINTENANCE AND
PROVIDING YEARS OF
AESTHETIC QUALITY AND BUILDING ENVELOPE
PERFORMANCE.
•IT IS THE MOST ADVANCED EXTERIOR WINDOW WALL
SYSTEM AVAILABLE FOR BUILDINGS
•THE GLASS AND ALUMINUM CURTAIN WALL IS DESIGNED TO
RESIST WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADS, TO LIMIT AIR
LEAKAGE, CONTROL
VAPOUR DIFFUSION, PREVENT RAIN PENETRATION, PREVENT
SURFACE AND CAVITY CONDENSATION AND LIMIT
EXCESSIVE HEAT LOSS (OR HEAT GAIN). IT IS FURTHER
DESIGNED TO RESIST NOISE AND FIRE.
 DIFFRENCE BETWEEN STRUCTURAL GLAZING AND
CURTAIN WALLS
While closely related, there are differences between curtain walls and structural glass facades.
STRUCTURALGLAZING CURTAIN WALL
STRUCTURAL GLAZING SYSTEM OF BONDING GLASS • CURTAIN WALL SYSTEM IS AN OUTER
TO A BUILDING'S STRUCTURAL FRAMING MEMBERS COVERING OF A BUILDING IN WHICH THE
UTILIZING A HIGH STRENGTH, HIGH PERFORMANCE OUTER WALLS ARE NON-STRUCTURAL,
SILICONE SEALANT SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED AND UTILIZED TO KEEP THE WEATHER OUT AND
TESTED FOR STRUCTURAL GLAZING IN STRUCTURAL THE OCCUPANTS IN. SINCE THE CURTAIN
GLAZING APPLICATIONS, DYNAMIC WIND LOADS ARE WALL IS NON-STRUCTURAL, IT CAN BE MADE
TRANSFERRED FROM THE GLASS, BY THE OF LIGHTWEIGHT MATERIALS, THEREBY
STRUCTURAL REDUCING CONSTRUCTION COSTS CURTAIN
STRUCTURAL GLASS FAÇADE TECHNOLOGY WALLS TYPICALLY SPAN ONLY FROM FLOOR
EMBRACES A DESIGN OBJECTIVE OF HIGH TO FLOOR, THE PRIMARY SPANNING MEMBER
TRANSPARENCY AND EXPRESSED STRUCTURE, BEING AN ALUMINUM EXTRUSION.
AND INCORPORATES SOME TYPE OF GLASS AS THE • CURTAIN WALLS ARE SEPARATE FROM THE
CLADDING MATERIAL. BUILDING FRAMING SYSTEM, BUT ATTACHED
THE FACADES ARE USED IN LONGER SPANNING TO AND SUPPORTED BY IT.
APPLICATIONS WHERE AN ALUMINUM EXTRUSION • THE PANEL STRUCTURE MAY BE EXPRESSED,
AS THE PRIMARY SPANNING MEMBER BECOMES OR COMPLETELY COVERED ON BOTH THE
IMPRACTICAL OR IMPOSSIBLE. INSIDE AND OUTSIDE OF THE BUILDING.
 CONCLUSION
• ADVANCED GLAZING'S WILL BE DYNAMIC ELEMENTS IN
FACADES THAT ARE FULLY INTEGRATED INTO BUILDING
OPERATIONS, PROVIDING DAY LIGHTING AND NATURAL
VENTILATION.
• BY USING THE MODERN TECHNOLOGY OF GLAZING, WE
CAN SIMPLIFY THE CONSTRUCTION PERIOD, GIVE MORE
STABILITY.