GH481 Kilternan B3 Precast Design Report P01

Building with Confidence Precast Sp. z o.o.
GH481 – Kilternan
Block 3
Precast Design Report
Hilltown, Oldcastle, Co. Meath, Republic of Ireland.

T: +353 (0)49 8541477 F: +353 (0)49 8541311
W: www.floodprecast.ie E: info@floodprecast.ie
43 Temple Row, Birmingham B2 5LS, United Kingdom.

T: +44 (0)845 6801417 F: +44 (0)845 6801419
W: www.floodprecast.co.uk E: info@floodprecast.co.uk
Revision Sheet
Revision Date Description Issued By Checked By
P01 17/02/2022 Issued for Approval RGa GBe
GH481 – Kilternan
Contents
1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................................................. 4
1.1 Scope of Works............................................................................................................................................... 5
1.2 Design Assumptions ....................................................................................................................................... 5
1.2.1 Precast ....................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.2.2 Fire ............................................................................................................................................................. 5
1.2.3 Slabs ........................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.2.4 Loads .......................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.2.5 Analysis Model ........................................................................................................................................... 5
2 Structural Commentary ............................................................................................................................................ 6
2.1 Primary Superstructure .................................................................................................................................. 7
2.2 Stability ........................................................................................................................................................... 7
2.3 Crane .............................................................................................................................................................. 8
2.4 Disproportionate Collapse .............................................................................................................................. 8
3 Design Basis ............................................................................................................................................................ 10
3.1 Documentation............................................................................................................................................. 10
3.2 Materials ...................................................................................................................................................... 10
3.3 Design Working Life ...................................................................................................................................... 10
3.4 Durability Requirements .............................................................................................................................. 11
3.5 Nominal Cover for Concrete ......................................................................................................................... 11
3.6 Fire Resistance .............................................................................................................................................. 11
3.6.1 Precast Columns ...................................................................................................................................... 11
3.6.2 Precast Walls............................................................................................................................................ 12
3.6.3 Precast Beams .......................................................................................................................................... 12
3.6.4 Precast Slabs ............................................................................................................................................ 13
4 Loading ................................................................................................................................................................... 14
4.1 General Loading Info .................................................................................................................................... 14
4.1.1 Floor Loading ........................................................................................................................................... 14
4.1.2 Wall Loading ............................................................................................................................................ 16
4.1.3 Pitched Roof Loading ............................................................................................................................... 16
4.2 Wind Loading................................................................................................................................................ 16
4.3 Snow Loading ............................................................................................................................................... 17
4.4 Load Factors ................................................................................................................................................. 17
4.5 Load Cases .................................................................................................................................................... 17
4.6 Load Combinations ....................................................................................................................................... 17
5 Disproportionate Collapse Ties .............................................................................................................................. 18
5.1 Peripheral Ties .............................................................................................................................................. 18
5.2 Internal Ties (Longitudinal)........................................................................................................................... 18
5.3 Internal Ties (Transverse) ............................................................................................................................. 19
5.4 Horizontal Ties For Columns and Walls ........................................................................................................ 19
5.5 Vertical Ties .................................................................................................................................................. 20
5.5.1 Lap Length for Vertical Ties...................................................................................................................... 22
2
GH481 – Kilternan
6 Structural Analysis .................................................................................................................................................. 25

6.1 General Commentary ................................................................................................................................... 25
6.2 Load Takedown Results ................................................................................................................................ 27
6.2.1 Combination Co#1 – maximum gravity loads .......................................................................................... 29
6.2.2 Combination Co #5 – extreme X-direction wind load, minimum gravity loads ....................................... 30
6.2.3 Combination Co #11 – extreme Y-direction wind load, minimum gravity loads ..................................... 32
6.2.4 Support reaction forces min and max...................................................................................................... 33
6.3 Wall Results (Shear & Load Bearing) ............................................................................................................ 38
6.3.1 Compression ............................................................................................................................................ 38
6.3.2 Tension..................................................................................................................................................... 38
6.3.3 Shear ........................................................................................................................................................ 38
6.3.4 Wall Vertical Tie Summary ....................................................................................................................... 40
6.4 Beam Analysis Results .................................................................................................................................. 41
6.5 Slab Analysis Results..................................................................................................................................... 43
6.6 Stair Analysis Results .................................................................................................................................... 47
6.7 Results Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................... 47
7 Precast Element Design .......................................................................................................................................... 48
7.1 Minimum Reinforcement Check................................................................................................................... 48
7.2 Sample Walls Design .................................................................................................................................... 49
7.2.1 Wall no 86 ................................................................................................................................................ 50
7.3 Precast Beam Design .................................................................................................................................... 54
7.3.1 Sample Precast Beam Design ................................................................................................................... 55
7.4 Steel Beam Design ........................................................................................................................................ 62
7.4.1 Sample Steel Beam Design ....................................................................................................................... 62
7.5 Precast Slab Design....................................................................................................................................... 66
7.5.1 Sample Slab Design .................................................................................................................................. 67
7.6 Precast Stair Flight and Landing Design ........................................................................................................ 67
7.6.1 Stair Flight Design .................................................................................................................................... 68
7.6.2 Angle to Stair Flight Design ...................................................................................................................... 69
7.6.3 Landing Design ......................................................................................................................................... 71
8 Connection Design.................................................................................................................................................. 72
8.1 Demoulding, Storage and Transport ............................................................................................................ 72
8.2 Lifting ............................................................................................................................................................ 72
8.3 Temporary works ......................................................................................................................................... 73
8.3.1 Wall Propping .......................................................................................................................................... 74
8.3.2 Slab Propping ........................................................................................................................................... 75
8.4 Precast Wall Panels ...................................................................................................................................... 75
8.5 Precast Stairs ................................................................................................................................................ 76
8.6 Typical Wall Design ....................................................................................................................................... 77
3
GH481 – Kilternan
1 Introduction
Flood Precast have been appointed by Grandbird to carry out the analysis and design of the precast frame and
associated precast elements of Block 3 of this residential development at Enniskerry Road, Kilternan, Dublin.
M.T. Hamm Consulting Engineers (M.T. Hamm) are the main engineers and Burke Kennedy Doyle Architects
(BKD) are main architects. Whole project consists of 4 separated no of blocks. Report has been prepared for
Block 3 only as other blocks are of same no of storeys, design assumptions and similar layout. Therefore the
intend is to design other blocks to same principles. This report comprises Block 3, currently to be designed for a
proposed 3 storeys plus pitched roof.
4
GH481 – Kilternan
1.1 Scope of Works

Flood Precast’s scope of works is the design of the precast elements of the superstructure frame, comprising
walls, slabs, beams and columns, as well as any associated structural steelwork required to support precast slabs.
Structure up to the Ground Floor slab (inclusive) is in-situ concrete.
1.2 Design Assumptions

During this project several design assumptions have been made, as outlined below. These assumptions are
deemed conservative and will provide worst case scenarios for the precast structure.
1.2.1 Precast
No shear joints can be assumed between precast panels. The horizontal ties are realised through loop boxes
(PVL connection). The lengths of individual panels are considered for stability purposes, instead of a linked wall
of multiple panels (non-linear).
1.2.2 Fire
Based on the fire safety consultant information received from Ryan & Associates Consulting, on January 2022,
all precast elements in the development (walls, slabs, beams and columns) are 60 mins fire rated exposed on
both sides for walls, slabs, three sides for beams and all sides for columns.
1.2.3 Slabs
Throughout the building, the main floor system is precast Wideslab 100mm thick with a 125mm structural
screed. With sufficient reinforcement provided continuously over supports it is assumed the floor system acts
as horizontal diaphragm. Both Wideslabs are considered as working one way, continuous over support slabs.
1.2.4 Loads
Loads have been taken as per the “19022 Kilternan Apartments Loading” dated 29/11.2021 and “19022
Apartments at Enniskerry Road Kilternan Wind Loads” dated 18/01/2022 provided by M.T. Hamm.
1.2.5 Analysis Model

The 3D finite element analysis model has been created in Axis VM X6 (Axis VM). Precast panels have been
modelled with a physical vertical gap (20 mm, mimicking a joint), to ensure the elements work individually in the
analysis of the model (see assumption 1.2.1).
Finite element analysis model
5
GH481 – Kilternan
2 Structural Commentary
The development is a 3 storey high residential block.
Building has a following floor layouts:
• Ground Floor to 2nd Floor - repeatable as per the image below:
• Roof floor – unique – as per the image below:
6
GH481 – Kilternan
The Substructure up to the Ground Floor is reinforced in-situ concrete. Foundations are to consist of reinforced
concrete strip and wall foundations, which bear directly on the ground. There is no basement designed under
the Ground Floor.
2.1 Primary Superstructure

The structure of Block 3 is of precast walls construction. Solid precast wall panels are shear walls which provide
stability from foundation structures to the top of the building. External façade walls which have large openings
(architectural or M&E) are considered as load-bearing walls only.
Gravity dead and live floor loadings are supported by one-way spanning, pre-stressed floor slab units spanning
between precast elements (reinforced concrete walls and steel beams). The pre-stressed slabs work as
continuous over supports. The slabs are 100mm thick Wideslabs with a composite connection to a 125mm
topping.
Precast cross-walls are 200 mm thick. The wall panels act to transfer vertical loadings through the superstructure
to the in-situ foundations directly below. Precast walls are tied horizontally and vertically in order to form
structural support of the frame. However vertical joints don’t elongate wall panels in the stability calculations
and are to be analysed as individual walls, connected by horizontal diaphragm.
External walls under perpendicular loading of wind pressure/suction act as single span walls transferring out-of-
plane moments and horizontal loads to the nearest top and bottom horizontal floor diaphragms.
2.2 Stability
Primary lateral and longitudinal loadings in the permanent condition are transferred through diaphragm action
within the composite precast floor slabs and topping to the wall system. The cross-wall form of construction,
together with the lift and stair core, provides the principal lateral stability against horizontal loads.
Horizontal forces generated from notional and wind loadings are transferred in diaphragm action through the
floor plates at each floor to the cross-wall system of shear walls. The Equivalent Horizontal Force factor (EHF) is
taken as 0.5% or 0.005 of the total axial dead load.
Precast panels are tied vertically throughout the building, therefore act as vertical cantilevers to transfer
horizontal wind forces down to the foundations. The overturning (uplift) and shear forces generated by the
applied horizontal loads are typically resisted by the gravity dead load on the wall panels (mostly compressive
stresses).
7
GH481 – Kilternan
The stability shear walls are shown below, the remaining walls are taken as axial load bearing walls.
Stability system – shear walls highlighted
2.3 Crane
It is found that the cranes present will govern the wall panel size, rather than casting, transport or site
constraints. There is 130t Crawler Crane that will be used to lift precast elements for Blocks 1-4, limiting panels
self-weight to 11.5t. The walls will be panelised to suit these crane capacities and the analysis of the structure
will use wall lengths which comply to these limits.
2.4 Disproportionate Collapse

The structure has been designed to adhere to the relevant structural integrity and robustness requirements for
a building of its Consequence Class. According to Table A.1 of Annex A of IS EN 1991-1-7, shown overleaf, the
structure should be placed in Consequence Class 2a (Lower Risk Group).
For buildings in Consequence Class 2a, in addition to the recommended strategies for Consequence Class 1, the
provision of horizontal ties for framed and load-bearing wall construction, together with vertical ties in all
supporting columns and walls should be provided. Chapter 5 of this document will detail the design procedure
for the disproportionate collapse ties.
8
GH481 – Kilternan
An overview of the disproportionate collapse ties to be provided is shown in the sketch below:
9
GH481 – Kilternan
3 Design Basis
3.1 Documentation
The structure has been designed in accordance with the design codes and reference documents listed below.
3.2 Materials
The following materials will be used in the precast structural solution:
• Reinforced precast concrete elements – Grade C40/50 (fck = 40 N/mm2)

• Precast slabs – Grade C40/50 (fck = 40 N/mm2)
• Reinforcing bars – High tensile (fyk = 500 N/mm2)
• Steel beams – S355 (fy = 355 N/mm2)
The in-situ structural screed is assumed to be grade C30/37 concrete. The mass of reinforced concrete is taken
as 2500 kg/m3.
3.3 Design Working Life
According to IS EN 1990, buildings and other common structures should be designed for an indicative design
working life (DWL) of 50 years (Table 2.1).
In order to achieve the required DWL of the structure, each element of the structure should be protected from
the relevant environmental actions through providing adequate concrete cover to the structure. For a DWL of
50 years, the recommended Structural Class is S4, as per IS EN 1992-1-1, Cl. 4.4.1.2 (5) and this has been assumed
in the design.
10
GH481 – Kilternan
3.4 Durability Requirements

Based on Table 4.1N of IS EN 1992-1-1, the following exposure class has been identified:
3.5 Nominal Cover for Concrete

The nominal cover requirement for concrete is defined as a minimum cover, cmin, plus an allowance in design for
deviation, cdev. Fire design might increase the nominal cover according to the IS EN 1992-1-2, refer to chapter
3.6.
= +
cmin = max {cmin,b ; cmin,dur ; 10mm} Exp. (4.2)
cmin,b = Diameter of reinforcing bars or Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)

= 1.5 x diameter of strand Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
Δcdev = 5 mm as reduced value Cl. 4.4.1.3 (3)
The recommended minimum cover for durability from Table 4.4N is:
cmin,dur = 15mm for XC1
The maximum assumed reinforcement diameter:
cmin,b = 20mm
The nominal concrete cover is then given by:
= 20 + 5 = 25
Therefore, all precast elements for Block 3 will have a minimum of 25mm cover to the reinforcement.
See also chapter 3.6. for cover requirements due to fire resistance.
3.6 Fire Resistance

The fire engineering calculations and review has been executed by Ryan & Associates Consulting. Their fire
guidelines have been adhered to. Precast elements are 60 minutes fire rated.
3.6.1 Precast Columns

The minimum reinforcement axis distance and the minimum dimension to ensure fire resistance are extracted
from IS EN 1992-1-2 Table T5.2a. For 60 mins fire resistance, required values were taken from column 3 of the
table (μfi = 0,5). Axis distance is from the face to the centre of the main reinforcement.
11
GH481 – Kilternan
Duration of
Precast Exposure to Form of Minimum axis Minimum
Resistance
Element Fire Resistance distance (mm) width (mm)
(min)
PC Concrete Cover to
3 sides 60 36 200
beam reinforcement
The minimum (least favourable) diameter of main reinforcement in columns is taken to be 12mm. Links are
typically 10mm bars, not considered as critical reinforcement under fire conditions. Therefore, the nominal cover
is determined by the following formula:
cnom,fire = cmin,axis – ølink – 0.5ø
cnom, fire60, beam = 36 – 10 – 0.5 x 12 = 20 → 25 mm
The final concrete cover is determined by:

c = max { cnom ; cnom,fire }
As shown, cnom,fire gives less harsh cover requirements, so cnom value of 25mm can be used as final for columns.
3.6.2 Precast Walls

The minimum reinforcement axis distance and the minimum width to ensure fire resistance are extracted from
IS EN 1992-1-2 Table T5.4. Conservatively, for 60 mins fire resistance, required values were taken from column 5
of the table (μfi = 0,7). Axis distance is from the face of the wall to the centre of the main reinforcement.
Duration of
Resistance
(min)
2 sides 60 10 140
wall reinforcement
The minimum (least favourable) diameter of main reinforcement in walls is taken to be 8mm. Links are typically
8mm bars, not considered as critical reinforcement under fire conditions. Therefore, the nominal cover is
determined by the following formula:
cnom, fire60, wall = 10 – 8 – 0.5 x 8 = -2 → 25 mm

As shown, cnom,fire gives less harsh cover requirements, so cnom value of 25mm can be used as final for walls.
3.6.3 Precast Beams

The minimum reinforcement axis distance and the minimum width to ensure fire resistance are extracted from
IS EN 1992-1-2 Table T5.5. Axis distance is from the face to the centre of the main reinforcement.
Duration of
Resistance
(min)
3 sides 60 30 200
beam reinforcement
12
GH481 – Kilternan
The minimum (least favourable) diameter of main reinforcement in beams is taken to be 12mm. Links are
typically 10mm bars, not considered as critical reinforcement under fire conditions. Therefore, the nominal cover
is determined by the following formula:
cnom, fire60, beam = 30 – 10 – 0.5 x 12 = 14 → 25 mm

As shown, cnom,fire gives less harsh cover requirements, so cnom value of 25mm can be used as final for beams.
3.6.4 Precast Slabs

Precast slabs will be considered as flat slabs for the purpose of the fire resistance requirements. As per Table 5.1
of the “IStructE Manual for the design of concrete building structures to Eurocode 2”, to achieve a 60-minute
fire rating, a minimum slab thickness of 180mm must be achieved with an axis distance of 15+15mm. The slab
thickness for this project is 225mm with cover to reinforcement of 25mm, providing an axis distance of 30mm.
Therefore, all slabs are also designed as adequate for a 60-minute fire rating.
As shown, cnom,fire gives the same cover requirements, so cnom value of 25mm shall be used as final for slabs.
13
GH481 – Kilternan
4 Loading
4.1 General Loading Info
All loading information was provided by M.T. Hamm, as per the extract from the design brief document below:
4.1.1 Floor Loading
14
GH481 – Kilternan
The guidelines above resulted in following load values applied to the FEA model:
Super-imposed dead load:
• Roof level (within the pitched roof): 2.25 kN/m2
• Roof level (green roof): 4.20 kN/m2
• Apartment levels: 0.45 kN/m2
• Balconies: 1.90 kN/m2
15
GH481 – Kilternan
Imposed live load:

• Roof level (within the pitched roof – limited access attic area): 1.50 kN/m2
• Roof level (green roof): 0.75 kN/m2
• Apartment levels: 2.80 kN/m2
• Balconies: 3.0 kN/m2
4.1.2 Wall Loading

• Precast Concrete Walls: 25 kN/m3
• Insitu Concrete Walls: 25 kN/m3
• Brickwork: 22 kN/m3
• Glazing: 25 kN/m3
4.1.3 Pitched Roof Loading
4.2 Wind Loading

As confirmed by M.T. Hamm, a basic wind speed of 28.2 m/s is to be used to determine the wind loading on the
structure.
According to the IS-EN 1991-1-4 Sections 5 and 7, following unfactored wind loads on building facades were
determined:
X direction wind pressure: 1.19 kN/m2
X direction wind suction: -0.60 kN/m2
Y direction wind pressure: 1.25 kN/m2
Y direction wind suction: -0,66 kN/m2
According to the IS-EN 1991-1-4 Sections 5 and 7, following unfactored wind loads on pitched roof faces were
determined:
Zone F: 1.19 kN/m2 (pressure)
Zone G: 1.19 kN/m2 (pressure)
Zone H: 0.83 kN/m2 (pressure)
16
GH481 – Kilternan
Zone I: -0,72 kN/m2 (suction)

Zone J: -0.83 kN/m2 (suction)
4.3 Snow Loading

Conservatively, snow loading of value 0.5 kN/m2 was assumed.
4.4 Load Factors

For the combinations, the following load factors were applied:
Loads γ Clause Ψ0 Ψ1 Ψ2
Self-Weight and Dead Loads 1.35 Table NA 2 1 1 1
Imposed Live Loads 1.5 Table NA 2 0.70 0.50 0.30
Wind Loads 1.5 Table NA 2 0.50 0.20 0.00
Snow Loads 1.5 Table NA 2 0.70 0.50 0.20
4.5 Load Cases

The following load cases were considered in the structural design:
Load Case Name Group Group type
1 SELF WEIGHT + DEAD LOAD PERMANENT Permanent
2 IMPOSED VARIABLE Variable
3 SNOW SNOW Variable
4 WIND X+ WIND Variable
5 WIND X- WIND Variable
6 WIND Y+ WIND Variable
7 WIND Y- WIND Variable
8 EHF X+ EHF Variable
9 EHF X- EHF Variable
10 EHF Y+ EHF Variable
11 EHF Y- EHF Variable
4.6 Load Combinations

The following combinations were considered in the structural design:
SELF WEIGHT WIND WIND WIND WIND
LIVE SNOW EHF X+ EHF X- EHF Y+ EHF Y-
Name Type + DEAD LOAD X+ X- Y+ Y-
(LIVE) (SNOW) (EHF) (EHF) (EHF) (EHF)
(PERMANENT) (WIND) (WIND) (WIND) (WIND)
Co #1 ULS 1,35 1,5 0,75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Co #2 ULS 1,35 1,05 1,5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Co #3 ULS 1,35 1,5 0,75 0,9 0 0 0 1,35 0 0 0
Co #4 ULS 1,35 1,05 0,75 1,5 0 0 0 1,15 0 0 0
Co #5 ULS 1 0 0 1,5 0 0 0 1,15 0 0 0
Co #6 ULS 1,35 1,5 0,75 0 0,9 0 0 0 1,35 0 0
Co #7 ULS 1,35 1,05 0,75 0 1,5 0 0 0 1,15 0 0
Co #8 ULS 1 0 0 0 1,5 0 0 0 1,15 0 0
Co #9 ULS 1,35 1,5 0,75 0 0 0,9 0 0 0 1,35 0
Co #10 ULS 1,35 1,05 0,75 0 0 1,5 0 0 0 1,15 0
Co #11 ULS 1 0 0 0 0 1,5 0 0 0 1,15 0
Co #12 ULS 1,35 1,5 0,75 0 0 0 0,9 0 0 0 1,35
Co #13 ULS 1,35 1,05 0,75 0 0 0 1,5 0 0 0 1,15
Co #14 ULS 1 0 0 0 0 0 1,5 0 0 0 1,15
ULS
Co #15 1 0,5 0,5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(Fire)
SLS
Co #16 1 1,0 1,0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(Char)
17
GH481 – Kilternan
5 Disproportionate Collapse Ties

This chapter shows the design checks used to determine the reinforcement ties that are required to satisfy the
design requirements for disproportionate collapse. The required tie forces designed for in this document are
specified in EN1991-1-7 for accidental actions and are to resist progressive collapse after a severe local failure.
Ties are required horizontally and vertically and are divided into vertical ties, internal ties and peripheral ties.
The internal ties are to be provided in 2 orthogonal directions (longitudinal and transverse). Horizontal ties
comprise of longitudinal, peripheral and transverse ties.
5.1 Peripheral Ties

Peripheral ties are required at each floor and roof level and are required within 1.2m of any edge. The internal
tie may be used as part of the peripheral tie also. As per EN1991-1-7 A.5.2 (2), peripheral tie force TP is given by:
=
Where Ft is the lesser of 60 kN or 20 + (4 x No. of Storeys) kN. Therefore, the tensile force to be resisted by the
peripheral tie is:
= = 20 + 4 3 = 32 ≤ 60
This tensile force is then converted into an area of reinforcement required given by:
32 ∗ 10$
, ! = = 74 '
500 0,87
A H12 bar has an area of 113mm2, therefore 1 No. H12 provided around the perimeter of the building along with
the A252 mesh reinforcement provided within 1.2m of the perimeter of the building is shown to be adequate.
5.2 Internal Ties (Longitudinal)

Internal ties should be provided at each floor and roof level in 2 orthogonal directions. Internal ties may be used
as peripheral ties, provided they are anchored to columns / walls.
As per EN 1991-1-7, the internal tie should be capable of resisting a tensile force TI which is given by the following
formula:
)* + ψq- /
( =
7.5 5
Where gk + qk is the sum of the SLS loading on the floor slabs and z is the lesser of 5 times the storey height, H
(= 3.6m) or the greatest distance in metres in the direction of the tie, between the centres of the columns or
other vertical load-bearing members whether this distance is spanned by a single slab or by a system of beams
and slabs (= 9.0m in this case).
= 32
)* + 01* = 6.08 + 0.7 2.8 = 8.04 '
/ = min5 5 3.6 ; 8.908 = 8.9
Therefore, the tensile force to be resisted by the internal ties is:
32 8.04 8.9
( = = 61.06
7.5 5
61.06 10$
, ! = = 140 '
500 0,87
18
GH481 – Kilternan
For the longitudinal tie requirement of 140 mm2, A252 mesh is to be provided in the structural screed. Around
each vertical tie, a H16 u-bar will be tied to provide a tie between the mesh and vertical ties, as shown in the
image below:
5.3 Internal Ties (Transverse)

The following calculation represents a check on the requirement for transverse ties in load bearing wall
construction. As per EN1997-1-7 A.7, the nominal length of load-bearing wall construction which is considered
to be removed should be taken as “not exceeding 2.25 x H”, where H is the storey height in metres. In this case,
H = 3.6m, therefore, the nominal length of wall to be considered is 2.25 x 3.6 = 8.10m.
The same formula is used to calculate the transverse internal tie as the longitudinal internal tie, however, the z
value is now taken as the nominal length of wall which has been removed as outlined above, 8.10m. Therefore,
the tensile force to be resisted by the internal ties is:
)* + ψq- / 32 8.04 8.10

(, 9 = ⇒ (, 9 = = 55.57
7.5 5 7.5 5
This tensile force equates to an area of steel of:

55.57 10$
, ! = = 128 '
500 0,87
For the longitudinal tie requirement of 128 mm2, A252 mesh is to be provided in the structural screed. Around
each vertical tie, a H16 u-bar will be tied to provide a tie between the mesh and vertical ties.
5.4 Horizontal Ties For Columns and Walls

Vertical elements at the edge and corner of the structure should be tied to each floor and roof. In the corner
columns ties should be provided in two directions. The tie should be able to resist a force of:
19
GH481 – Kilternan
Around each vertical tie in façade columns and walls, a H16 u-bar will be tied. The horizontal tie for columns and
walls will be placed at maximum 2.5m spacing.
5.5 Vertical Ties

Vertical ties are located within wall panels to transfer vertical forces generated from catenary action with the
floor plate, resulting from the removal of a supporting load-bearing wall in the accidental condition.
20
GH481 – Kilternan
Each column and wall should be tied continuously from the foundations to the roof level, as specified in IS EN
1991-1-7 (A.6 (1)).
For vertical ties to be effective, the clear height of the wall should not exceed 20 times its thickness. For this
project, the walls are 200mm thick, therefore the clear height should not exceed 4m. The maximum clear height
of the walls in this project is 3.375m.
Vertical ties should be grouped at 5m max. centres along a wall and will be placed no greater than 2.5m from an
unrestrained end, as per EN1991-1-7 A.6.
The tensile tie force to be resisted by the vertical ties is given by Section 9.10.2.5 of IS EN 1992-1-1 and the
associated National Annex which states:
• The tie should be capable of carrying a tensile force equal to the design load likely to be received by the
column or wall from any one storey under an accidental design situation
In this case, the worst-case loading on any one wall is on the cross walls along gridlines 3-H/3-2-3-4 which carry
slabs on both sides of 7.5m and 5.2m spans. Therefore, the load carried by this wall is:
<=>? <@>AB
; C D* + E* + F>==G HIJK LM
2
7.5 + 5.2
; C 6.08 + 2.8 + ;0.2 3.375 25 C = 73.26
2 '
The tensile capacity of a H25 bar under accidental actions is given by:
'N = 500 '

491 '
= 246
Therefore, to withstand the vertical tie force of 73.26 kN/m, H25 bars are required at a spacing of 3.36m
maximum.
The spacing of vertical ties will be limited to a maximum spacing of 2.0m.
21
GH481 – Kilternan
5.5.1 Lap Length for Vertical Ties

The design and detailing of vertical ties is according to the IS EN 1992-1-1 (cl. 8.7.3), and gives us the following
formula for the lap length (l0):
lb,rqd = (ø/4) (σsd / fbd)
σsd = max stress in the bar = fyk / γs

= 500 / 1.15
= 435 N/mm2
γs = 1.15
fbd = 2.25 x η1 x η2 x fctd

= 2.25 x 1.637 = 3.68 N/mm2
η1 = 1.0
η2 = 1.0 if ø ⩽ 32
fctd = (αct x fctk ,0.05) / γc

= (1.0 x 2.456) / 1.5 = 1.637 N/mm2
fctk,0.05 = 0.7 x 0.3 x fck2/3

= 0.21 x 402/3 = 2.456 N/mm2
fck = 40 N/mm2 by assumption of minimum C40/50 grade concrete in grout tubes
α = 1.0
γc = 1.5
lb,rqd = (25 / 4) (435 / 3.68) = 738 mm
Based on the basic anchorage length (738 mm) the design lap length for the vertical ties may be determined, as
per IS EN 1992-1-1 (cl. 8.7.3) and Table 8.2:
=Z = [\ [' [$ [N [] =^, !
22
GH481 – Kilternan
The α coefficients are taken from the following Table 8.2:
23
GH481 – Kilternan
Based on Table 8.2 above and lb,qrd the design lap length is calculated in the following table:
A lap length of 900mm is being provided for all H25 vertical ties which is shown to be sufficient.
This means the threaded (male) coupler bar is required to be the floor depth + 900mm long (1125mm). The
female end of the vertical tie (cast-in) may remain at 900mm length.
24
GH481 – Kilternan
6 Structural Analysis
6.1 General Commentary
For the gravity load take down an AxisVM X6 model has been created. This model has been subjected
to multiple validation checks during the building of the model.
It is found that the precast panels require to have a physical gap modelled between them, mimicking an actual
joint. This ensures no lateral forces are transferred through the vertical joint between panels. The horizontal
ties are CFS-RVL loop boxes (or similar). The loops are not rigid links, meaning they require to be in tension to
transfer shear. For the loop boxes to be considered a shear joint the panels need to be placed according to a
specific installation process, where the joint between panels is to be tensioned before the grout is poured. This
is a technically complex process that has been proven to be inefficient and might leave room for error. The
second scenario for a shear transfer to occur is for the panel to deform so that the loop boxes become
engaged. For this to happen the deformation will be significant and the joints will crack. Although it is likely some
minor shear transfer will occur through the concrete, it is conservative to assume no shear will pass through the
joint. The shear redistribution is dependent on the diaphragm action of the slabs.
The model is built based on the drawings provided by BKD. The model starts at Ground Floor. After modelling
the Ground Floor a validation of the model has been executed. Once all issues were resolved and the results
were as expected, the storeys above have been put in. After finalising the complete analytical model, the loads
have been applied. For floor and roof loadings area loads have been applied according to chapter 4. The cladding
load has been applied as distributed surface load on façade walls. The splitting of the wall panels (putting in the
joints) has been done in conjunction with chapter 2.3, never exceeding the crane limits.
East corner of Block 3, entire structure, precast analysis model
25
GH481 – Kilternan
East corner of Block 3, walls only, precast analysis model
West corner of Block 3, entire structure, precast analysis model
West corner of Block 3, walls only, precast analysis model
26
GH481 – Kilternan
The AxisVM model grants an insight into the load paths and provides with the axial loads at the transfer structure
/ in-situ level. All walls, both shear and load-bearing only, are modelled as meshed walls. The precast panels’
supports are stiff against translation in all direction X, Y, Z (fixed from translation) and have zero rotational
stiffness around all axis X, Y, Z.
This results in a line supports’ reaction charts RX (paralell to line support), RY (perpendicular to line support, in-
plane of the wall panel) and RZ (perpendicular to line support, out-of-plane of the wall panel).
The shear walls in this building resist the horizontal forces, in combination with the axial forces produced from
the gravity loads. Where tension occurs in shear walls additional reinforcement and vertical ties might be
required. It is assumed that tension in the panels is resisted in the outer 1.0 m length of a panel.
After extracting the compressive and (if present) tensile loads per element (N/mm2), an additional shear /
tension solution may be required. In our case shear walls experience only compression forces. None of the walls
experience tension. Compression has been checked for the walls and it is found that the compression capacity
of the concrete (C40/50) is adequate to resist the worst case, therefore no additional compression reinforcement
is required.
6.2 Load Takedown Results

The load takedown results are presented in the section below. Loads are extracted from the AxisVM model. Load
takedown validations have been done to ensure loads and load combinations are correctly applied in the model.
Below you’ll find a screenshot from the model highlighting the shear walls.
East corner, shear walls highlighted, precast analysis model
27
GH481 – Kilternan
West corner, shear walls highlighted, precast analysis model
Main shear walls ensuring lateral stability of the building were chosen based on following criteria:
• Walls (piers) having continuity from the top of the building through the Ground Floor to the
foundation
• Minor (preferably none) openings in wall panels
Although general lateral stability is ensured by main shear walls as described above, other walls were also
included in AxisVM model with their geometry and openings preserved.
Getting to the Ground Floor, precast walls are divided into piers by door and window openings. These piers are
linearly supported, and for linear supports reactions are extracted from AxisVM model. Below you’ll find a piers
reference layout for the walls.
Piers reference, shear walls, precast analysis model
28
GH481 – Kilternan
Piers reference, load-bearing walls, precast analysis model
There are 3 load combinations supposedly giving extreme reactions on supports. These are:
• Co #1: Combination of maximum gravity loads – maximum compression force values on supports
• Co #5: Combination of maximum X-direction wind load and minimum gravity loads – possibly extreme
force values on supports for X-direction shear walls (shear and tension due to bending moment)
• Co #11: Combination of maximum Y-direction wind load and minimum gravity loads – possibly extreme
force values on supports for Y-direction shear walls (shear and tension due to bending moment)
For combinations mentioned above, below you will find extract from the analysis model.
6.2.1 Combination Co#1 – maximum gravity loads
Ry (vertical component) reaction force on supports, ULS, X-direction walls
29
GH481 – Kilternan
Ry (vertical component) reaction force on supports, ULS, Y-direction walls
Vertical reaction compressive forces on supports for X-direction walls are mostly in the range of -200 kN/m to
-30 kN/m for walls parallel to the span of floor slabs (side connection) and -300 kN/m to -400 kN/m for walls
perpendicular to the span (bearing). For some extremely loaded piers between window opes, vertical reaction
gets up to -800 kN/m.
Vertical reaction compressive forces on supports for Y-direction walls are mostly in the range of -150 kN/m
to -250 kN/m for walls parallel to the span of floor slabs (side connection) and -250 kN/m to -450 kN/m for walls
perpendicular to the span (bearing). For some extremely loaded piers between window opes, vertical reaction
gets up to -1100 kN/m.
6.2.2 Combination Co #5 – extreme X-direction wind load, minimum gravity loads
Structure deformations
30
GH481 – Kilternan
Membrane forces in local y-direction (vertical component), ULS, X-direction shear walls
Ry (vertical component) reaction force on supports, ULS, X-direction walls
Rx (horizontal in-plane component) reaction force on supports, ULS, X-direction walls
31
GH481 – Kilternan
In maximum X-direction wind combination, vertical support reactions are only compressive forces. Values of
compressive forces get their extreme at -450 kN/m. None of the panels experience the tension at the support.
Horizontal in-plane reactions (shear) get their extreme at 35 kN/m. As expected shear forces are high in walls
considered as shear, and low in walls considered as load-bearing only.
Looking into the membrane forces in local y-direction map, we can see that also going up through the building
there is only compression between wall panels in horizontal joints.
6.2.3 Combination Co #11 – extreme Y-direction wind load, minimum gravity loads
Structure deformations
Membrane forces in local y-direction (vertical component), ULS, Y-direction shear walls
32
GH481 – Kilternan
Ry (vertical component) reaction force on supports, ULS, Y-direction walls
Rx (horizontal in-plane component) reaction force on supports, ULS, Y-direction walls
In maximum Y-direction wind combination, support reactions are only compressive forces. Values of
compressive forces get their extreme at -700 kN/m. None of the panels experience the tension at the support.
Horizontal in-plane reactions (shear) get their extreme at 40 kN/m. As expected shear forces are high in walls
considered as shear, and low in walls considered as load-bearing only.
Looking into membrane forces in local y-direction map, we can see that also going up through the building
there is only compression between wall panels in horizontal joints.
6.2.4 Support reaction forces min and max

Below you will find extreme min and max values of reaction forces, from envelopes of all load combinations. Ry
stands for vertical component (tension/compression force), Rx stands for horizontal component in-plane of
supported wall (shear force).
33
GH481 – Kilternan
min. min. min.

Ref. C Comb. Rx [kN/m] Ry [kN/m] Ref. C Comb. Rx [kN/m] Ry [kN/m] Ref. C Comb. Rx [kN/m] Ry [kN/m]
max. max. max.
W1 Rx min Co #5 -2 -181 W13 Rx min Co #8 -6 -191 W30 Rx min Co #12 -58 -563
max Co #7 7 -211 max Co #10 9 -266 max Co #10 43 -367
Ry min Co #3 -1 -303 Ry min Co #12 3 -376 Ry min Co #12 -58 -563
max Co #5 1 -117 max Co #8 -2 -152 max Co #14 2 -28
Ry min Co #3 -4 -385 Ry min Co #12 -11 -383 Ry min Co #12 -10 -512
max Co #5 -2 -152 max Co #14 -5 -82 max Co #14 -4 -179
max Co #5 -3 -87 max Co #14 -3 -130 max Co #14 5 -75
W4 Rx min Co #5 0 -216 W21 Rx min Co #12 -63 -547 W33 Rx min Co #12 -40 -441
Ry min Co #6 7 -309 Ry min Co #12 -63 -547 Ry min Co #12 -40 -441
max Co #8 4 -118 max Co #14 4 -62 max Co #14 -1 -105
Ry min Co #3 -8 -334 Ry min Co #12 -46 -402 Ry min Co #3 39 -407
max Co #5 -4 -128 max Co #14 6 -79 max Co #5 -4 -119
max Co #11 -2 -166 max Co #9 31 -277 max Co #10 8 -202
max Co #14 -4 -133 max Co #11 -7 -85 max Co #14 -1 -109
Ry min Co #12 -22 -1 161 Ry min Co #12 -21 -1 094 Ry min Co #12 -63 -587
W9 Rx min Co #8 0 -193 W26 Rx min Co #6 -9 -779 W38 Rx min Co #12 -29 -261
Ry min Co #3 7 -294 Ry min Co #6 -9 -779 Ry min Co #9 32 -262
W10 Rx min Co #6 -18 -234 W27 Rx min Co #8 1 -356 W39 Rx min Co #13 -7 -210
W12 Rx min Co #8 1 -349 W29 Rx min Co #8 0 -254 W41 Rx min Co #14 -1 -74
Ry min Co #3 14 -719 Ry min Co #3 8 -414 Ry min Co #12 1 -168
34
GH481 – Kilternan
min. min. min.

max. max. max.
Ry min Co #9 41 -458 Ry min Co #9 14 -176 Ry min Co #12 -31 -489
max Co #5 0 -21 max Co #8 4 -49 max Co #7 -19 0
max Co #5 1 -42 max Co #14 0 1 max Co #8 2 -106
max Co #5 6 -41 max Co #11 -6 -126 max Co #5 -5 -92
Ry min Co #3 47 -440 Ry min Co #6 -53 -444 Ry min Co #6 -23 -902
35
GH481 – Kilternan
min. min. min.

max. max. max.
W85 Rx min Co #8 -13 -151 W97 Rx min Co #13 -30 -240 W109 Rx min Co #8 0 -364
max Co #9 32 -276 max Co #10 4 -33 max Co #9 27 -1 072
Ry min Co #12 -35 -299 Ry min Co #13 -2 -64 Ry min Co #9 24 -1 258
max Co #11 0 -31 max Co #11 1 0 max Co #11 -1 -518
36
GH481 – Kilternan
min. min.
Ref. C Comb. Rx [kN/m] Ry [kN/m] Ref. C Comb. Rx [kN/m] Ry [kN/m]
max. max.
W114 Rx min Co #14 -7 -259 W126 Rx min Co #8 -8 -232
max Co #10 23 -268 max Co #4 7 -262
Ry min Co #9 10 -441 Ry min Co #9 1 -387
max Co #11 5 -106 max Co #5 2 -174
W115 Rx min Co #14 0 -230 W127 Rx min Co #14 -4 -564

max Co #9 27 -327 max Co #9 25 -1 020
Ry min Co #9 11 -463 Ry min Co #9 22 -1 196
max Co #11 6 -105 max Co #11 -1 -492

max Co #10 17 -263 max Co #9 17 -754
Ry min Co #9 6 -392 Ry min Co #9 16 -895
max Co #11 4 -127 max Co #11 0 -343

max Co #4 8 -317 max Co #9 18 -214
Ry min Co #9 1 -435 Ry min Co #9 18 -214
max Co #8 -3 -183 max Co #14 4 -66
W118 Rx min Co #6 -14 -272 W130 Rx min Co #14 0 -239

max Co #3 21 -281 max Co #9 26 -325
Ry min Co #3 21 -281 Ry min Co #9 11 -454
max Co #5 -2 -86 max Co #11 6 -104

max Co #13 9 -335 max Co #10 23 -265
Ry min Co #9 2 -455 Ry min Co #9 10 -436
max Co #8 -2 -201 max Co #11 5 -103

max Co #3 18 -122 max Co #3 13 -273
Ry min Co #3 0 -297 Ry min Co #6 -24 -304
max Co #14 1 -20 max Co #8 4 -116
W121 Rx min Co #7 0 -258 W133 Rx min Co #13 -9 -327

max Co #3 5 -323 max Co #4 7 -294
Ry min Co #3 5 -323 Ry min Co #9 -2 -447
max Co #14 1 -148 max Co #5 2 -195

max Co #5 0 -371 max Co #3 13 -258
Ry min Co #6 -14 -721 Ry min Co #6 -22 -280
max Co #8 -2 -318 max Co #8 2 -85

max Co #3 10 -685 max Co #5 7 -225
Ry min Co #3 9 -759 Ry min Co #9 -1 -430
max Co #5 -1 -375 max Co #5 2 -187
W124 Rx min Co #8 3 -153

max Co #3 18 -229
Ry min Co #3 10 -339
max Co #5 5 -88
W125 Rx min Co #6 -35 -390

max Co #3 28 -405
Ry min Co #3 28 -405
max Co #8 6 -139
37
GH481 – Kilternan
6.3 Wall Results (Shear & Load Bearing)

6.3.1 Compression
Based on the maximum compression values from reaction forces, the stress is determined to be:
−1100
_` = = −5500 = −5.50
0.20 ' '
Concrete grade C40/50 has a design compressive strength of 26,7 N/mm2 (2/3 x fck) and therefore
no additional measures are required to resist the compression in walls.
6.3.2 Tension
The maximum occurring tensile forces in shear walls are also calculated and it is found that none of precast walls
are required to resist tensile stresses. However, conservatively for further calculations it is assumed that the
maximum tensile flexural stress is:
50
_ = = 250 = 0,25
0,20 ' '
The tension (N/mm2) is translated into the required area of steel (As,req) to resist it. The vertical ties in the precast
wall panels are H25 ties (as per chapter 5.4), with a steel area of 491 mm2 per tie. It is assumed that tension in
panels will be resisted in the outer 1.0 m of the wall panel. Required steel values to resist tension that are less
than 491 mm2 are assumed to be adequately resisted with the vertical ties already present in the panel. For this
system to work the outer vertical ties always need to be placed within the outer 1.0 m of the panels, which will
always be the case. Required steel values to resist tension that are more than 491 mm2 require additional vertical
ties. The tensile strength of the concrete (1.67 MPa for C40/50 grade) has conservatively been ignored meaning
the vertical tie reinforcement is required to resist the tensile forces alone.
The tension in the wall panels at the top level has been checked and it is found there is no tension occurring that
requires additional measures.
To ensure continuity and load transfer between vertical ties that resist tension 4 No. H16s will be placed vertically
at the outer tie at each end.
50 000 ∗ 1,0
, ! = = 114 '
< , = 491 '
435 '
It has been proven that tensile force will be resisted with the vertical ties already present in the panel.
6.3.3 Shear
As the wall panels are jointed horizontally at every level, the vertical ties are required to resist the shear resulting
from the wind forces and Equivalent Horizontal Forces (EHF) between panels. As calculated in the table below,
there is only one panel that requires the vertical ties at closer centres than the pre-determined spacing of 2000
mm (chapter 5.4).
38
GH481 – Kilternan
Shear capacity of the reinforcement is determined by the following formula:
ef*
cd9 = ∗g∗
1,15 √3
Where:
fyk = 500 N/mm2
φ = 0.6
As = 491 mm2 for a H25 Vertical Tie
Therefore:
cd ,'N = 435 ∗ 0,6 ∗ 491 ∗ 0,577 = 74
Shear capacity of joint having H25 with spacing 2,0m is then:
74
cd = = 37
2,0
Every horizontal joint exceeding shear force of 37 kN/m needs H25 with reduced spacing.
In the table containing extreme reaction forces (see p. 6.2.4) we can see there are multiple piers exceeding the
shear force 37 kN/m. However, these extreme forces are extracted from peak points of the graph along the line
support. It is considered as not reasonable to design entire elements for peak force. Instead, Axis VM provides
opportunity to use average shear force values along single pier (support) and let the pier itself to transfer the
shear force internally, and these average values will be used for further calculations. Please see the image below
that represents the described phenomena:
Rx (shear) envelope, correlation between peak and average shear forces
Therefore, there are number of piers that exceed shear force 37 kN/m in peak value, but don’t in average value,
and these don’t need reduced c/c spacing of vertical H25 bars.
There are still number of piers that need reduced c/c spacing of vertical H25 couplers. Results for these are shown
in the table below, together with results of calculated and designed c/c spacing of H25 couplers:
39
GH481 – Kilternan
Shear average Max calculated Designed H25 c/c

Utilisation ratio
Reference value (ULS) H25 c/c spacing spacing
[-]
[kN/m] [m] [m]
W69 47 1,57 1,50 0,96
Walls (piers) needing reduced spacing of H25 vertical bars in horizontal joints
Shear stress in the walls has been checked as well. Walls will be reinforced with A252 mesh each face. Shear
stress in the walls has been checked for the same walls (piers) as in the table above, as others present lower
values of shear force.
Shear As Required
Shear stress
average for Shear in As Provided
Reference (ULS) Status Reference
value (ULS) Panel [mm2]
[N/mm2] 2
[kN/m] [mm ]
W69 47 0,24 313 504 pass W69
6.3.4 Wall Vertical Tie Summary

The number of vertical ties required in a wall panel is governed by one of the following criteria:
• Tension – Only present in tensile zone. As shown previously, none wall panels require vertical ties at
reduced spacing to resist the tensile force in the wall panel.
• Compression – Unlikely to govern reinforcement, unless significantly highly loaded walls are present. As
shown in our case the compression is adequately resisted by the concrete strength.
• Shear – Shear stress in panel + connection between panels has been checked.
• Maximum vertical tie spacing as per Eurocodes – This is 2.0 m max. as per chapter 5.4.
40
GH481 – Kilternan
6.4 Beam Analysis Results

There are multiple types of precast and steel beams throughout the building which are subdivided into 5 groups:
Beam
Beam Max. Span (m) Comments
Ref.
Door Head – 200x590, 200x815, Worst-case shear and moment combined with
B1 1.05m
200x1040, 200x1265 longest span. Analysed as fixed both ends.
Window Head – 200x515, 200x580, Worst-case shear and moment combined with
B2 1.60m – 2.40m
200x655,$ 200x880, 200x950, longest span. Analysed as fixed both ends.
B3 Precast beam – 200x815, 200x955 2.95m Analysed as simply supported
B4 Precast beam – 200x515, 200x880 2.95m Analysed as simply supported
B5 Steel beam UC203*203*71 S355 4.10m Analysed as simply supported
These beams are highlighted below in screenshots taken from the model:
Type B1 Beams – Door Head – example
Type B2 Beams – Window Head – example
41
GH481 – Kilternan
Type B3 Beams – Precast beams at Ground Floor – 200x815, 200x955
Type B4 Beams – Precast beams at 1st & 2nd Floor – 200x515, 200x880
Type B5 Beams – Steel beam UC203*203*71 S355
42
GH481 – Kilternan
These beams have been analysed for the worst-case, i.e.: longest span with highest loads. Therefore, we can
design the worst case and assume all other similar beams will pass with the same design. Beams are checked
with factors of 1.35Gk and 1.5Qk. Lintel beams are incorporated in the wall panels.
Beam Shear – Sagging Moment Hogging Moment

Beam
Ref. Major [kN] – Major [kNm] – Major [kNm]
Door Head – 200x590, 200x815, 200x1040,
B1 43 4 8
200x1265
Window Head – 200x515, 200x580,
B2 75 15 30
200x655,$ 200x880, 200x950,
B3 Precast beam – 200x815, 200x955 35 26 -
B4 Precast beam – 200x515, 200x880 31 23 -
B5 Steel beam UC203*203*71 S355 161 165 -
The deflection of all beam types has been checked for long term deflection and with cracked section properties
and are found to be well within the deflection limits. Therefore, by inspection all other noted beams will pass on
deflection criteria.
6.5 Slab Analysis Results

The precast slabs in the AxisVM model are used to decompose the loading to the relevant shear walls as
diaphragms. The slabs are designed as continuous over precast wall supports. Slabs from 1st Floor to Roof Floor
are of the same layout. Slabs of 1st and 2nd Floor are of the same loading, while slabs on of the Roof Floor are
subjected to different loading.
The slabs are generally 100mm solid prestressed Widseslab units with a 125mm structural screed. The Wideslabs
will need to be pre-propped until the screed has reached design strength. The analysis and design of the precast
slabs is done for a typical slab in the building. There are non-typical areas of slabs which will require further
analysis separately.
While the global analysis of the floors is carried out using the AxisVM model to verify load paths, the design of
the slabs will be carried out using in-house spreadsheets which have been independently verified.
The screenshot taken from the FEA model below shows the slab bending moments in the X and Y direction for
the permanent and variable loads. As can be seen and as expected, hogging moments occur over wall supports
with sagging moments at midspan of the slabs.
Mx bending moment in slab, Envelope min ULS, 1st Floor
43
GH481 – Kilternan
My bending moment in slab, Envelope min ULS, 1st Floor
Mx bending moment in slab, Envelope max ULS, 1st Floor
My bending moment in slab, Envelope max ULS, 1st Floor
44
GH481 – Kilternan
Mx bending moment in slab, Envelope min ULS, Roof
My bending moment in slab, Envelope min ULS, Roof
Mx bending moment in slab, Envelope min ULS, Roof
45
GH481 – Kilternan
My bending moment in slab, Envelope min ULS, Roof
Max. Sagging Moment at Max. Hogging Moment over

Bending direction Slab Depth [m]
Midspan [kNm/m] Wall Support [kNm/m]
Precast Slabs 1st to 2nd
Mx 0,225 100 55
My 0,225 65 70
Precast Slabs Roof
Mx 0,225 90 120
My 0,225 80 85
The prestressed slab design is carried out in chapter 7.5 for the sagging moments while the hogging moments
will require continuity reinforcement in the top of the structural screed over the crosswall supports. This
continuity reinforcement is calculated using the formula:
i
=
0,87 ∗ ef* ∗ 0,95 ∗ j
In which: M = 120 kNm/m in worst-case

fyk = 500 N/mm2
d = slab effective depth
With an overall composite depth of 225mm, cover to the top reinforcement of 25mm and assuming H16
diameter continuity reinforcement, the effective depth d can be taken as:
16
j = 225 − 25 − = 192
2
Therefore, the area of continuity reinforcement required is:
120 ∗ 10]
= = 1513 '
/
0,87 ∗ 500 ∗ 0,95 ∗ 192
For 120 kNm, H16@125mm c/c spacing provides a reinforcement area of 1608 mm2/m which is adequate for the
hogging moments obtained. This is to be used in following areas:
• Roof Floor along GL 3-C+/3-3 - 3-6
• Roof Floor along GL 3-G+/3-4 - 3-7
46
GH481 – Kilternan
For 85 kNm, H16@150mm c/c spacing provides a reinforcement area of 1340 mm2/m which is adequate for the
hogging moments obtained. This is to be used in following areas:
• Roof Floor along GL 3-3, 3-4, 3-5
For 55 kNm and 70 kNm, H16@200mm c/c spacing provides a reinforcement area of 1005 mm2/m which is
adequate for the hogging moments obtained. This is to be used in following areas:
• 1st to 2nd Floor along GL 3-H/3-2 - 3-4
• 1st to 2nd Floor along GL 3-3, 3-4, 3-5
For some areas, H12@200mm c/c is to be used according to hogging moment maps above. For all other areas
over supports, continuity reinforcement of A252 mesh is determined to be sufficient.
The precast slabs design is carried out in chapter 7.5.
6.6 Stair Analysis Results

Stairs and landings are supported on the stairwell walls. The floor loadings on the stairs is a live load of 3.0 kN/m2.
The precast stairs run from Ground Floor to 2nd Floor. All stairs are comprised of 4 precast panels, divided into
stairs and landings. The landing is 150mm Wideslab + 75mm structural screed, spanning 5.8m. The flights are
200mm precast stairs spanning 2.95m to 3.45m.
Refer to chapter 7.7 for stair design.
6.7 Results Conclusions

- Precast walls support each of the floor slabs, transmitting and redistributing the vertical loads down to
the in-situ RC foundation at Ground Floor.
- Shear walls are only in compression. Therefore, no additional tensile reinforcement is required.
- Slabs are one-way spanning, continuous members over the supporting walls.
- Vertical ties are H25 at a maximum of 2000mm centres provides adequate shear and tension resistance
in the precast panels. Vertical ties spacing is reduced in specified panels according to global analysis
results.
47
GH481 – Kilternan
7 Precast Element Design

7.1 Minimum Reinforcement Check
The previous section of the report notes that the shear walls will be verified to exceed the minimum required
reinforcement by checking the results for axial forces and shear forces against panels that are 200 mm thick with
typical reinforcement of A252 mesh, both faces. The walls have grout tubes at a maximum of 2.0m centres to
accommodate the H25 vertical ties. At the duct locations there are 4 No. H16 bars ties to the main mesh
reinforcement, unless noted otherwise in chapter 6.3. These vertical bars are not considered in the designs
below.
The minimum vertical reinforcement for a 200mm thick wall is given by clause 9.6 of IS EN 1992-1-1:
k, = 0,002 ∗ `
Therefore, the minimum required vertical reinforcement is 400 mm2/m, with half of this area to be provided in
each face of the wall, resulting in 200 mm2/m per face.
The minimum horizontal reinforcement provided is given by:
l, = 0,025 ∗ k,
Therefore, the minimum required horizontal reinforcement is 100 mm2/m.
The use of A252 mesh in both faces of the wall exceeds the minimum requirements required by IS EN 1992-1-1.
All panels are to have H8 U-bars at 400 mm centres closing the ends ofthe panels. The mesh at each opening in
the panels is to be closed in a similar fashion.
48
GH481 – Kilternan
7.2 Sample Walls Design

Tedds calculations have been performed on walls that resist the largest axial loads or are of non-standard height
to ensure all panels will pass with the provided reinforcement. Wall pier number W86 in GL 3-I- was chosen for
the analysis - bearing the maximum axial load in the building 850 kN/m and of clear height 3,375m.
Wall W86 chosen for sample wall design
There are some narrow piers bearing higher values of loads per meter run, however those piers of width less or
equal to 800mm are treated as column segment incorporated in the wall and are conservatively reinforced with
longitudinal H16@200mm cc each face and transverse stirrups H10@200mm cc.
Following load values (read out from AxisVM global analysis results) and characteristics were used for
calculations:
Moment Moment
Design
about about
Wall Thickness Horizontal Vertical axial
ULS/SLS minor axis minor axis Status
reference [mm] reinforcement reinforcement load
at top at bottom
[kN/m]
[kNm/m] [kNm/m]
ULS 850 17 0
W86 200 H8@200 c/c H8@200 c/c Pass
SLS 600 12 0
49
GH481 – Kilternan
7.2.1 Wall no 86
RC WALL DESIGN (EN 1992)
In accordance with EN1992-1-1:2004 incorporating corrigendum January 2008 and the Irish national
annex
Tedds calculation version 1.1.05
Wall input details

Wall geometry
Thickness; h = 200 mm
Length; b = 1000 mm/m
Clear height between restraints; l = 3375 mm
Stability about minor axis; Braced
Concrete details
Concrete strength class; C40/50
Partial safety factor for concrete (2.4.2.4(1)); γC = 1.50
Coefficient αcc (3.1.6(1)); αcc = 0.85
Maximum aggregate size; dg = 20 mm
Reinforcement details
Reinforcement in outer layer; Horizontal
Nominal cover to outer layer; cnom = 25 mm
Vertical bar diameter; φv = 8 mm
Spacing of vertical reinforcement; sv = 200 mm
Area of vertical reinforcement (per face); Asv = 251 mm2/m
Horizontal bar diameter; φh = 8 mm
Spacing of horizontal reinforcement; sh = 200 mm
Area of horizontal reinforcement (per face); Ash = 251 mm2/m
Characteristic yield strength; fyk = 500 N/mm2
Partial safety factor for reinft (2.4.2.4(1)); γS = 1.15
Modulus of elasticity of reinft (3.2.7(4)); Es = 200.0 kN/mm2
Fire resistance details
Fire resistance period; R = 60 min
Exposure to fire; Exposed on two sides
Ratio of fire design axial load to design resistance; µfi = 0.70
Axial load and bending moments from frame analysis
Design axial load; NEd = 850.0 kN/m
Moment about minor axis at top; Mtop = 17.0 kNm/m
Moment about minor axis at bottom; Mbtm = 0.0 kNm/m
50
GH481 – Kilternan
Wall effective length factor

Effective length factor for buckling about minor axis; f = 1.00
Crack width details
Axial load due to quasi-permanent SLS.; NEd_SLS = 600.0 kN/m
Moment at top due to quasi-permanent SLS.; Mtop_SLS = 12.0 kNm/m
Moment at btm due to quasi-permanent SLS.; Mbtm_SLS = 0.0 kNm/m
Duration of applied loading; Long term
Maximum allowable crack width; wk_max = 0.4 mm
Calculated wall properties

Concrete properties
Area of concrete; Ac = h × b = 200000 mm2/m
Characteristic compression cylinder strength; fck = 40 N/mm2
Design compressive strength (3.1.6(1)); fcd = αcc × fck / γC = 22.7 N/mm2
Mean value of cylinder strength (Table 3.1); fcm = fck + 8 MPa = 48.0 N/mm2
Mean value of tensile strength; fctm = 3.51 N/mm2
Secant modulus of elasticity (Table 3.1); Ecm = 22000 MPa × (fcm / 10 MPa)0.3 = 35.2 kN/mm2
Rectangular stress block factors
Depth factor (3.1.7(3)); λsb = 0.8
Stress factor (3.1.7(3)); η = 1.0
Strain limits
Compression strain limit (Table 3.1); εcu3 = 0.00350
Pure compression strain limit (Table 3.1); εc3 = 0.00175
Design yield strength of reinforcement

Design yield strength (3.2.7(2)); fyd = fyk / γS = 434.8 MPa
Check nominal cover for fire and bond requirements

Min. cover reqd for bond (4.4.1.2(3)); Cmin,b = max(φh, φv - φh) = 8 mm
Min axis distance for fire (EN1992-1-2 T 5.4); afi = 10 mm
Allowance for deviations from min cover (4.4.1.3); ∆cdev = 5 mm
Min allowable nominal cover; cnom_min = max(afi - φh / 2, cmin,b + ∆cdev) = ;13; mm
PASS - the nominal cover is greater than the minimum required
Effective depth of vertical bars
Effective depth; d = h - cnom - φh - φv / 2 = 163 mm
Depth to compression face bars; d’ = cnom + φh + φv / 2 = 37 mm
Wall effective length
Wall effective length; l0 = f × l = 3375 mm
Column slenderness
Radius of gyration about minor axis; i = h / √(12) = 5.8 cm
Minor axis slenderness ratio (5.8.3.2(1)); λ = l0 / i = 58.5
Design bending moments

Frame analysis moments combined with moments due to imperfections (cl. 5.2 & 6.1(4))
Ecc. due to geometric imperfections; ei = l0 /400 = 8.4 mm
Minimum end moment about minor axis; M01 = min(abs(Mtop), abs(Mbtm)) + ei × NEd = 7.2 kNm/m
Maximum end moment about minor axis; M02 = max(abs(Mtop), abs(Mbtm)) + ei × NEd = 24.2 kNm/m
Slenderness limit for buckling about minor axis (cl. 5.8.3.1)

Factor A; A = 0.7
51
GH481 – Kilternan
Mechanical reinforcement ratio; ω = 2 × Asv × fyd / (Ac × fcd) = 0.048

Factor B; B = √(1 + 2 × ω) = 1.047
Moment ratio; rm = M01 / M02 = ;0.297
Factor C; C = 1.7 - rm = 1.403
Relative normal force; n = NEd / (Ac × fcd) = 0.187
Slenderness limit; λlim = 20 × A × B × C / √(n) = 47.5
λ>=λlim - Second order effects must be considered
Second order bending moment about minor axis (cl. 5.8.8.2 & 5.8.8.3)
Parameter nu; nu = 1 + ω = 1.048
Approx value of n at max moment of resistance; nbal = 0.4
Axial load correction factor; Kr = min(1.0 , (nu - n) / (nu - nbal)) = 1.000
Reinforcement design strain; εyd = fyd / Es = 0.00217
Basic curvature; curvebasic = εyd / (0.45 × d) = 0.0000296 mm-1
Notional size of wall; h0 = 2 × h ×b / (2 × b) = 200 mm
Factor α1 (Annex B.1(1)); α1 = (35 MPa / fcm)0.7 = 0.802
Factor α2 (Annex B.1(1)); α2 = (35 MPa / fcm)0.2 = 0.939
Relative humidity factor (Annex B.1(1)); φRH = [1 + ((1 - RH / 100%) / (0.1 mm-1/3 × (h0)1/3)) × α1] ×
α2 = 1.582
Concrete strength factor (Annex B.1(1)); βfcm = 16.8 × (1 MPa)1/2 / √(fcm) = 2.4
Concrete age factor (Annex B.1(1)); βt0 = 1 / (0.1 + (t0 / 1 day)0.2) = 0.557
Notional creep coefficient (Annex B.1(1)); φ0 = φRH × βfcm × βt0 = 2.137
Final creep development factor; (at t = Y); βc∞ = 1.0
Final creep coefficient (Annex B.1(1)); φ∞ = φ0 × βc∞ = 2.137
Effective creep ratio (5.8.4(2)); φef = φ∞ × rM = 1.496
Factor β; β = 0.35 + fck / 200 MPa - λ / 150 = 0.160
Creep factor; Kφ = max(1.0 , 1 + β × φef) = 1.240
Modified curvature; curvemod = Kr × Kφ × curvebasic = 0.0000367 mm-1
Curvature distribution factor; c = 10
Deflection; e2 = curvemod × l02 / c = 41.9 mm
Nominal 2nd order moment; M2 = NEd × e2 = 35.6 kNm/m
Design bending moment about minor axis (cl. 5.8.8.2)

Equivalent moment; M0e = max(0.6 * M02 + 0.4 * M01, 0.4 * M02) = ;17.4;
kNm/m
Design moment; MEd = max(M02, M0e + M2, M01 + 0.5 × M2, NEd ×
max(h/30, 20 mm))
MEd = 52.9 kNm/m
Moment capacity about minor axis with axial load NEd

Moment of resistance of concrete
By iteration:-
Position of neutral axis; z = 50.4 mm
Concrete compression force (3.1.7(3)); Fc = η× fcd × min(max(λsb × z, 0 mm) , h) × b = 914.0
kN/m
Moment of resistance; MRdc = Fc × [h / 2 - (min(λsb × z , h)) / 2] = 73.0 kNm/m
Moment of resistance of reinforcement
Strain in tension face bars; ε = εcu3 × (1 - d / z) = -0.00782
Stress in tension face bars; σ = if(ε< 0, max(-1×fyd, Es × ε), min(fyd, Es × ε)) = -434.8
N/mm2
52
GH481 – Kilternan
Force in tension face bars; Fs = if(d > λsb × z, Asv × σ, Asv × (σ - η × fcd)) = -109.3
kN/m
Strain in compression face bars; ε’ = εcu3 × (1 - d’ / z) = 0.00093
Stress in compression face bars; σ’ = if(ε’< 0, max(-1×fyd, Es × ε’), min(fyd, Es × ε’)) = 186.2
N/mm2
Force in compression face bars; Fs’ = if(d’ > λsb × z, Asv × σ’, Asv × (σ’ - η × fcd)) = 41.1
kN/m
Resultant concrete/steel force; F = Fc + Fs + Fs’ = 845.8 kN/m
PASS - This is within half of one percent of the applied axial load therefore say OK
Moment of resistance of tension face bars; MRds = Fs × (d - h / 2) = -6.9 kNm/m
Moment of resistance of compression face bars; MRds’ = Fs’ × (h / 2 - d’) = 2.6 kNm/m
Combined moment of resistance
Moment of resistance about minor axis; MRd = MRdc + MRds’ - MRds = 82.4 kNm/m
PASS - The moment capacity exceeds the design bending moment
Crack widths
Slenderness limit (cl. 5.8.3.1)
Min 1st order moment about minor axis; M01_SLS=min(abs(Mtop_SLS),abs(Mbtm_SLS))+ei×NEd_SLS =
5.1 kNm/m
Max 1st order moment about minor axis; M02_SLS=max(abs(Mtop_SLS),abs(Mbtm_SLS))+ei×NEd_SLS =
17.1 kNm/m
Moment ratio; rm_SLS = M01_SLS / M02_SLS = ;0.297
Factor C; CSLS = 1.7 - rm_SLS = 1.403
Relative normal force; nSLS = NEd_SLS / (Ac × fcd) = 0.132
Slenderness limit; λlim_SLS = 20 × A × B × CSLS / √(nSLS) = 56.5
λ>=λlim_SLS - Second order effects must be considered
Second order bending moment about minor axis (cl. 5.8.8.2 & 5.8.8.3)
Axial load correction factor; Kr_SLS = min(1.0 , (nu - nSLS) / (nu - nbal)) = 1.000
Effective creep ratio; φef_SLS = φ∞ × 1.0 = 2.137
Factor β; β = 0.35 + fck / 200 MPa - λ / 150 = 0.160
Creep factor; Kφ_SLS = max(1.0, 1 + β × φef_SLS) = 1.343
Modified curvature; curvemod_SLS = Kr_SLS × Kφ_SLS × curvebasic = 0.0000398
mm-1
Deflection; e2_SLS = curvemod_SLS × l02 / c = 45.3 mm
Nominal 2nd order moment; M2_SLS = NEd_SLS × e2_SLS = 27.2 kNm/m
Design bending moment about minor axis (cl. 7.3.4)
Equivalent 1st order moment; M0e_SLS = max(0.6*M02_SLS+0.4*M01_SLS,0.4*M02_SLS) =
;12.3; kNm/m
Design moment;
MEd_SLS = max(M02_SLS, M0e_SLS + M2_SLS, M01_SLS + 0.5 ×
M2_SLS)
MEd_SLS = 39.5 kNm/m
Cover to tension reinforcement; c = h - d - φv / 2 = 33.0 mm
Ratio of steel to concrete modulii; αe = Es / Ecm = 5.7
Area of reinft in concrete units; As,eff = 2 × αe × Asv = 2854 mm2/m
Combined area of steel/conc in conc units; Aeff = b × h + As,eff = 202854 mm2/m
Reinforcement ratio per face; ρ = Asv /(b × d) = 0.002
53
GH481 – Kilternan
Neutral axis depth with pure bending; xb = d × [-2×αe×ρ + √(4×αe2×ρ2 + 2×αe×ρ×(1+d’/d))] =

21.2 mm
Second moment of area of cracked section; Ic = b×xb3/3 + αe×ρ×b×d×[(xb-d’)2 + (d-xb)2] = 32228709
mm4/m
Strain in tension face steel due to bending; εsb = MEd_SLS × (xb - d) / (Ecm × Ic) = -0.00493
Strain in comp face steel due to bending; εsb’ = MEd_SLS × (xb - d’) / (Ecm × Ic) = -0.00055
Strain due to axial load; εaxial = NEd_SLS / (Aeff × Ecm) = 0.00008
Resultant strain in tension face steel; εs = εsb + εaxial = -0.00484
Resultant strain in comp face steel; εs’ = εsb’ + εaxial = -0.00046
Stress in tension steel; σs = min(fyd, abs(Es × εs)) = 434.8 MPa
Depth to neutral axis; x = [(εs’ × d) - (εs × d’)] / (εs’ - εs) = 23.6 mm
Effective depth of concrete in tension; hc,ef = min(2.5*(h-d), (h-x)/3, h/2) = 58.8 mm
Effective area of concrete in tension; Ac,eff = hc,ef × b = 58792 mm2/m
Load duration factor; kt = 0.4
Reinforcement ratio; ρp,eff = Asv / Ac,eff = 0.004
Mean value of conc tensile strength; fct,eff = fctm = 3.51 MPa
Difference between reinft and concrete strains; εdiff = max([σs-kt×fct,eff×(1+αe×ρp,eff)/ρp,eff]/Es, 0.6×σs/Es) =
0.00130
Maximum crack spacing; sr,max = 1.3 × (h - x) = 229.3 mm
Crack width; wk = sr,max × εdiff = 0.299 mm
Allowable crack width; wk_max = 0.4 mm
PASS - The maximum crack width is less than the maximum allowable
7.3 Precast Beam Design

The precast beam references and beam loads are outlined in chapter 6.4. Calculations have been carried out in
Tekla Tedds for each of the beam types. The table below summarises the beam reinforcement designs.
Beam
Beam Main reinforcement Notes
Ref.
Door Head – 200x590, 200x815,
B1 Bottom – 2 No. H16s; Top – 2 No. H16s H10@150 c/c links
200x1040, 200x1265
Window Head – 200x515, 200x580,
B2 Bottom – 2 No. H16s; Top – 2 No. H16s H10@150 c/c links
200x655,$ 200x880, 200x950,
B3 Precast beam – 200x815, 200x955 Bottom – 2 No. H16s; Top – 2 No. H16s H10@150 c/c links
B4 Precast beam – 200x515, 200x880 Bottom – 2 No. H16s; Top – 2 No. H16s H10@150 c/c links
54
GH481 – Kilternan
7.3.1 Sample Precast Beam Design

Below you’ll find extended calculations for sample steel beam B2, worst-case scenario, analysed as fixed both
ends:
RC MEMBER ANALYSIS & DESIGN (EN1992-1-1:2004)

In accordance with EN1992-1-1:2004 incorporating Corrigenda January 2008 and the Irish national
annex
ANALYSIS
Geometry
Geometry (m) - Concrete (C40 2500 Quartzite) - R 200x510
Span Length (m) Section Start Support End Support

1 2.4 R 200x510 Fixed Fixed
R 200x510: Area 1020 cm2, Inertia Major 221085 cm4, Inertia Minor 34000 cm4, Shear area parallel to Minor
850 cm2, Shear area parallel to Major = 850 cm2
Concrete (C40 2500 Quartzite): Density 2500 kg/m3, Youngs 35.2204623 kN/mm2, Shear 14.6751926
kN/mm2, Thermal 0.00001 °C-1
Loading
Self weight included
Permanent - Loading (kN/m)
Imposed - Loading (kN/m)
Load combination factors

Self Weight
Permanent
Imposed
Load combination
1.35G + 1.5Q + 1.5RQ (Strength) 1.35 1.35 1.50

1.0G + 1.0Q + 1.0RQ (Service) 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.0G + 1.0ψ2Q (Quasi) 1.00 1.00 0.30
Member Loads
Member Load case Load Type Orientation Description
Beam Permanent UDL GlobalZ 31.23 kN/m
Beam Imposed UDL GlobalZ 11.2 kN/m
55
GH481 – Kilternan
Results
Forces
Strength combinations - Moment envelope (kNm)
Strength combinations - Shear envelope (kN)
;
Concrete details - Table 3.1. Strength and deformation characteristics for concrete
Concrete strength class; C40/50
Aggregate type; Quartzite
Aggregate adjustment factor - cl.3.1.3(2); AAF = 1.0
Characteristic compressive cylinder strength; fck = 40 N/mm2
Mean value of compressive cylinder strength; fcm = fck + 8 N/mm2 = 48 N/mm2
Mean value of axial tensile strength; fctm = 0.3 N/mm2 * (fck/ 1 N/mm2)2/3 = 3.5 N/mm2
Secant modulus of elasticity of concrete; Ecm = 22 kN/mm2*(fcm / 10 N/mm2)0.3 * AAF = 35220
N/mm2
Ultimate strain - Table 3.1; εcu2 = 0.0035
Shortening strain - Table 3.1; εcu3 = 0.0035
Effective compression zone height factor; λ = 0.80
Effective strength factor; η = 1.00
Coefficient k1; k1 = 0.40
Coefficient k2; k2 = 1.0 * (0.6 + 0.0014 / εcu2) = 1.00
Coefficient k3; k3 = 0.40
Coefficient k4; k4 = 1.0 * (0.6 + 0.0014 / εcu2) = 1.00
Partial factor for concrete -Table 2.1N; γC = 1.50
Compressive strength coefficient - cl.3.1.6(1); αcc = 0.85
Design compressive concrete strength - exp.3.15; fcd = αcc * fck / γC = 22.7 N/mm2
Compressive strength coefficient - cl.3.1.6(1); αccw = 1.00
Design compressive concrete strength - exp.3.15; fcwd = αccw * fck / γC = 26.7 N/mm2
Maximum aggregate size; hagg = 20 mm
Density of reinforced concrete; ρ = 2500 kg/m3
Monolithic simple support moment factor; β1 = 0.25
Reinforcement details
Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement; fyk = 500 N/mm2
Partial factor for reinforcing steel - Table 2.1N; γS = 1.15
Design yield strength of reinforcement; fyd = fyk / γS = 435 N/mm2
56
GH481 – Kilternan
Nominal cover to reinforcement

Nominal cover to top reinforcement; cnom_t = 25 mm
Nominal cover to bottom reinforcement; cnom_b = 25 mm
Nominal cover to side reinforcement; cnom_s = 25 mm
Fire resistance
Standard fire resistance period; R = 60 min
Number of sides exposed to fire; 3
Minimum width of beam - EN1992-1-2 Table 5.5; bmin = 120 mm
Beam - Span 1
Rectangular section details
Section width; b = 200 mm
Section depth; h = 510 mm
PASS - Minimum dimensions for fire resistance met
Moment design
57
GH481 – Kilternan
Positive moment - section 6.1

Design bending moment; M = abs(Mm1_s1_z2_max_red) = 15.0 kNm
Effective depth of tension reinforcement; d = 467 mm
Redistribution ratio; δ = min(Mpos_red_z2 / Mpos_z2, 1) = 1.000
K = M / (b * d2 * fck) = 0.009
K' = (2 * η * αcc / γC) * (1 - λ * (δ - k1) / (2 * k2)) * (λ * (δ -
k1) / (2 * k2)) = 0.207
K' > K - No compression reinforcement is required
Lever arm; z = min(0.5 * d * [1 + (1 - 2 * K / (η * αcc / γC))0.5], 0.95 *
d) = 444 mm
Depth of neutral axis; x = 2 * (d - z) / λ = 58 mm
Area of tension reinforcement required; As,req = M / (fyd * z) = 78 mm2
Tension reinforcement provided; 2 * 16φ
Area of tension reinforcement provided; As,prov = 402 mm2
Minimum area of reinforcement - exp.9.1N; As,min = max(0.26 * fctm / fyk, 0.0013) * b * d = 170 mm2
Maximum area of reinforcement - cl.9.2.1.1(3); As,max = 0.04 * b * h = 4080 mm2
PASS - Area of reinforcement provided is greater than area of reinforcement required
Crack control - Section 7.3
Maximum crack width; wk = 0.3 mm
Design value modulus of elasticity reinf – 3.2.7(4); Es = 200000 N/mm2
Mean value of concrete tensile strength; fct,eff = fctm = 3.5 N/mm2
Stress distribution coefficient; kc = 0.4
Non-uniform self-equilibrating stress coefficient; k = min(max(1 + (300 mm - min(h, b)) * 0.35 / 500 mm,
0.65), 1) = 1.00
Actual tension bar spacing; sbar = (b - (2 * (cnom_s + φm1_s1_z2_v) + φm1_s1_z2_b_L1 *
Nm1_s1_z2_b_L1)) / (Nm1_s1_z2_b_L1 - 1) + φm1_s1_z2_b_L1 = 114
mm
Maximum stress permitted - Table 7.3N; σs = 309 N/mm2
Steel to concrete modulus of elast. ratio; αcr = Es / Ecm = 5.68
Distance of the Elastic NA from bottom of beam; y = (b * h2 / 2 + As,prov * (αcr - 1) * (h - d)) / (b * h + As,prov *
(αcr - 1)) = 251 mm
Area of concrete in the tensile zone; Act = b * y = 50232 mm2
Minimum area of reinforcement required - exp.7.1; Asc,min = kc * k * fct,eff * Act / σs = 228 mm2
PASS - Area of tension reinforcement provided exceeds minimum required for crack control
Quasi-permanent moment; MQP = abs(Mm1_s1_z2_pos_quasi) = 8.9kNm
Permanent load ratio; RPL = MQP / M = 0.60
Service stress in reinforcement; σsr = fyd * As,req / As,prov * RPL = 50 N/mm2
Maximum bar spacing - Tables 7.3N; sbar,max = 300 mm
PASS - Maximum bar spacing exceeds actual bar spacing for crack control
Deflection control - Section 7.4
Reference reinforcement ratio; ρm0 = (fck / 1 N/mm2)0.5 / 1000 = 0.00632
Required tension reinforcement ratio; ρm = As,req / (b * d) = 0.00083
Required compression reinforcement ratio; ρ'm = As2,req / (b * d) = 0.00000
Structural system factor - Table 7.4N; Kb = 1.0
Basic allowable span to depth ratio ; span_to_depthbasic = Kb * [11 + 1.5 * (fck / 1 N/mm2)0.5 *
ρm0 / ρm + 3.2 * (fck / 1 N/mm2)0.5 * (ρm0 / ρm - 1)1.5] =
427.674
Reinforcement factor - exp.7.17; Ks = min(As,prov / As,req * 500 N/mm2 / fyk, 1.5) = 1.500
Flange width factor; F1 = 1 = 1.000
58
GH481 – Kilternan
Long span supporting brittle partition factor; F2 = 1 = 1.000

Allowable span to depth ratio; span_to_depthallow = min(span_to_depthbasic * Ks * F1 *
F2, 40 * Kb) = 40.000
Actual span to depth ratio; span_to_depthactual = Lm1_s1 / d = 5.139
PASS - Actual span to depth ratio is within the allowable limit
Negative moment - section 6.1

Design bending moment; M = abs(Mm1_s1_z2_min_red) = 29.9 kNm
Effective depth of tension reinforcement; d = 467 mm
Redistribution ratio; δ = min(Mneg_red_z2 / Mneg_z2, 1) = 1.000
K = M / (b * d2 * fck) = 0.017
K' = (2 * η * αcc / γC) * (1 - λ * (δ - k1) / (2 * k2)) * (λ * (δ -
k1) / (2 * k2)) = 0.207
K' > K - No compression reinforcement is required
Lever arm; z = min(0.5 * d * [1 + (1 - 2 * K / (η * αcc / γC))0.5], 0.95 *
d) = 444 mm
Depth of neutral axis; x = 2 * (d - z) / λ = 58 mm
Area of tension reinforcement required; As,req = M / (fyd * z) = 155 mm2
Tension reinforcement provided; 2 * 16φ
Area of tension reinforcement provided; As,prov = 402 mm2
Minimum area of reinforcement - exp.9.1N; As,min = max(0.26 * fctm / fyk, 0.0013) * b * d = 170 mm2
Maximum area of reinforcement - cl.9.2.1.1(3); As,max = 0.04 * b * h = 4080 mm2
PASS - Area of reinforcement provided is greater than area of reinforcement required
Crack control - Section 7.3
Maximum crack width; wk = 0.3 mm
Design value modulus of elasticity reinf – 3.2.7(4); Es = 200000 N/mm2
Mean value of concrete tensile strength; fct,eff = fctm = 3.5 N/mm2
Stress distribution coefficient; kc = 0.4
Non-uniform self-equilibrating stress coefficient; k = min(max(1 + (300 mm - min(h, b)) * 0.35 / 500 mm,
0.65), 1) = 1.00
Actual tension bar spacing; sbar = (b - (2 * (cnom_s + φm1_s1_z2_v) + φm1_s1_z2_t_L1 *
Nm1_s1_z2_t_L1)) / (Nm1_s1_z2_t_L1 - 1) + φm1_s1_z2_t_L1 = 114
mm
Maximum stress permitted - Table 7.3N; σs = 309 N/mm2
Steel to concrete modulus of elast. ratio; αcr = Es / Ecm = 5.68
Distance of the Elastic NA from bottom of beam; y = (b * h2 / 2 + As,prov * (αcr - 1) * (h - d)) / (b * h + As,prov *
(αcr - 1)) = 251 mm
Area of concrete in the tensile zone; Act = b * y = 50232 mm2
Minimum area of reinforcement required - exp.7.1; Asc,min = kc * k * fct,eff * Act / σs = 228 mm2
PASS - Area of tension reinforcement provided exceeds minimum required for crack control
Quasi-permanent moment; MQP = abs(Mm1_s1_z2_neg_quasi) = 17.8kNm
Permanent load ratio; RPL = MQP / M = 0.60
Service stress in reinforcement; σsr = fyd * As,req / As,prov * RPL = 100 N/mm2
Maximum bar spacing - Tables 7.3N; sbar,max = 300 mm
PASS - Maximum bar spacing exceeds actual bar spacing for crack control
Deflection control - Section 7.4
Reference reinforcement ratio; ρm0 = (fck / 1 N/mm2)0.5 / 1000 = 0.00632
Required tension reinforcement ratio; ρm = As,req / (b * d) = 0.00166
Required compression reinforcement ratio; ρ'm = As2,req / (b * d) = 0.00000
Structural system factor - Table 7.4N; Kb = 1.0
59
GH481 – Kilternan
Basic allowable span to depth ratio ; span_to_depthbasic = Kb * [11 + 1.5 * (fck / 1 N/mm2)0.5 *
ρm0 / ρm + 3.2 * (fck / 1 N/mm2)0.5 * (ρm0 / ρm - 1)1.5] =
142.361
Reinforcement factor - exp.7.17; Ks = min(As,prov / As,req * 500 N/mm2 / fyk, 1.5) = 1.500
Flange width factor; F1 = 1 = 1.000
Long span supporting brittle partition factor; F2 = 1 = 1.000
Allowable span to depth ratio; span_to_depthallow = min(span_to_depthbasic * Ks * F1 *
F2, 40 * Kb) = 40.000
Actual span to depth ratio; span_to_depthactual = Lm1_s1 / d = 5.139
PASS - Actual span to depth ratio is within the allowable limit
Minimum bar spacing (Section 8.2)
Top bar spacing; stop = (b - (2 * (cnom_s + φm1_s1_z2_v) + φm1_s1_z2_t_L1 *
Nm1_s1_z2_t_L1)) / (Nm1_s1_z2_t_L1 - 1) = 98.0 mm
Minimum allowable top bar spacing; stop,min = max(φm1_s1_z2_t_L1 * ks1, hagg + ks2, 20mm) = 25.0
mm
PASS - Actual bar spacing exceeds minimum allowable
Bottom bar spacing; sbot = (b - (2 * (cnom_s + φm1_s1_z2_v) + φm1_s1_z2_b_L1 *
Nm1_s1_z2_b_L1)) / (Nm1_s1_z2_b_L1 - 1) = 98.0 mm
Minimum allowable bottom bar spacing; sbot,min = max(φm1_s1_z2_b_L1 * ks1, hagg + ks2, 20mm) = 25.0
mm
PASS - Actual bar spacing exceeds minimum allowable
Shear design
60
GH481 – Kilternan
Angle of comp. shear strut for maximum shear; θmax = 45 deg

Strength reduction factor - cl.6.2.3(3); v1 = 0.6 * (1 - fck / 250 N/mm2) = 0.504
Compression chord coefficient - cl.6.2.3(3); αcw = 1.00
Minimum area of shear reinforcement - exp.9.5N; Asv,min = 0.08 N/mm2 * b * (fck / 1 N/mm2)0.5 / fyk = 202
mm2/m
Section in shear - section 6.2

Design shear force at support ; VEd,max = max(abs(Vz2_max), abs(Vz2_red_max)) = 75 kN
Min lever arm in shear zone; z = 444 mm
Maximum design shear resistance - exp.6.9; VRd,max = αcw * b * z * v1 * fcwd / (cot(θmax) + tan(θmax)) =
596 kN
PASS - Design shear force at support is less than maximum design shear resistance
Design shear force within zone; VEd = 46 kN
Design shear stress; vEd = VEd / (b * z) = 0.515 N/mm2
Angle of concrete compression strut - cl.6.2.3; θ = min(max(0.5 * Asin(min(2 * vEd / (αcw * fcwd * v1),1)),
21.8 deg), 45deg) = 21.8 deg
Area of shear reinforcement required - exp.6.8; Asv,des = vEd * b / (fyd * cot(θ)) = 95 mm2/m
Area of shear reinforcement required; Asv,req = max(Asv,min, Asv,des) = 202 mm2/m
Shear reinforcement provided; 2 * 10 legs @ 150 c/c
Area of shear reinforcement provided; Asv,prov = 1047 mm2/m
PASS - Area of shear reinforcement provided exceeds minimum required
Maximum longitudinal spacing - exp.9.6N; svl,max = 0.75 * d = 350 mm
PASS - Longitudinal spacing of shear reinforcement provided is less than maximum
61
GH481 – Kilternan
7.4 Steel Beam Design

The steel beam references and beam loads are outlined in chapter 6.4. Calculations have been carried out in
Tekla Tedds for each of the beam types. The table below summarises the beam designs.
Beam Bending moment Shear force Deflection

Beam
Ref. utilisation utilisation utilisation
B5 Steel beam UC203*203*71 S355 0,58 0,32 0,80
7.4.1 Sample Steel Beam Design

Below you’ll find extended calculations for sample steel beam – B5 UC203*203*71 S355:
STEEL BEAM ANALYSIS & DESIGN (EN1993-1-1:2005)

In accordance with EN1993-1-1:2005 incorporating Corrigenda February 2006 and April 2009 and the
Irish national annex
TEDDS calculation version 3.0.14
62
GH481 – Kilternan
Support conditions
Support A Vertically restrained
Rotationally free
Support B Vertically restrained
Rotationally free
Applied loading
Beam loads Permanent self weight of beam * 1
Permanent full UDL 49.89 kN/m
Variable full UDL 6.74 kN/m
Load combinations
Load combination 1 - ULS Support A Permanent * 1.35
Variable * 1.50
Permanent * 1.35
Variable * 1.50
Support B Permanent * 1.35
Variable * 1.50
Load combination 2 - SLS Support A Permanent * 1.00
Variable * 1.00
Permanent * 1.00
Variable * 1.00
Support B Permanent * 1.00
Variable * 1.00
Analysis results
Maximum moment; Mmax = 164.7 kNm; Mmin = 0 kNm
Maximum moment span 1 segment 1; Ms1_seg1_max = 123.6 kNm; Ms1_seg1_min = 0 kNm
Maximum shear; Vmax = 160.7 kN; Vmin = -160.7 kN
Maximum shear span 1 segment 1; Vs1_seg1_max = 160.7 kN; Vs1_seg1_min = 0 kN
Maximum shear span 1 segment 2; Vs1_seg2_max = 80.4 kN; Vs1_seg2_min = 0 kN
Maximum shear span 1 segment 3; Vs1_seg3_max = 0 kN; Vs1_seg3_min = -80.4
kN
Maximum shear span 1 segment 4; Vs1_seg4_max = 0 kN; Vs1_seg4_min = -160.7
kN
Deflection segment 5; δmax = 13.2 mm; δmin = 0 mm
Maximum reaction at support A; RA_max = 160.7 kN; RA_min = 117.5 kN
Unfactored permanent load reaction at support A; RA_Permanent = 103.7 kN
Unfactored variable load reaction at support A; RA_Variable = 13.8 kN
Maximum reaction at support B; RB_max = 160.7 kN; RB_min = 117.5 kN
Unfactored permanent load reaction at support B; RB_Permanent = 103.7 kN
Unfactored variable load reaction at support B; RB_Variable = 13.8 kN
Section details
Section type; UC 203x203x71 (BS4-1)
Steel grade; S355
From table 3.1: Nominal values of yield strength fy and ultimate tensile strength fu for hot rolled
structural steel
Nominal thickness of element; t = max(tf, tw) = 17.3 mm
Nominal yield strength; fy = 355 N/mm2
63
GH481 – Kilternan
Nominal ultimate tensile strength; fu = 510 N/mm2

Modulus of elasticity; E = 210000 N/mm2
Partial factors - Section 6.1

Resistance of cross-sections; γM0 = 1.00
Resistance of members to instability; γM1 = 1.00
Resistance of tensile members to fracture; γM2 = 1.25
Lateral restraint
Span 1 has lateral restraint at supports plus quarter
points
Effective length factors
Effective length factor in major axis; Ky = 1.000
Effective length factor in minor axis; Kz = 1.000
Effective length factor for torsion; KLT.A = 1.000;
KLT.B = 1.000;
Classification of cross sections - Section 5.5
ε = √[235 N/mm2 / fy] = 0.81
Internal compression parts subject to bending - Table 5.2 (sheet 1 of 3)
Width of section; c = d = 160.8 mm
c / tw = 19.8 * ε <= 72 * ε; Class 1
Outstand flanges - Table 5.2 (sheet 2 of 3)

Width of section; c = (b - tw - 2 * r) / 2 = 88 mm
c / tf = 6.3 * ε <= 9 * ε; Class 1
Section is class 1
Check shear - Section 6.2.6
Height of web; hw = h - 2 * tf = 181.2 mm
Shear area factor; η = 1.000
hw / tw < 72 * ε / η
Shear buckling resistance can be ignored
Design shear force; VEd = max(abs(Vmax), abs(Vmin)) = 160.7 kN
Shear area - cl 6.2.6(3); Av = max(A - 2 * b * tf + (tw + 2 * r) * tf, η * hw * tw) = 2427
mm2
Design shear resistance - cl 6.2.6(2); Vc,Rd = Vpl,Rd = Av * (fy / √[3]) / γM0 = 497.5 kN
PASS - Design shear resistance exceeds design shear force
64
GH481 – Kilternan
Check bending moment at span 1 segment 2 major (y-y) axis - Section 6.2.5
Design bending moment; MEd = max(abs(Ms1_seg2_max), abs(Ms1_seg2_min)) = 164.7
kNm
Design bending resistance moment - eq 6.13; Mc,Rd = Mpl,Rd = Wpl.y * fy / γM0 = 283.6 kNm
Slenderness ratio for lateral torsional buckling
Correction factor - Table 6.6; kc = 0.969
C1 = 1 / kc2 = 1.065
Curvature factor; g = √[1 - (Iz / Iy)] = 0.817
Poissons ratio; ν = 0.3
Shear modulus; G = E / [2 × (1 + ν)] = 80769 N/mm2
Unrestrained length; L = 1.0 * Ls1_seg2 = 1025 mm
Elastic critical buckling moment; Mcr = C1 * π2 * E * Iz / (L2 * g) * √[Iw / Iz + L2 * G * It / (π2 *
E * Iz)] = 6889.5 kNm
Slenderness ratio for lateral torsional buckling; λLT = √(Wpl.y * fy / Mcr) = 0.203
Limiting slenderness ratio; λLT,0 = 0.4
λLT < λLT,0 - Lateral torsional buckling can be ignored
PASS - Design bending resistance moment exceeds design bending moment
Check vertical deflection - Section 7.2.1
Consider deflection due to permanent and variable loads
Limiting deflection;; δlim = Ls1 / 250 = 16.4 mm
Maximum deflection span 1; δ = max(abs(δmax), abs(δmin)) = 13.185
PASS - Maximum deflection does not exceed deflection limit
65
GH481 – Kilternan
7.5 Precast Slab Design

The analysis results for a typical bay of slabs in the building is shown in chapter 6.5. The design of the slabs is
carried out in this chapter using in-house spreadsheets which have passed all verification checks they’ve been
subjected to. The spreadsheets conservatively checks the slabs as being simply supported. In reality the slabs are
continuous over the wall supports and the hogging reinforcement required to resist this hogging moment has
been designed in chapter 6.5. Note: It is imperative that all slabs are <pre-propped>, i.e.: all props must be in
place prior to slabs being installed.
The process for designing the slabs is to check the moment capacity for the slabs based on a specific prestressed
wire pattern against the maximum bending moment obtained from the analysis.
There are some limited areas where the bending moment obtained reaches 100 kNm/m (ULS) and the
prestressing for those will be the subject of separated analysis leading to unique wire pattern for those areas.
However, in the typical case, the maximum bending moment obtained from the slab analysis is 80 kNm/m (ULS),
which for a 2.4m wide Wideslab equates to a maximum bending moment of 192 kNm, which is multiplied by 1.1
as a calculation safety factor giving a resultant bending moment of 211 kNm. An equivalent uniformly distributed
area load generating (for the Wideslab spanning 7.85m) the same bending moment as obtained from the analysis
is used in the calculation in order to check the slab soffit stresses and deflections. In this case, a load of 2.40
kN/m2 dead and 0.4 kN/m2 imposed, additionally to self-weight of composite 225mm deep slab, achieves a
comparable bending moment to that obtained in the analysis.
As shown in the calculation below, the slab moment capacity is 272 kNm for 23 strands, which is adequate for
the bending moment obtained. The slab soffit stresses are checked also and shown to be within the limits set
out in IS EN 1992-1-1. In addition to this, the horizontal interface shear between the slab and structural screed is
checked and shown to be adequate. Finally, the long-term deflection is checked taking creep into account and is
shown to be 17.1 mm which is within the limit of L/350 (= 7850 / 350 = 22.4 mm).
Wideslabs has been divided into 3 strand pattern groups according to span length:
• Slabs of L < 4.5m are designed as 14 strands 9.3mm diameter
• Slabs of 4.5m <= L < 8.0m are designed as 23 strands 9.3mm diameter
• Slabs of 8.0m <= L < 9.0m are designed as 16 strands 9.3mm + 7 strands 12.5mm diameter (which is
presstressing force equivalent to 29 strands 9.3mm)
66
GH481 – Kilternan
7.5.1 Sample Slab Design

A sample calculation for the typical case Wideslab is presented below:
7.6 Precast Stair Flight and Landing Design

Calculations for stair flights and landings in Block 3 are carried out using in-house design spreadsheets. These
spreadsheets have passed all verification checks. Below you will find sample calculations for Main Staircore B3.
67
GH481 – Kilternan
7.6.1 Stair Flight Design
68
GH481 – Kilternan
7.6.2 Angle to Stair Flight Design
69
GH481 – Kilternan
70
GH481 – Kilternan
7.6.3 Landing Design
71
GH481 – Kilternan
8 Connection Design
This chapter is to be read in conjunction with chapters 6 and 7, and all results in this chapter are additional
measures to the advised main reinforcement, unless noted otherwise.
8.1 Demoulding, Storage and Transport

Walls are manufactured on the flat on a tilting table, therefore, demoulding fixings and additional demoulding
rebar is not required in the walls. Slabs are also manufactured on the flat but do not make use of the tilting table,
as such the slab lifters will have lifting reinforcement around them.
Storage and transport of wall panels is to be done vertically which limits the precast element height to 3.4 m. No
precast element exceeds this dimension.
8.2 Lifting
Lifting of all the precast elements shall be done with the use of cast-in CFS fixings or equivalent. For walls,
columns, beams and stairs either Long Wavy Tails or Eye Anchor lifters are used, for landings Flat Plate Anchors
are used and for slabs normal H16 rebar lifters are used. Where a precast element does not allow for its typical
lifter, other systems can be used (eg. Long Wavy Tail, Short Wavy Tail, Flat Plate Anchor). Diameter and spacing
of the lifting anchors are dependent on the mass of the panel. It is confirmed that no panel exceeds the crane
capacity.
For the correct use of lifting anchors, you may use the “CFS technical manual for threaded systems for lifting”.
Below you find a relevant extract, noting the lifting capacities of the lifters. A typical lift will be through an axial
pull, depending on the crane lifting system there might be an angled pull. A shear pull should be avoided, unless
noted otherwise. Wall panels may have 2 No. or 4 No. lifters, spaced evenly around the centre of gravity
of the element. Additional rebar around lifters is required as per the CFS specification.
72
GH481 – Kilternan
8.3 Temporary works

In the temporary case, when an element is not yet fixed to a stable system, the precast requires to be propped.
This is needed for bearing walls, shear walls, columns and wideslabs.
The proposed propping system is the use of push-pull props. This may be used under the following circumstances:
- On-site prop fixing drilled in the slab
- Slab topping to be 20 N/mm prior to placing the prop fixings
- Panel prop fixing cast-in off-site
- Push-pull props require to be placed at a 3:2 angle (60°), unless noted otherwise
73
GH481 – Kilternan
8.3.1 Wall Propping

Placement of the push-pull fixings is at ⅔ up the panel, or ¼ down. A wall panel requires a minimum of 2 props,
spaced at ¼ length from the wall ends, unless noted otherwise.
The largest panel is susceptible to the largest wind load, based on concrete area.
This largest panel currently has a length of approx. 8.0 m. The height does not exceed 3.35 m, therefore, the area
of the panel exposed to wind in the temporary phase is 27 m2.
With a wind peak velocity pressure calculated to be 1.5 kN/m2 (2.25 kN/m2 factored), the props are required to
resist a push-pull horizontal force of 61.0 kN at the centre of the panel.
The capacity of threaded socket: Euro Accessories Solid Rod Fixing Socket with Crossbar (code SSRCP), or similar
is shown in the table below:
The previous table shows the pull-out and shear capacity of an M20x75 solid rod socket with cross pin. The weight
of a 8.0m panel 3.35m high is 134.0 kN. This element is static vertically with a ground force of 134.0 kN.
Therefore, the moment force about the bearing point is:
1
1 3 mn ∗ ℎ
mn ∗ ℎ + mM ∗ ℎ ⇒ mM = 2
2 4 3
ℎ
4
1
61.0 ∗ ∗ 3.35
mM = 2 = 40.7
3
∗ 3.35
4
Therefore, a 3.35 m high x 8.0 m wide x 0.2 m thick panel exerts a horizontal force of 40.7 kN on the prop fixings.
Assume for a 8.0 m wide panel that 2 No. fixing points will be used, giving a 20.4 kN horizontal component per
socket. With props at a 60° angle, the load per socket is as follows.
Vertical force on fixings:

p>Aq ∗ mM = tan 60 ∗ 20.4 = 35.3
74
GH481 – Kilternan
Therefore, the fixing sockets are required to resist a shear force of 35.3 kN and a pull-out force of 20.4 kN. The
proposed 2 No. M20x75 sockets do not comply on shear, and we require an increased number of sockets in the
panel, centred on the midpoint of the element.
Calculation for 5 No. M20x75 sockets:
40.7
msd ,\,G `* = = 8.1 m>BB
5
mkd ,\,G `* = p> 60 ∗ 8.1 = 14.0 m>BB
5 No. M20x75 solid rod sockets with cross pin are adequate to resist wind loads in the temporary phase, in the
heaviest panel with a length of 8.0 m. After calculation, it is conservatively determined that the maximum length
of a solid precast wall which can be supported by 2 No. M20x75 sockets is 3.6 m (assuming wall height is 3.35
m). Solid walls between 3.6 m and 5.4 m require a minimum of 3 No. M20x75 sockets. Solid walls between 5.4
m and 7.2 m require a minimum of 4 No. M20x75 sockets. Solid walls longer than 7.2 m require 5 No. M20x75
sockets. The following table is calculated for walls that are 3.35 m high with a factored wind load of 2.25 kN/m2.
Precast Wall Length (mm) Cast-in Propping Sockets No. of Sockets

0 to 3600 Euro Accessories SSRCP2075 (M20x75) 2
The base fixing to be used is a US3-H 14 hnom3 HILTI screw anchor (or similar equal approved), post fixed and
resined in on-site. Installation is by a hammer drilled hole in dry conditions.
Concrete strength of the structural screed is to be fck,cube ≥ 20 N/mm2.
The forces on the base connection are determined by the forces previously found on the propping socket.
- Pull-out force: 8.1 kN
- Shear force: 14.0 kN
The design capacity of the specified screw anchor is noted below (as per HILTI technical data sheet):
- Tensile capacity: 17.3 kN pass
- Shear capacity: 17.3 kN pass
8.3.2 Slab Propping

As mentioned in chapters 6.5 and 7.5, the precast Wideslabs will need to be pre-propped prior to the slab
installation. The props will need to remain in place until the structural screed has reached a strength of 20 N/mm2
minimum. The props are to resist a maximum propline load of 22 kN/m (factored) which allows for a construction
load of 1.5 kN/m2 on the slabs. Propline locations will be shown on Flood Precast slab drawings.
8.4 Precast Wall Panels

At door, window and M&E openings, anti-crack bars are required in the corners. The typical anti-crack bars are
H16 bars, placed at a 45° angle each face, adhering to the lap lengths according to the Eurocode. Anti-crack bars
are placed around every opening and notch in a panel, to be H16 bars, with sufficient lap lengths.
75
GH481 – Kilternan
A reinforcement detail in door openings during the lifting phase is also required. Door openings may
significantly weaken a panel during lifting and minor eccentricities of lifters around the centre of gravity can
create temporary tension in the panel. To ensure walls panels with door openings do not deform, a detail is
proposed with a cast-in exposed bar, spanning the door opening. This bar may be a single H20, to resist the
accidental tension occurring during lifting. Once the panel is in place, the exposed bar may be cut.
8.5 Precast Stairs

Mid-level landings are to provide bracing to adjacent core walls. The landings require a positive connection on 2
sides (excluding the spanning edge that supports the stairs). To ensure the landings are bracing, the connection
detail is to consist of a strip of conibar which is to be pulled out to lap with the reinforcement in the landing
structural screed. The connection of the full-level landings to the walls may be realised through identical
connections as wideslab to wall.
76
GH481 – Kilternan
8.6 Typical Wall Design

The sketches below illustrate the typical wall design. Results found in this report supercede these sketches and
for reinforcement requirements and vertical tie setting-out you should refer to chapters 6 and 7 of this report.
Note: images are only for illustration of the wall design.
77
GH481 – Kilternan
78

GH481 Kilternan B3 Precast Design Report P01

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

GH481 Kilternan B3 Precast Design Report P01

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Building with Confidence Precast Sp. z o.o.

Hilltown, Oldcastle, Co. Meath, Republic of Ireland.

43 Temple Row, Birmingham B2 5LS, United Kingdom.

6 Structural Analysis .................................................................................................................................................. 25

1.1 Scope of Works

1.2 Design Assumptions

1.2.5 Analysis Model

Finite element analysis model

• Roof floor – unique – as per the image below:

2.1 Primary Superstructure

Stability system – shear walls highlighted

2.4 Disproportionate Collapse

• Reinforced precast concrete elements – Grade C40/50 (fck = 40 N/mm2)

3.3 Design Working Life

3.4 Durability Requirements

3.5 Nominal Cover for Concrete

cmin = max {cmin,b ; cmin,dur ; 10mm} Exp. (4.2)

cmin,b = Diameter of reinforcing bars or Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)

Δcdev = 5 mm as reduced value Cl. 4.4.1.3 (3)

cmin,dur = 15mm for XC1

The maximum assumed reinforcement diameter:

The nominal concrete cover is then given by:

3.6 Fire Resistance

3.6.1 Precast Columns

cnom, fire60, beam = 36 – 10 – 0.5 x 12 = 20 → 25 mm

The final concrete cover is determined by:

3.6.2 Precast Walls

cnom, fire60, wall = 10 – 8 – 0.5 x 8 = -2 → 25 mm

The final concrete cover is determined by:

3.6.3 Precast Beams

cnom, fire60, beam = 30 – 10 – 0.5 x 12 = 14 → 25 mm

The final concrete cover is determined by:

3.6.4 Precast Slabs

4.1.1 Floor Loading

Imposed live load:

4.1.2 Wall Loading

4.1.3 Pitched Roof Loading

4.2 Wind Loading

Zone I: -0,72 kN/m2 (suction)

4.3 Snow Loading

4.4 Load Factors

4.5 Load Cases

4.6 Load Combinations

5 Disproportionate Collapse Ties

5.1 Peripheral Ties

5.2 Internal Ties (Longitudinal)

)* + 01* = 6.08 + 0.7 2.8 = 8.04 '

/ = min5 5 3.6 ; 8.908 = 8.9

Therefore, the tensile force to be resisted by the internal ties is:

5.3 Internal Ties (Transverse)

)* + ψq- / 32 8.04 8.10

This tensile force equates to an area of steel of:

5.4 Horizontal Ties For Columns and Walls

5.5 Vertical Ties

'N = 500 '

The spacing of vertical ties will be limited to a maximum spacing of 2.0m.

5.5.1 Lap Length for Vertical Ties

lb,rqd = (ø/4) (σsd / fbd)

σsd = max stress in the bar = fyk / γs

fbd = 2.25 x η1 x η2 x fctd

fctd = (αct x fctk ,0.05) / γc

fctk,0.05 = 0.7 x 0.3 x fck2/3

fck = 40 N/mm2 by assumption of minimum C40/50 grade concrete in grout tubes

lb,rqd = (25 / 4) (435 / 3.68) = 738 mm

Type B5 Beams – Steel beam UC20320371 S355