INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

Heat Transfer: Principles and applications

Course code: CHN-201

B.Tech II Year (CHE/PSE)(117+27=144)
(Semester: Autumn 2021-22)
By

Dr. Taraknath Das

(Assistant Professor)
Lecture-2 : (M/W/Thu) (10-11AM)
Tutorial: Tuesday (4-5 PM)
Lab: Tuesday (2-4PM)

Department of Chemical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Date: 04/08/2020 (Wednesday), 10:00 AM to 10:55 AM
 Introduction

Heat transfer mechanism

✓ The basic mechanisms of heat transfer

✓ (i) Conduction mode of heat transfer

✓ (ii) Convection (Convective) mode of heat transfer
✓ (iii) Radiation mode of heat transfer
1. Conduction heat transfer

Fourier’s law of heat conduction

 Heat transfer mechanisms

1. Conduction heat transfer:

❑ The heat transfer of energy from more energetic particles of substance to the adjacent less energetic
substance

❑ Conduction can take place: Solid (vibrations of molecules in a lattice) , liquid, and gas ( by collision and
diffusion of molecules)

❑ The rate of heat conduction through a medium depends on

❖ the geometry of the medium,

❖ its thickness, and
❖ the material of the medium, as well as
❖ the temperature difference across the medium
 Heat transfer mechanisms

Heat conduction through a large plane wall

1. Conduction heat transfer:
:Wall of thickness,
Plane Layer
A : Area

:Temperature difference across the wall

Q : the rate of heat transfer (J/s)

Q α
Q α A
Q α 1/
❑ The rate of heat conduction through a plane layer is

❑ proportional to the temperature difference across the layer and

❑ proportional to the heat transfer area, but
❑ is inversely proportional to the thickness of the layer
 Heat transfer mechanisms

1. Conduction heat transfer: Fourier’s law of heat conduction

Where, k = the constant of proportionality, k is the thermal conductivity of the material

Fourier’s law of heat conduction

• Heat is conducted in the direction of decreasing temperature and the temperature gradient becomes negative
when temperature decreases with increasing x.
• The negative sign ensures that heat is transfer in the positive x direction (positive quantity (x)
 1
Heat transfer mechanisms 1

Thermal conductivity (k): 1

Q =k
The thermal conductivity of a material can be defined as the rate of heat transfer through a unit thickness of the
material per unit area per unit temperature difference

The thermal conductivity of a material is a measure of the ability of the material to conduct heat

❑ A high value of thermal conductivity indicates that the material is a good heat conductor, and a low value indicates
that the material is a poor heat conductor or insulator

The thermal conductivity of few common materials:

 Heat transfer mechanisms
Thermal conductivity (k):
A simple experimental setup to determine the thermal conductivity of a material
 Heat transfer mechanisms
Thermal conductivity (k): (Solid, liquid, and gas)
The range of thermal conductivity of various materials at room temperature

❑ Thermal conductivity is normally highest for

solid phase (due to lattice vibrational and flow of
electrons)
❑ Lowest in the gas phase
❑ The thermal conductivities of most liquids
decreases with increasing temperature
 Heat transfer mechanisms
Thermal conductivity (k) varies with temperature (T):

k = ko (1 + aT+ bT 2)

Where, a, b are constant and ko is the thermal

conductivity at T = 0 K
2. Convection (Convective) heat transfer:

Newton’s law of cooling

 Heat transfer mechanisms

2. Convection (Convective) heat transfer: Newton’s law of cooling

The mode of energy transfer between a solid surface and the adjacent liquid or gas that is in motion, and it involves the
combined effects of conduction and fluid motion

❑ The faster the fluid motion, the greater the convection heat transfer

❑ In absence of any fluid motion, heat transfer between a solid surface and the adjacent fluid is by pure conduction

Heat transfer from

a hot surface to air
by convection
 Heat transfer mechanisms

2. Convection (convective) heat transfer:

1. Free or natural convection Heat transfer

2. Forced convection heat transfer

Forced convection: If fluid is

forced to flow over the surface
by external means such as fan,
pump, or the wind
Free convection: if fluid motion is
caused by buoyance forces that are
induced by the density differences
due to the variation of temperature
in the fluid
 Heat transfer mechanisms

2. Convection heat transfer:

❑ The rate of convection heat transfer is observed to be proportional to the temperature difference
and is conveniently expressed by Newton’s law of cooling as
 Heat transfer mechanisms

2. Convection heat transfer coefficient (h):

3. Radiation heat transfer :

Stefan-Boltzmann law
 Heat transfer mechanisms

3. Radiation heat transfer : Stefan-Boltzmann law

❑ The energy emitted by matter in the form of electromagnetic waves (or photons) as a result of the changes in the
electronic configurations of the atoms or molecules.

❑ The transfer of energy by radiation does not require the presence of an intervening medium

❑ All bodies temperature above absolute zero emit thermal energy

 Heat transfer mechanisms

3. Radiation heat transfer :

❑ The maximum rate of radiation that can be emitted from a surface at an absolute temperature Ts is given by the
Stefan-Boltzmann law as

❑ The idealized surface that emits radiation at this maximum rate is called Black body and
❑ the radiation emitted by the black body is call blackbody radiation

❑ The radiation emitted by all real surfaces is less

than the radiation emitted by blackbody
 Heat transfer mechanisms

3. Radiation heat transfer :

❑ All real surfaces the emissivity and absorptivity ❑ For Blackbody surfaces the emissivity and absorptivity
(the radiation energy emitted by the surface)

(the radiation energy absorbed by the surface)

❑ In general, the emissivity and absorptivity of a

surface depend on the temperature and the
wavelength of the radiation

❑ Kirchoff’s law of radiation states that the emissivity

and the absorptivity of a surface at a given
temperature and wavelength are equal
 Heat transfer mechanisms

3. Radiation heat transfer :

When a surface of emissivity and the surface area As at an absolute temperature Ts is completely enclosed by a much
larger (or black) surface at absolute temperature Tsurr separated by a gas that does not intervene with radiation,

the net rate of radiation heat transfer between these two surfaces is given by
The End