Prof. Lisneider Sánchez Ascanio.

Master in Mechanical Engineering

lsancheza@ufpso.edu.co
3152871841

Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander

Faculty of Engineering
Program of Mechanical Engineering
 Introduction and Basic Concepts

Thermodynamic Thermodynamic deals with the end

states of the process during which an
interactions occurs and provides no
information concerns the nature of
the interaction or the time rate at
which it occurs.

Thermal energy in transit due the to

Heat a spatial temperature difference.

Driving Force

Heat Transfer The science that deals with the

determination of the rates of such
energy transfer is heat transfer.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7UCnaIXxRVw

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iTr-XBz1Ls0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WYJ9BsCrifQ
 Basic Concepts

Temperature Gradient

Heat Flux

Heat transfer and relationship to the First Law of

Thermodynamic
 First Law of Thermodynamics over a time interval

The increase in the amount of energy stored in a control volume must equal the
amount of energy that enters the control volume, minus the amount of energy that
leaves the control volume.

Thermal and Mechanical Energy Equation over a time interval

The increase in the amount of thermal and mechanical energy stored in the control
volume must equal the amount of thermal and mechanical energy that enters the
control volume, minus the amount of thermal and mechanical energy that leaves the
control volume, plus the amount of thermal and mechanical energy that is generated
within the control volume.
 Thermal and Mechanical Energy Equation at an Instant

The rate of increase of thermal and mechanical energy stored in the control volume
must equal the rate at which thermal and mechanical energy enters the control
volume, minus the rate at which thermal and mechanical energy leaves the control
volume, plus the rate at which thermal and mechanical energy is generated within
the control volume.

Energy generation is
a volumetric
phenomenon
 Heat Transfer Mechanisms

CONDUCTION: Energy transfer from the particles of a substance

forward lower-energy particles.

Solids Liquids Gases

 Heat transfer through a medium depends on:

- Geometry of the medium

- Thickness
- Material of the medium
- Temperature difference through the medium.

Fourier’s law of the

heat conduction
 Temperature gradient: Temperature difference per length
unit or change rate of temperature.

The slope of the temperature curve on the T-x diagram

(Change rate of T respect x).

k: Thermal conductivity
Thermal conductivity: It is the measure of a material’s capacity to
conduct heat.

It can be defined as "the rate of heat transfer through a unit of

thickness of a material, per unit area, per unit temperature
difference”.
Thermal conductivity in solids depends on two factors:
a) Reticular vibration waves, by molecule vibration.
b) By free electron motion

- Electric heater with known power.

- External surface insulated.
- Measuring T1 and T2 we can know k
Thermal Diffusivity: How fast the heat is transferred through a
material.

Convection: Energy transfer between a solid surface and a liquid or

gas adjacent who are on the move.

Note: If the fluid doesn’t move , the heat transfer would be by

conduction.

- The heat is transferred from

the hot block to the adjacent
air by conduction.
- Immediately, the heat takes
away from the surface by
convection.
Forced convection Natural convection
The rate of convection heat
transfer is observed to be
proportional to the
temperature difference, and is
conveniently expressed by
Newton’s law of cooling.

:Convection heat transfer

coefficient in or

: Surface area.

:Temperature of the fluid

sufficiently far form the surface
Radiation Is the energy emitted by the matter in the form of
electromagnetic waves as a result of the changes in the electronic
configurations of the atoms or molecules.

- It does not require the presence of an intervening medium.

- All bodies at a temperature above absolute zero emit thermal radiation.
- Radiation is a volumetric phenomenon, but for the opaque solids, the
radiation is considered as a surface phenomenon (metals, wood).

The maximum rate of radiation that can be emitted form a surface at a

thermodynamic temperature 𝑇𝑠 (K or R) is given by the Stefan –
Boltzmann law as
Where

Is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant.

Blackbody is the idealized surface that emits radiation at the maximum

rate.

- The radiation emitted by the all real surfaces is less than

the radiation emitted by a blackbody at the same
temperature, and is expressed as

The property Emissivity of the surface is a measure of how

closely a surface approximates a blackbody
Absorptivity (α) is another important radiation property of a
surface, which is the fraction of the radiation energy incident on a surface
that is absorbed by the surface.

A blackbody absorbs the entire radiation incident on it. A blackbody is a

perfect absorber as it is a perfect emitter.
 Surface completely enclosed by a much
larger surface at thermodynamic
temperature 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 separated by a gas
(such as air) that does not intervene
with radiation.

In this special case, the emissivity and

Radiation to or from a surface the surface area of the surrounding do
surrounded by a gas such air
not have any effect on the net
occurs parallel to conduction or
radiation heat transfer.
convection between the surface
and the gas.
Simultaneous heat transfer mechanisms

- Heat transfer is only by conduction

in opaque solids.
- Heat transfer is by conduction and
radiation in semitransparent solids.
- A solid may involve heat transfer by
convection and/or radiation on its
surfaces exposed to a fluid or other
surfaces.
Surface energy balance

- Surface energy balance no involve

energy generation because the surface
has not volume.
References
Cengel, Y. A. (2007). Transferencia de Calor y Masa (3rd ed.).
Incropera, F. P., & Dewitt, D. P. (2011). Fundamentals o heat and mass transfer
(7th ed.). United States of America.