UNIVERSITY OF CORDILLERAS

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

AR - RES METH
RESEARCH METHODS FOR ARCHITECTURE
11:30– 01:30| WTH

“Research Ethics and Plagiarism”

DATE GIVEN: 09 MARCH 2022

DATE DUE: 10 MARCH 2022
DATE SUBMITTED: 10 MARCH 2022

REFERENCES:
• Anney, Vicent (2015). Student’s Plagiarisms in Higher Learning Institutions in the Era of
Improved Internet Access: Case Study of Developing Countries. Retrieved March 9, 2022
from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1080502.pdf
• Arga Association (2022). Examples of Plagiarism. Retrieved March 9, 2022 from
https://argassociation.org/examples-of-plagiarism/
• Paper Per Hour (2017). Examples of plagiarism: Types of Plagiarism in Academic Research.
Retrieved March 9, 2022 from https://paperperhour.com/examples-of-plagiarism/
• Dhammi, Ish (2016). What is plagiarism and how to avoid it?. Retrieved March 9, 2022 from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5122250/
• Yale University (2021). What Is Plagiarism?. Retrieved March 9, 2022 from
https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/using-sources/understanding-and-
avoiding-plagiarism/what-plagiarism
• NA (2019). What are the various research ethics of research participant?. Retrieved March
9, 2022 from https://philosophy-question.com/library/lecture/read/333174-what-are-the-
various-research-ethics-of-research-participant#0

Ganaden, Mera D. Ar. Irene G. Florendo, MS Ar.

Students Instructor
1. Research Ethics
Definition of Research Ethics

Research ethics involves the moral principles which a researcher/scientist should

consider while performing any experiment to publishing it. Ethics plays a very prominent
role in the development of the science community in the right direction. Manipulation of
any data, conflict of interest, no consent from the patient, no animal ethic approval for
experimenting on an animal model, etc. are unethical means of conducting the science
and lead to a lot of damage not only to his/her career but also to the science
community.

Ethical considerations in research are a set of principles that guide your research
designs and practices. These principles include voluntary participation, informed
consent, anonymity, confidentiality, potential for harm, and results communication.

Research ethics are important for a number of reasons. They promote the aims of
research, such as expanding knowledge. They support the values required for
collaborative work, such as mutual respect and fairness. This is essential because scientific
research depends on collaboration between researchers and groups. Obtain informed
consent from all study participants. Maintain the confidentiality of study participants.
Quickly respond to all participant concerns and questions. Tell participants about
changes to the risks or benefits of the study.

There are a number of ethical principles that should be taken into account when
performing undergraduate and master's level dissertation research. At the core, these
ethical principles stress the need to;

(a) do good (known as beneficence)

(b) do no harm (known as non-malfeasance)

In practice, these ethical principles mean that as a researcher, you need to:

(a) obtain informed consent from potential research participants;

(b) minimize the risk of harm to participants;

(c) protect their anonymity and confidentiality;

(d) avoid using deceptive practices

(e) give participants the right to withdraw from your research.

Principles in Research Ethics

1. Honesty

Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. Honestly report data, results, methods
and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data.
Do not deceive colleagues, research sponsors, or the public.

2. Objectivity

Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer
review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of
research where objectivity is expected or required. Avoid or minimize bias or self-
deception. Disclose personal or financial interests that may affect research

3. Integrity

Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought
and action.

4. Respect for Intellectual Property

Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use
unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give proper
acknowledgement or credit for all contributions to research. Never plagiarize.

Some key points to remember:

• Always be honest with your research work. Try not to hide or manipulate your
findings. Hiding some data so that your results fit the hypothesis is a crime.
Manipulation of images or republishing the same image, again and again, are
also not accepted in the research field.
• Plagiarism is also a serious crime. Copying someone’s work and not crediting
him/her is not a good sign of a researcher. One should always acknowledge
others' efforts in generating the data which became the base of his/her work.
• Acknowledging is important, but one should not give authorship to someone who
has not given a significant contribution to his/her paper. For example, if you have
a Nobel laureate/famous scientist in the neighboring lab, don’t put his name in
authorship just to get the work published without stringent review.
• Try not to overexaggerate the results to showcase some big research. It sometimes
leads to misinterpretation of your work and eventually, your paper can get
retracted.
• Your hypothesis should not lead your data in a particular direction, but instead,
your data should tell you whether to accept or reject any hypothesis. One may
often get bias towards his/her proposed hypothesis and end up interpreting the
results which fit the hypothesis. It is important to understand that hypothesis
changes as you progress in research, but data does not.
 • Research life is not as ordinary as what people think. It has to be like a monk’s life,
full of dedication, honesty, and discipline.
• Code of conduct in the lab is very important for the proper functionality of lab,
equipment, and of course yourself.
• Using any equipment carelessly can damage it and would hamper someone
else’s work.
• Entries in the logbook for equipment should be done after the use of the instrument
without fail.
• The use of personal protective equipment during the experiment should be
encouraged.
• Lab notebooks should be maintained properly, with the date and time of each
experiment. Your record notebooks are your best friend and the only evidence of
your work when everything is lost.
• Damaging someone’s work out of envy is also a serious crime.
• ‘Consent is a must’. Any experiment or trials on patients should be done after
consent and proper ethical approvals. The experiment should be
painless/harmless and should be done only after proper in vitro experiments and
trials on an animal model.
• Names, images, etc. should not be published. Try protecting the confidentiality of
the patient. In case if any image/photo has to be published, then the face/eyes
of the patient in that image should be blurred to maintain confidentiality.

2. Plagiarism
Definition of Plagiarism

Plagiarism is derived from Latin word “plagiarius” which means “kidnapper,” who
abducts the child. The word plagiarism entered the Oxford English dictionary in 1621.
Plagiarism has been defined by the Encyclopedia Britannica as “the act of taking the
writings of another person and passing them off as one’s own.” It is an act of forgery,
piracy, and fraud and is stated to be a serious crime of academia. It is also a violation of
copyright laws. Honesty in scientific practice and in publication is necessary. The World
Association of Medical Editors (WAME) defines plagiarism as “… the use of others’
published and unpublished ideas or words (or other intellectual property) without
attribution or permission and presenting them as new and original rather than derived
from an existing source.”

In 1999, the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), defined plagiarism as

“Plagiarism ranges from the unreferenced use of others’ published and unpublished
ideas including research grant applications to submission under new authorship of a
complex paper, sometimes in a different language. It may occur at any stage of
planning, research, writing or publication; it applies to print and electronic versions.”
 It takes many forms, but it falls into three main categories: using a source’s language
without quoting, using information from a source without attribution, and paraphrasing a
source in a form that stays too close to the original.

Plagiarism is the act of using someone else’s work and presenting it as your own
without giving credit to the original author. It is a type of cheating that involves the use
of another person's ideas or work as one's own, in whole or in part, without
acknowledging the author or obtaining his or her permission. Plagiarism is not only illegal;
it is also unethical and unprofessional. There are different ways through which one can
plagiarize, depending on how the original author’s work has been copied. Plagiarizers
suffer serious consequences—including suspension or expulsion from school.

Forms of Plagiarism

1. Verbatim plagiarism

When one submits someone else's words verbatim in his/her own name without even
acknowledging him publicly. Copy and paste from a published article without
referencing is a common form of verbatim plagiarism. Most commonly, it is seen in
introduction and discussion part of manuscript2,7

2. Mosaic plagiarism

In this type of plagiarism each word is not copied but it involves mixing one’s own words
in someone else's ideas and opinions. This is copying and pasting in patchy manner2

3. Paraphrasing

If one rewrites any part/paragraph of manuscript in his/her own words it is called

paraphrasing. Paraphrasing is a restatement in your own words, of someone else's ideas.
Changing a few words of the original sentences does not make it your writing. Just
changing words cannot make it the property of borrower; hence, this should be properly
referenced. If it is not referenced, it will amount to plagiarism

4. Self-plagiarism

“Publication of one's own data that have already been published is not acceptable
since it distorts scientific record.” Self-plagiarized publications do not contribute to
scientific work; they just increase the number of papers published without justification in
scientific research. The authors get benefit in the form of increased number of published
papers. Self plagiarism involves dishonesty but not intellectual theft. Roig gave
classification of self-plagiarism and divided it into four types:

(i) Duplicate (redundant) publication,

(ii) augmented publication,
(iii) segmented publication, and
(iv) text recycling.
 5. Duplicate publication

When an author submits identical or almost identical manuscript (same data, results, and
discussion) to two different journals, it is considered as duplicate (redundant) publication.
As per COPE guidelines, this is an offense and editor can take an action as per the COPE
flowchart.

6. Augmented publication

If the author adds additional data to his/her previously published work and changes title,
modifies aim of the study, and recalculates results, it amounts to augmented publication.
Plagiarism detection software usually do not pick it because it is not same by verbatim.
This self-plagiarism is as such technical plagiarism and is not considered with same
strictness as plagiarism. The editor may consider it for publication in the following three
situations: If author refers to his/her previous work; if ’methods’ cannot be written in any
other form; and if author clearly states that new manuscript contains data from previous
publication.

7. Segmented publication

Also called “Salami-Sliced” publication. In this case, two or more papers are derived from
the same experimental/research/original work. Salami-sliced papers are difficult to
detect and usually are pointed out by reviewers or readers. The decision regarding such
manuscript is again on editor's shoulder. The author must be asked to refer to his/her
previously published work and explain reasonably the connection of the segmented
paper to his/her previously published work.

8. Text recycling

If the author uses large portions of his/her own already published text in his/her new
manuscript, it is called text recycling. It can be detected by plagiarism software. It can
be handled as per the COPE guidelines.

9. Cyber plagiarism

“Copying or downloading in part or in their entirety articles or research papers and ideas
from the internet and not giving proper attribution is unethical and falls in the range of
cyber plagiarism”

10. Image plagiarism

Using an image or video without receiving proper permission or providing appropriate

citation is plagiarism. “Images can be tampered on support findings, promote a specific
technique over another to strengthen the correctness of poorly visualized findings,
remove the defects of an image and to misrepresent an image from what it really is”?
 Plagiarism is not limited to written text, but also applies to other works, such as ideas,
designs, art, music, etc. Students can plagiarize in a number of ways, as explained below:

• Direct Plagiarism

Copying another writer's work directly with no attempt to acknowledge the source where
the material was found. Direct plagiarism occurs where someone copies another
author’s work word for word without using quotation marks or the appropriate citation.
Most plagiarism checkers will instantly identify this type of plagiarism. A good example of
plagiarism is copying information directly from the book or internet and presenting it as
your own.

• Direct "Patchwork" Plagiarism

Copying and rearranging material from several writers with no attempt to acknowledge
the original sources. Insufficient Citation of Partial Quotations

Using partial sentences, words, or phrases that are stylistically or intellectually marked as
another writer's without quotation marks within a larger paraphrase of the source, with or
without attempt at citation.

• Paraphrasing (or Summarizing) without Citing

Changing the words of an original source, but using the ideas in it without acknowledging
that those ideas are not the student’s original thought, even if the student adds his or her
own spin to the original.

• Insufficient Citation of Paraphrase (or Summary)

Changing the words of an original source and using the author's ideas with attempts to
acknowledge the material's source(s), but without correct or adequate citation.

• Plagiarism of Graphs, Charts, Figures, or Images

Using graphs, charts, figures, or images from a source without acknowledging that
another person developed them.

• Misinterpretation of Material as "Common Knowledge"

Failing to provide citation for material because the student believes it is "common
knowledge," when it is not.

• Self-Plagiarism

Submitting a substantial portion of one’s own previous work or ideas to meet requirements
in different contexts, when it is prohibited. Self-plagiarism comes about when one copies
their ideas from a previously published work and presents it as a new material without
proper citation. Some would argue that technically, this is not plagiarism. However, this
type of plagiarism deceives the readers that whatever they are reading is a new
discovery, and might infringe on the copyright of the original publisher.
 • Mosaic Plagiarism

On the other hand, it could be that one hasn’t copied the original author’s work word for
word. However, they may have borrowed paragraphs that were then paraphrased, but
with the original structure of the work maintained. Most plagiarism checkers might not be
able to identify this type of copying, but it is still unethical, illegal and dishonest.

• Incorrect Citation

As mentioned, plagiarism occurs where the original and true author of some work is not
duly recognized. It is therefore considered plagiarism if you incorrectly cite the sources
used when writing your paper. Similarly, when you decide to cite some part of your work
and ignore others, you are also said to have plagiarized.

• Submitting Work Written by Someone Else

Asking someone to work on a paper for you is also plagiarism, even if they did it
intentionally. By presenting the work as your own, you will be lying to your readers as you
are passing off these ideas as your own. Similarly, paying someone to do your work is a
type of plagiarism, whether you get caught or not.

3. Examples of Plagiarized Research

Common Examples of Plagiarism

1. Direct

Also referred to as word-for-phrase plagiarism, it occurs whilst you intentionally represent

a few paintings created through every other individual as their personal one. Whilst
copying data from external sources or gift records phrase-for-phrase without
acknowledging authentic authors, professors will accuse them of this instructional
dishonesty kind. Even though this misconduct form requires little or no effort, it is able to
be without difficulty observed. Even the worst loose online checker can locate it with
enormous accuracy.
 2. Patchwork or patchwriting

This situation of plagiarism takes area whilst college students to take small pieces of facts
from numerous resources and collect them right into a single complete without supplying
credit score to unique authors. That is additionally an intentional form that calls for great
efforts to cowl their misconduct by means of re-arranging facts. Even though it is extra
state-of-the-art than direct plagiarism, many modern-day plag checkers effectively
come across this instructional misconduct increasing the likelihood of prison
consequences of plagiarism.

Plagiarized Researches Examples:

Forms and types of students’ plagiarism

Literature on types of plagiarism is inclusive. Study by (Ali et al., 2011; Barnbaum, 2006;
Clough, 2003) classified plagiarism into six categories or forms. These categories are:

• Copy and paste plagiarism – this is verbatim coping the text from the source without
acknowledging the original authors using quotation marks;

• Word switch plagiarism – this is type of plagiarism where plagiarize take a sentence
from the source and change the few words without acknowledging the source;

• Style plagiarism – this coping another authors style of reasoning by taking sentence by
sentence organization of your thoughts;

• Metaphor plagiarism – this is type of plagiarism where someone uses creative style of
someone to present his ideas without crediting the original author of the creative style;

• Idea plagiarism – this is the practice where you take someone’s idea or solution
proposed by another person and using it as your own creativity without crediting the
author; and

• Plagiarism of authorship - this is a form of plagiarism where student directly put his name
on someone else work (Ali et al., 2011; Barnbaum, 2006; Clough, 2003).
Nicholls and Feal (2009) identified four forms of plagiarism. First submitting assignment or
paper written by someone else as yours; second, failure of student to acknowledge the
paraphrased or repeated words; third,

Box 1: Extract of student plagiarized work and original work

The extract in box 1 indicates clearly that the student copied paragraph word by word
from Mubeen, Saeed, and Arif (2013) paper without acknowledging or referencing
properly. The similar student also copied from (Mohamed, Ibrahim, & Waheed, 2011)
paper word by word (see Box 2).

Box 2: Extract of student plagiarized work and original work

In the similar vein another student also cloned from the internet and submitted a
paragraph as his own work (see Box 3)
Box 3: Extract of student plagiarized work and original work

Yotam a student from university B also plagiarized from internet by copying a paragraph
and submitted it as his own work (see Box 4).

Box 4: Extract of student plagiarized work and original work

Study findings indicated that graduate students are also trapped to problem of copying
word to word from the thesis of another student’s work which had been submitted in
another university (see the extract box 5, 6, 7 and 8).

Box 5: Student plagiarized extract and original work source

Box 6: Extract of student plagiarized work and original work

More examples are shown in boxes7 and box 8 whereby the student copy directly from
another source but tried to change the position of authors cited by word switching. This
style is probably used to trick the lecturers and give them hard time identifying the act of
plagiarism.

Box 7: Extract of student plagiarized work and original work

Box 8: Extract of student plagiarized work and original work

Study findings indicated that apart from copying from internet students have been
plagiarizing from their colleagues as they have submitted works that are alike. See the
examples in boxes 9, 10, and 11 whereby the student copied from another student. This
has become a challenge to the instructors to identify the one who has copied to the
other.

Box 9: Scanned of students containing similar references for both students

Box 10: Scanned works containing similar information word by word between two
students

Box 11: Scanned works containing similar information but with omission of some ideas
between two students
 There is a lot of data about either student copying from the internet word to word
and submitting to the course instructors/lecturers as their own work which is commonly
known as cloning. Also, students have been plagiarizing from their colleagues in such a
way that lecturers have been marking similar works. The extent of plagiarism has been
found enormous as almost 173 out of 453 students’ assignments and dissertations/theses
are suspicious of plagiarism. The simple forms of plagiarism such as cloning and CTRL-C
are easily detectable if lecturers could spare the already scares time to uncover this fraud
behavior. The researchers of this study after knowing the extent of plagiarism, they
conducted focus group discussions with students who have plagiarized.