How High Inflation Will Come Down

PAUL KRUGMAN , March 24, 2022

Rising prices will get worse before they get better. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine
has caused the prices of oil, wheat and other commodities to soar. Official
measures of the cost of shelter don’t yet fully reflect last year’s surge in the cost
of newly rented apartments. So there’s still a lot of inflation in the pipeline.

The Federal Reserve, however, believes that high inflation will be a temporary
phenomenon. Furthermore, the Fed believes that it can bring inflation down
relatively painlessly — that it can achieve a so-called soft landing.

But doesn’t this fly in the face of history? After all, the last time America had to
bring high inflation under control, during the 1980s, the cost was immense. The
unemployment rate soared to 10.8 percent and didn’t get back to 1979 levels until
1987. Are there good reasons to believe that this time is different? Actually, there
are.

The landing probably won’t be as soft as the Fed envisions, but this time
disinflation shouldn’t, or at least needn’t, be an extremely painful process. To see
why, we need to look at history more closely and appreciate the important
differences between the last big inflation and our current situation.

Forty years ago, as many economists will tell you, inflation was “entrenched” in
the economy. That is, businesses, workers and consumers were making
decisions based on the belief that high inflation would continue for many years to
come.

One way to see this entrenchment is to look at the wage contracts — typically for
three years — that unions were negotiating with employers. Even then, most
workers weren’t unionized, but these deals are a useful indicator of what was
probably happening to wage- and price-setting more generally.

So what did those wage deals look like? In 1979, union settlements with large
companies that didn’t include a cost-of-living adjustment specified an average
wage increase of 10.2 percent in the first year and an annual average of 8.2
percent over the life of the contract. As late as 1981, the United Mine Workers
negotiated a contract that would raise wages 11 percent annually over the next
several years.

Why were workers demanding, and employers willing to grant, such big pay
hikes? Because everyone expected high inflation to persist for a long time. In
1980 the Blue Chip survey of professional forecasters predicted 8 percent annual
inflation over the next decade. Consumers surveyed by the University of
Michigan expected prices to rise by about 9 percent annually over the next five
to 10 years.
With everyone expecting inflation to continue, workers wanted raises that would
keep up with rising prices, and employers were willing to grant those raises
because they expected their competitors’ costs to be rising as fast as their own.
What this did, in turn, was make inflation self-perpetuating: Everyone was raising
prices in anticipation of everyone else raising prices.

Ending this cycle required a huge shock — an economy so depressed both that
inflation fell and that workers were compelled to accept major concessions.

Things are very different now. Back then almost everyone expected persistent
high inflation; now few people do. Bond markets expect inflation eventually to
return to prepandemic levels. While consumers expect high inflation over the next
year, their longer-term expectations remain “anchored” at fairly moderate
levels. Professional forecasters expect inflation to moderate next year.

This means that we almost surely aren’t experiencing the kind of self-perpetuating
inflation that was so hard to end in the 1980s. A lot of recent inflation will subside
when oil and food prices stop rising, when the prices of used cars, which rose 41
percent (!) over the past year during the shortage of new cars, come down, and
so on. The big surge in rents also appears to be largely behind us, although the
slowdown won’t show up in official numbers for a while. So it probably won’t be
necessary to put the economy through an ’80s-style wringer to get inflation down.

That said, the Fed is probably too optimistic in believing that we can get inflation
under control without any rise in unemployment. Statistical measures like the
unprecedented number of unfilled job openings, anecdotal evidence of labor
shortages and, yes, wage increases suggest that the job market is running
unsustainably hot. Cooling that market off will probably require accepting an
uptick in the unemployment rate, although not a full-on recession.

And for what it’s worth, the Fed’s plan for gradual rate hikes, which has already
led to a major rise in mortgage rates, is likely to cause that unfortunately
necessary cooling-off, especially combined with the fact that fiscal policy
has turned contractionary as the big spending of early 2021 recedes in the
rearview mirror.

So my message for those intoning dire warnings about the return of ’70s-type
stagflation — which some of them have been itching to do for years — is that they
should look at their history more carefully. The inflation of 2021-22 looks very
different, and much easier to solve, from the inflation of 1979-80.