9

Chapter

The Scottish Office,

Edinburgh, UK

For the last of the buildings completed in 1995, we travel

north of the border between England and Scotland to
the latter’s capital. With a floor area of ~36000m2, this
building is the largest in The Scottish Office estate.
Located on Victoria Quay in the dockside area of Leith,
the port for Edinburgh, the site looks out northwards
over the Firth of Forth (Figure 9.1). The predominantly

9.1 Site plan of Victoria Quay.

116

four-storey building (overall footprint ~50×250m) is
penetrated by a series of covered atria and open
courtyards along its length. It is workplace to nearly
1500 civil servants from Scottish Office Departments
such as Education and Industry, Development, and
Agriculture Environment and Fisheries.
The designers
The principal design services (architecture, mechanical and
electrical engineering, structural and civil engineering) for
the new building were provided by the Edinburgh office of
RMJM Scotland Ltd. Formed in 1956 as an architectural
practice, with offices in Edinburgh and London, it had de-
veloped into a multidisciplinary practice by the early 1970s.
One of the firm’s earliest major projects, of particular in-
terest to this writer was, of course, New Zealand House
in London, completed in 1963.
Over the years, according to one previous chairman of
the Edinburgh office (Richards, 1996), four main threads
have run through the firm’s output.These include an inter-
est in the entire process of planning and construction, and
a significant involvement in work outside the UK; but more
importantly from the point of view of this book, ‘a search
for architectural order, that is to say systematic and inte-
grated qualities in their [buildings] appearance’, and ‘an
emphasis on green technology’. These latter are well ex-
emplified by such projects as the Hereford and Worcester
County Council Headquarters (1979) and the National
Farmers Union Mutual and Avon Insurance Group Head-
quarters (1984) as well as The Scottish Office and the later
Glaxo-Wellcome Headquarters (1997) (see Chapter 16).
None of the Edinburgh design team had been involved
in these earlier projects south of the border, but as long-
serving members of the practice they were well steeped
in the RMJM ethos—part of which it promotes by state-
ments such as ‘Energy efficiency and sustainable design
for a high quality of internal environment is achieved, not
by spending more on energy and equipment but by engi-
neering the building itself to produce comfortable
conditions for the user’ (RMJM, 1998). Architect Mick
Duncan, a graduate of the Edinburgh University School
117
The Scottish Office, Edinburgh, UK
of Architecture during Robert Matthew’s tenure as Head,
had joined the firm in the mid-1960s following a couple
of years working with Doxiadis in Greece. He was quite
clear that the National Farmers Union Building was ‘the
model for Victoria Quay’ (Duncan, 1998), in terms, for
example, of its energy strategy, even though there were
significant differences between the clients involved and
the environmental technologies employed. Leading the
design for these technologies was engineer Drew Elliot,
who had worked with several major Edinburgh-based
consulting engineers before arriving at RMJM’s
multidisciplinary office in 1975.
Specialist consulting on the thermal performance of the
building was provided by ABACUS Simulations Ltd of the
University of Strathclyde’s Department of Architecture and
Building Science.
Project background and the design
process
The poor condition of its main accommodation in New St
Andrew’s House, Edinburgh—with its sealed façade,
airconditioning and widespread use of asbestos—and the
projected high cost of refurbishing, provided the catalyst
for The Scottish Office to seek a new building for its fu-
ture needs. Following an appraisal of options that involved
a developer-led competition, the proposal by developer
Victoria Quay Ltd for a RMJM-designed building on a
brownfield dockside site in nearby Leith won the day from
an eventual shortlist of five.
This move enabled The Scottish Office to give up the
lease of three Edinburgh city centre buildings, thus making
some useful running cost savings, and there was a reason-
able expectation that the new building, which was not to
be air-conditioned, would produce energy cost savings.
Located at the highish latitude of 56°N, and with 1% de-
sign temperatures of around –4 and 20.4°C (ASHRAE,
1997:26.50–1) though 24°C was used for design purposes
(Jones and Field, 1996), natural ventilation might reason-
ably be expected to be satisfactory. Nevertheless, the de-
veloper, ever mindful of future sub-divisions or changes in
lessee, specified that the building design be sufficiently
The Architectural Expression of Environmental Control Systems
flexible for comfort cooling to be added at a later date if
required.
The overall objective was ‘to create a building that was
energy efficient and avoided the use of airconditioning
wherever possible—concentrating instead on using natu-
ral lighting and ventilation, the use of thermal mass for
free cooling, mixed-mode ventilation to optimise summer
and winter climate conditions, and a building envelope
which optimises on insulation but controls solar heat gains’
(Duncan, 1995).The project is also said to have taken ‘into
account embodied energy from component manufacture,
building assembly and maintenance for the first time’
(Knevitt, 1997:34).
With all the key personnel in this multidisciplinary
practice housed under the same roof, one might expect
an integrated approach to design to be readily achievable.
Mick Duncan (1998) is well aware that ‘What we should
ideally do, and we don’t always do it, is that we should
set the architectural and engineering and environmental
parameters before we even sit down…We should all be
working hand in glove. But I think there is a chemistry
and a personality thing there that may prevent it
sometimes’. Personality differences or not, the practice
makes strenuous efforts to facilitate good communication
between the design team members. According to Elliot
(1998), ‘the intention [now fulfilled] with the design for
the forthcoming Scottish Parliament Building project is
to knock down the wall of my office and turn it and the
adjacent space into a combined architectural and
engineering design studio’.
Duncan, influenced partly by the results of research
on built form emanating from the University of
Cambridge’s Martin Centre and partly by the design of
the National Farmers Union building, came up with the
concept of a low-rise (ideally four floors), high ground
coverage, block, with ‘holes carved into the plans…It had
to be a flexible building—it had to be divisible into parts—
it had to be capable of being cellular or open as required
by the occupant’.
Elliot’s involvement in the project started long before
it became clear that The Scottish Office would tenant
the building—he had assumed then that it would require
118
comfort air-conditioning, but revised that view when it
became clear that the tenant did not want this in general
office space and after reviewing the design and operation
of the National Farmers Union building. However, the
developer wanted the building to be capable of being
air-conditioned too, so it was necessary to ensure that
adequate plant space and distribution routes were in-
corporated in the design. This was accomplished by
having good-sized central plant rooms, well-organised
vertical distribution routes, and a 450mm false floor, a
depth judged adequate for accommodating chilled water
pipe runs and fan coil units (say) if required at a later
date.
ABACUS Simulation’s task was ‘to establish the opti-
mum configuration of courtyard [atrium] to minimise en-
ergy consumption and to ensure comfort conditions within
the offices’ (EDAS, 1995). Results indicated that ‘a central
atrium could achieve significant energy saving over the
winter period and should not affect the natural ventila-
tion of the building during the summer. It was concluded
that the building should adopt a mixed-mode ventilation
system to allow benefit from seasonal variations of cli-
mate’. The simulations also ‘indicated a need to replace
the proposed light-weight roof with a concrete structure’
(Jones and Field, 1996:16) and this was done. Even then,
the desire to have the structural slabs and beams exposed
to make use of their thermal mass could have been
thwarted by the developer’s wish to have a suspended
ceiling—the solution was to ‘float’ ceiling panels between
the downstand ribs of the precast concrete floor units.
This satisfied both requirements and had the additional
function of covering extract ducts and other services (Elliot,
1995).
Design outcome and thermal
environmental control systems
The architect describes The Scottish Office thus:
The building is classically ordered both in plan and
section [Figures 9.2 and 9.3]. A simple ladder plan
accommodates three linked departmental blocks on

9.2 Third-floor plan with the rooftop
plant room locations superimposed
(nts).
9.3 Long section indicating the
location of atria, courtyards and
rooftop plant rooms.
four floors, each focused round an atrium.This facili-
tates close departmental working, with individual
identities clearly linked within the framework of a
single homogeneous building.The atrium in the cen-
tral block is punctuated by the entrance rotunda ris-
ing above the rest of the building. On the south façade
[the long axis of the building runs east-west], a two-
storey colonnade runs along the entire length of the
building [Figure 9.4], joining the three blocks and
providing a covered pedestrian route…First and sec-
ond floors provide 7800m2 of office space each, while
the third floor is designed as a series of linked glazed
119
The Scottish Office, Edinburgh, UK
pavilions which overlook roof terraces. Major ele-
ments of plant are housed in [six] rooftop plant
rooms. (Duncan, 1995)
Having determined to use a mixed-mode environmental
control strategy to achieve low-energy operating costs,
the minimum wintertime internal design temperature was
set at 18.5°C, while for summertime it was predicted
that the inside temperature should not exceed 26°C for
more than 105h year–1—a range of 20–24°C was speci-
fied for those spaces such as meeting rooms, restaurants
and computer rooms, which were equipped with full
The Architectural Expression of Environmental Control Systems
air-conditioning (Jones and Field, 1996:18). The installed
heating and cooling capacities are 4600 and 275kW re-
spectively.
The mechanical ventilation system for the office areas
has a total capacity of 51m3 s–1, equivalent to two air
changes per hour, at normal fan speed, but can be in-
creased to 4.5 air changes for night-time cooling of the
building during the summer.There are 12 air-handling units
(AHUs), two in each of the six rooftop plant rooms
(Figures 9.2 and 9.5). Four AHUs serve each of the three
main blocks. These supply their air, via the underfloor
plenum system, to displacement outlets in the raised
floors. Extract is via openings above the ‘floating’ false
ceiling panels, the air being ducted out through the plenum
space of the floor above. The air is then recirculated or
exhausted according to the dictates of the CO detectors,
2
or discharged into the atriums or directly to outside
(Figure 9.6), as appropriate. Radiators are under the
perimeter glazing. In conjunction with the thermal mass
of the building, the ventilation system is designed to allow
secure night-time cooling.
For winter conditions, the atria are fitted with heating
coils under the floor and finned heating pipes below the
120
9.4 Eastward end of the south
elevation. Note the colonnade,
the glazing and shading of the
upper floors, and the top of one
of the atria flanked by two of
the plant rooms.
high-level glazing—ventilation is by means of the exhaust
air (natural and mechanical) from the surrounding offices
(Figure 9.6). In the summer, natural stack ventilation is
achieved by means of low-level inlets connected to an
adjacent courtyard (Plate 14) and high-level louvred open-
ings at the top of the atria (Plate 15)—both inlet and
outlet systems have manually controlled motorised
dampers.
Natural cross-ventilation of the 15m-wide office spaces
is by means of conventional window openings, high-level
hoppers on both the exterior and interior (atrium or
courtyard) façades, plus tilt-and-turn lower windows on
the exterior, all manually operated (Figure 9.7).
The location of thermal mass has already been noted.
Thermal insulation of the building fabric is to a high
standard, with wall and roof R=~3.6 and 4.8m2.°CW–1
respectively. Windows are generally triple-glazed, other
than the atrium roofs and walls which are double-glazed.
Solar heat gain to the lower two floors of the south
façade is limited by the use of the colonnade, together
with vertical perforated shading devices (Figure 9.7).
The two upper floors are equipped with horizontal
external louvres designed to limit this source of heat gain
 The Scottish Office, Edinburgh, UK

9.5 Interior view of one of the

less crowded rooftop plant
rooms.

9.6 Short cross-section

indicating the ventilation
methods and solar heat gain
controls.

121
The Architectural Expression of Environmental Control Systems
9.7 Window openings and solar
shading at ground floor level.
in summer (Figure 9.4).All of the office windows are fitted
with manually operated horizontal venetian blinds between
the panes of glass.
The anticipated operating regime was for the offices to
be mechanically ventilated (at a rate of two air changes
per hour) in winter with windows normally closed. In the
summer, natural ventilation would be used during the day,
with the mechanical system operating at night when nec-
122
essary to cool the structure. On very hot days the me-
chanical ventilation could operate at the higher 4.5 air
changes per hour rate to supplement the natural ventila-
tion system (EDAS, 1995).
Expression of environmental control
systems
In the words of Duncan (1995), ‘The building’s orienta-
tion, floor-to-ceiling heights, floor-plate depths and court-
yard/atria arrangements were all influenced by energy
considerations…’ The overall plan, with its alternating atria
and courtyards, and the cross-section, with no space more
than 15m wide and floor-to-ceiling heights of 2.85m, speaks
directly of natural ventilation driven by some combination
of wind and stack (buoyancy) -induced pressures (Figures
9.2, 9.3 and 9.6).The roofscape, with its glazed atria flanked
on two sides by partly louvred ventilation plant rooms
even hints of mixed-mode (Figure 9.4), at least to the
cognoscenti.
The building is aligned east-west, an orientation which
enables it, at these latitudes, to make good use of any winter
(not to mention spring and autumn in this relatively cool
climate) solar heat gains from the south; while at the same
time simplifying control of the less desirable summer
sunshine and glare.
The building’s thermal mass is evident in the exposed
precast concrete of the inner leaf of its wall construction
and the exposed undersides of the downstands of the
double-T units that form the structural floors (Figure 9.8).
The arrangements for ensuring that both supply and re-
turn air from the AHUs comes into contact with the ther-
mal mass of the structural floor are less obvious to the
casual observer—supply air is delivered to the underfloor
plenum where it has ample opportunity for contact with
the floor screed (Figure 9.6), while the return air, having
passed through the gap around the ‘floating’ false ceiling
panel, must flow past the concrete of the underside of the
double-T unit before reaching the opening of the extract
duct (Figures 9.6 and 9.8). Described by one commenta-
tor as ‘the spotty effect of the contrasting diffusers set in
the carpet…’ (Jones and Field, 1996), the displacement
 The Scottish Office, Edinburgh, UK

9.8 Typical office ceiling indicating the ‘floating’

suspended ceiling panels. Note the gap
between the edge of the panel and the bottom
of the concrete double-T units to allow for air
circulation.

ventilation air supply points are very much in evidence
(Figure 9.9), by contrast with the air-extract points hidden
above the ceiling panels. No attempt has been made to
disguise the perimeter radiators below the window sills,
which are clearly visible inside the offices, or even from
the exterior where the glazing is taken down to the floor
(Plate 14), although these are column radiators with their
thermostatic valves within comfortable reach of the oc-
cupants.
The solar shading on the south façade finds expression
in several ways (Figure 9.6). The top of the colonnade, for
example, provides a continuous horizontal band shading
the first floor, while the ground floor glazing is protected
by vertical perforated panels fixed proud of the surface

123
The Architectural Expression of Environmental Control Systems
9.9 The Scottish Office, Edinburgh—
air supply diffusers on the dining
room floor.
(Figure 9.10). On the two upper floors, the external solar
shading takes the form of horizontal aluminium louvres,
located part way up the glazing at the hinge point of the
bottom hung high-level hopper windows—this shading
device is continuous or discrete corresponding to the
window arrangement (Figure 9.4).While the glazing of the
rotunda is partially shaded by its overhang and a vertical
band of perforated aluminium (Figure 9.11), no shading is
provided to the glazing of the atria, only to the inner south-
facing glazing of the courtyards.
The natural ventilation function of the atria spaces
is expressed both by their height—they rise several
metres above the level of the highest office floor
124
(Figure 9.3)—and by their mechanised opening devices
(Plate 15).
Detached from the main building, but closely related to
its functioning, two major substations flank the main en-
trance to the building, rather closer to it than indicated
on an earlier model in which they were partially obscured
by a double line of trees.
Performance in practice and lessons
learned
It was predicted (EDAS, 1995) that the building would
‘perform satisfactorily as a non-air-conditioned building,
with no area exceeding 26°C for more than 52 hours over
the summer months’. This is significantly under the 105h
limit specified in the brief—no reports of the actual
performance of the building in this respect have come to
hand. Simulations also predicted that cross-ventilation
would provide two air changes per hour even on a still
day, and up to six under more advantageous conditions
(Jones and Field, 1996:16).
In practice, the mechanical ventilation system runs at
its lower level of two air changes per hour, in summer as
well as in winter. As has been found at the National Farm-
ers Union building, the higher rate of 4.5 air changes per
hour is required only rarely. The significantly higher costs
of running at the higher level may provide some disincen-
tive (Elliot, 1998).
The dangers inherent in a mixed-mode system deliver-
ing the worst of both worlds, because the users are una-
ware of the principles underlying the design and opera-
tion of the building, will be obvious to many readers—
who may find it salutary to envisage some worstcase sce-
narios. Perhaps realising this, the owners have appointed a
building manager with a higher degree in building services,
who is thus well capable of the high level of understanding
needed for optimum operation of The Scottish Office.
The comment has been made that ‘The indiscriminate
placing of circular air vents in the floor is also very dis-
tracting and the aesthetic promise shown by the concrete-
coffered ceiling during construction has not been realised
due to the insertion of overly bulky sections of suspended
 The Scottish Office, Edinburgh, UK

9.10 View along the colonnade.

125
The Architectural Expression of Environmental Control Systems
ceilings’ (Field, 1995:34) (Figures 9.8 and 9.9). Neverthe-
less, the building has won several awards, including the 1996
AHS Emstar Energy Conservation Award, the 1996 Hydro
Electric Building Services Award, a couple of Urban
Regeneration/Renewal Awards and the 1996 RIAS
Regeneration Design Award, not to mention a ‘very good’
BREEAM rating.
With the benefit of hindsight, there are always design
details that the architect and engineer of any project would
like to refine further in the light of experience in use.
However, Duncan (1998) did not think that ‘we would
want to change anything fundamental if we were approach-
ing it now [i.e. three years after first occupancy]. I think
we would still want to organise the building in the same
way. I think the logic of it is fine and it has proved to be an
enjoyable building… it seems airy and warm and all of
that—pleasant to be in. Obviously, there are going to be
details that one would want to refine and perfect…but
architects rarely have that opportunity because each
project is new’. Asked about the incorporation of both
enclosed atria and open courtyards, he responded, ‘I don’t
think we would want to change that.Although in plan they
126
9.11 Close up of the top of the
rotunda (note the solar shading)
with the top of the adjacent
atrium and a flanking plant
room on the right.
are the same size, actually the experience in the atrium
and the courtyard is quite different. Although they have
exactly the same dimensions, the courtyard is somewhere
where you want to be in a private world. The atrium is a
social space and with rooms around it is a bit like a big
theatre’.
Elliot (1998) had concerns about the ability of the plant
rooms to cope with future changes. Despite the apparent
generosity of their size and number, those towards the
east end of the building where some of the specialist fa-
cilities were clustered, were becoming very tight for space.
He was aware that initially some adjustment had been
needed in the placement of staff in the open plan layout to
ensure that those with a preference for fresh air were
nearer the windows than those who perceived such a situ-
ation as potentially drafty. He was also firmly of the opin-
ion that it was preferable to leave decisions about open-
ing the windows for the occupants to agree rather than
having them controlled remotely.
At the detail level, he suggested that it would have been
climatically preferable for the atria supply air to come
from the shaded north side of the building rather than

the adjacent courtyard but, of course, that would have
had security implications in this case. With the advantage
of hindsight, I have the sense that if 4.5 air changes were
rarely needed in the climate of Stratford (for the National
Farmers Union building) then the chances of this rate of
ventilation being needed to cope with an Edinburgh sum-
mer were probably fairly remote—expectations of higher
internal heat gains and global warming notwithstanding.
Acknowledgements
My thanks to architect Mick Duncan for the generous
amount of time he took to show me around the building,
and to Building Manager Bob Collins, who accompanied
us during the visit and explained some operational mat-
ters. In addition, I am grateful to Mick and Drew Elliot,
both of whom I interviewed at RMJM’s Bells Brae office in
127
The Scottish Office, Edinburgh, UK
connection with the project, and who gave me such useful
insights into the process and the outcome.
References
ASHRAE (1997) ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals, SI Edition, Atlanta:
ASHRAE.
Duncan, M. (1995) ‘Architect’s account—a landmark for Leith’, Archi-
tects’ Journal, 7:30.
——(1998) Transcript of an interview held on 20 August, Edinburgh.
EDAS (1995) ‘Victoria Quay, Edinburgh’. Case Study 13, Energy Design
Advice Scheme, 6/95, Edinburgh.
Elliot, A. (1995) ‘Services engineer’s account—a landmark for Leith’,
Architects’ Journal, 7:32.
——(1998) Transcript of an interview held on 20 August, Edinburgh.
Field, M. (1995) ‘Appraisal—a landmark for Leith’, Architects’ Journal, 7: 33–4
Jones, D.L. and Field, J. (1996) ‘Civil services’, Building Services, 18: 14–8.
Knevitt, C. (1997) ‘The RMJM method’, Architects’ Journal, 12 June: 32–4.
Richards, J. (1996) ‘Themes and variations’, in RMJM 40: The First Forty
Years, London, RMJM.
RMJM (1998) Multi-disciplinary Design [flyer], London: RMJM.