ae ee ee i 8 OE Fluid: fluid is a substance which is capable of Plowing oY deforming under the action of Shebx ponce. [ however smau id is also the shean Force may be] This defination op @ Fl Known as a classical definition op a Fluid: ; om deform As lone as there is a Shean fo7ce Rlutd Flows continususly Example: Liquids, gases. vapowt ete. Dipperences between Solids and Fluids: an force there isa fn case of Solids under the action of she| f ; ; it ehange with time. deformation and this deformation does no: therepore deformation (dg) is impoxtant in Solids When this Shean force is nemoved, Solids Will try to comeback to the Original position. Tn case of Fluids the depoxmation long as there is q Shean force and this deformation changes with Hime, therepore in FludS sate of deformation ( A8/dt) is continuous as is impostant than deponmation (d@). Arter the removal of ty Shean fonce Fluid will Never come back to its axdained Position, © : » Poy q static Rluid, the Shear Force 'S 2€T0- Scanned with CamScannerchapter: 4 Fluid properties Any measenable chanactenstic is a propedy. 1. Density(mass density) (P): f It is defined as maho of mass of Plaid to its volume. ot Octuatly represent the quantity or. erat present ina given volume. it's unit Is kgim3. ang its dimensiond Pormula is [Mes] . The density oF water For aU calculation purpose 'S taken as 1000 kg/m3. pt et, Th Pv Density depends on tempenatume and pressure Fail PL Nor pt 2. Specigic Werght (weight density) *[w] ; vn ft is depined as the saho oF We'ght of the Fluid to it’s volume , its unit Is N/m3 and it's dimenslonal Formwa ~[me?r?] w= Weight op the flu'd Nm Vol. bo= 4: v =m (8 is, Specific weight of waten 7 xg le Pp Who = 1ooox 9-8} ie = 9810 Nn3 In location ws 2 FORT Location) Scanned with CamScanner) ) Note: Density is an absolute quonsty whereas Specific ) Weight is not an absolute quantity because it vosdes from | location to Location. [ S Specigic grovity ' CS) TLig defined as the matio op density of Fluid to the density of standaxd Fludd. ™ case of liquid the standard fluid 's ydrogen and airata water andin Case of gases the standaxd Fluid either hi d dimension less. given temp.and pressune- Tt is vnitless an [move r?] Veg of exist. ir tsg=9F Liquid is lessthan 4 itis Lighter than water, iF sq of quid is greater thon1 itis heauioux than wotet wo tare Note? ‘Though terms Relative density and SP greg n these fwo- used intenchongably, there is 2 digpperence behwee “a grovities ane melative density but au xelative “au specipic oy Sp- gravity: density need not be Com sibilt : pacessibility (6) Ibis the measwre OF change of Volume oT char. oF density with nespect_to pressure ona given mass of fluid- Mathematically it Is defined as meciprocal OF bulk Modwus- he. Be ¢ k= bulk Modwus or k= Sap ke SE p= mass oP v Pdv+ vdp=o wv. os Vee P dp=0 ; B=0 (Incompnessible Fluid ) Scanned with CamScannerliquids ane generaly treated as incompressible and gases ane treated as compnessible. As Fluid is treated as incompressible fluid ip there is no vardation of density wxt pressure . (te ¥.,) Tsothermal Compmessibility OF ideal gas:- PV= MRT > P= PRT Teconst: dP =RT oP ih a ern ‘Nii Isotherma Bulk Modulus is equal to pressure. (unit of compressibility = agi Basen Actiabatic bulk Modus oF an ideal gas.— Rye ei z PYouamt Tis p-cp* gee ere iP ‘ k= pap op Scanned with CamScanneri A Is qneater than iabatic bulk Modulus d note: as Y 71 @ isothermal bulk Moduwus. wor ee ke OP a p= aril me \gothermal Yemx | ka 7 Ke Pa > APE : tant and it Increases with increase Bulk Modulus Is not cons! Flutd offer’ . essure the in pressure because at hi Seater ‘ m further CO moste mesistance Pe the Flows speed is often expressed in tenm OF Speed oF Flow Speed of Sound =N high speed gas Flow, the dimensionless mach Ne. defined as (Ma)= Sonic = Masi Subsonic When Mast Gas Flow con opten be i Supersonic When Ma7i Appnoximated ag incompressible Hypersonic When Ma774 iF the density changes ane Under 57. , whichis usuadty the » In compressible Fluids velocit a Pa meses: Y OF Sovnd is given as- c (% k= Bulk Modulus of pluid f= density Scanned with CamScannerviscosity Need to define viscosity: Though the densities oF water and oi] admest Same, their Flow behaviour is not Same and hence a property is neguined to define b flow behaviour and this Property Is known as viscosity. Deginition: Intexnal nesistance offered by one layer of Fluid to the adjacent Loser is known os viscosity, Area(A) ie (utrduydt ay ay T ‘ce ude dt=Hme (No slipat the boundary) ah lu Velocity gradient = du tandg = “ay ay iFd® i's small tande- d8 doz dudt ay tet A~ constant car x de dt Scanned with CamScanner“dt t= ude dt V . dé» 28. ts lange age ts less (smau) Plow: Is not easy. Plow is easy uy isiess, Resistance is iu is more, resistance ig more, less ce oppoted by one e intetnal en nesistan jig KnowNaS adjacent layer and hence on absolute viscosity on > gxepmeserts thi layer.of Piuid to the j mic vis©- coefficient oF viscosity dyna i sity om simply viseosity. cs ue Teed a we de ae de. udu ae mate oF angular. defor mastor ay on mate of shean strain ge : dy = Velocity gradient. : Pluids which obey Newton's law of viscosity ane known as Newhonen Fluid Ale to Newtons law of viscosi Shear stress is dixectly preportional to nate oF paan that IS de 5s ea du ulus oe ag 07. Void Fo Newiordan Fluid equation Scanned with CamScanner3 es a Wa ea ee tO ae SRT ae 5 Slope T ut M= = slope = Constant: ls Examples of Newtonian Fluid! “Air, Water, petmol, cliesel, Kenoscene, oi, Mexcuny ec. with i Note: for a Newtonian fluid viscosity doesnot change a mate of deformation. Vosdation oF viscosity With temperature: Incase of Liquids the intetmolecutan distance + ‘Ss smau and hence 2 In temp. cohesive. Forces \ as Cohesive Forces are large with increas decrease and the mesistance of the therefore “viscosity of a bquid decreases with increase in temp™ Tn case of gases intexmolecwtan distance fs lange andy hence cohesive Forces ane negligible with increase in temp. ; Molecwan disturbance Inereases and hence mesistance tothe , & Therefore Viscosity OF gas Increase with Flow ig also decreases, Plow also increases : » inereqse in temperature: “Tn gas 4 ; | o | Th, Molecuan maoohesive 1 oO { (same mol:) i agitation (distunb-. 0 ! 0 ance T “So Viscosity” i 25 increases with 7 in waters Liquid: 1° et ae ceme.] Molecwes } gas ? ee : Pp Les os See ee a ee adhesive Infiquid T? Cohesive Forey so’ 3 CAFE mol. aa : te WN : vd Glass ¢ water) viscosity v With increase in ae temp: Scanned with CamScanner—_— = a SS a Fluid uM am quia gas Molecuian gi. quid agitation gas uv disturbance Pluid= E(¢F/MA) liquid FCCF) ges > FCMA) temp. Unit of viscosity! Te ud Nos wf m2 H's’ '™m N-S kgm ¢ _ st = me par Dimensional Formula oF H= j iscosity it tem! unit of viscosity 1 cgs sysi 7 2 1Jm i 1 poise m-s cm-see “9 4 k9 403 gm _ 40 = = 10 poise ae a SN BS ms 4oZem-sec cmsee 4 N-S . 10 polse O-4 pascal-Sec { poise= O-4 NS = m2 Scanned with CamScannerNon- Newtordan Fluids}: WFluids which donot obey Newton's jaw of | viscosity ate known as non-Newtonian Fluid. The Genera! xelationship behween Sheax stmess (Tt) and velocity gradient (2%y) is case:L gs0; ni DilatentFfluids (non-colvdas) : A Flufd is sald tobe dilatent fluid Por which the appara} (simitiany Viscosity increases with mate of deformation. . EX! Ricestanch, Sugar in water. : 4 i 4 1 tuitds “As the Happ. is increasing with deformation , these F' 4 is also known as shear thickenning Flutd. i ids Coolli udo plastic plutds..ScoAtday) : n Foody Physical significance of ¥: ae Kinematic viscosity mepnesent the ability of Fluid to mesist momentum therefore it is @ measure of momentum cligpusivity. sqs_system'- ; fF 2 ae tem the unitogp v is om> and em? js Incgs sys e FE — mnt j equal to Stoke. dshlet sem? = 16 Tint Sec sec. Scanned with CamScanner! Swrpace Tension: ic liquid air interpace above eriHe® poms SoNo Sunpace ten Sion. 'e pinis placed on water surface Lf) ap molecwe A which is below the Sumface oF vardous corresponding consider the liquid this molecwe is suznounded by Molecwes and hence under the Ingluence of vordous cohesive Forces it will be in equalibrdum. Now consider molecwe B Which is on the sunpace of Liquid, this molecule ig under the’ force because oF this there seems { smau tensile this pheno- it is aline force thatis ingluence of Net downwand to be a layer Form Which can resis Menon ts Known as sunpace tension, ikacts normal to the line drawn on the Suxy in the plane oF Suxcace. As sumpace tension Is basically due With increase in temp.cohesi pace and it lies to unbalanced cohesive Force and + ee force is decrease therefore Suxpace tension decreases with ‘ 4 i increase in temperature, and atcritica) point surface tension is zevo. A . This Fore js Force Is very smau Force and hence it is Neglect ed in Further Fluid mechanics analysis. Scanned with CamScannerThe sunpace tension For water air intenpace at 20°c is 0:0706 Nm - Dimension formula [met 2 pMerey L g=F LN L m Note: water neduces Surface tension and help in cleaning. While washing cloths wanm water is used because wanm 7 liquid drops assume Spherical Shape due to Suxpace tension. . pressure in Liquid drop in excess of atmospheric pressure: Rsoe Fos PA For equatibsium Fle Fp ol = PA i » lapse o(7d) = 4° (749%) > i Scanned with CamScannerNote: In case of Soap bubble there axe two sunpaces and henc’ [2] f'n case of Liquid get [3] The pressure Force tres to seperate the droplet whereas sumface tension force Sumpace tension fonce tries to plets take spherical Shap! volume: tries the contnoct the droplet .i-e- pimise the sumpaceonea + hence dro; e because Sphere has mir um sumpace axea for a given Copillostity:: ion and it capillosdty is the effect oF surface tens Is not a property. (a) wetting liquid (b) Non- Wetting liquid. cohesion !slange Adhesion is lange ¢ Mercury Pani & glass/plaste SUR FACe 8 SaSe wri WOOlCUCOOCUhTOTCUCOOONSCU TON lOOrlaererlOUlN Orel eel a _:e.SehULl eerlUmLh_ = The angle of contact blw pune Woter and g clean glass tube - O° ~ The angle of contact bly Mereuny ond glass Is 130° Scanned with CamScanner« if height of capillany, tube is insufpicient For the possible tise the Liquid will guise upto the top and stops because For Further ¢ Suse as thene ane NO glass molecwes it stops at the top. ‘ ~if the top op the capiviory tube is closed then the capil lary d suse wil) & becadse the air trapped at the top exert pressure, inthe downwand dinection. ‘ « Vapour pressure: ? Volatile Fluid 5 high vapour Pressuxe like perros ‘ let us consider a closed container With liquid partially Pilled Init the suxpace molecules due to additional energy overcome ; cOhesive force of Fluid below the sSuiface tis process occurs Onl the Space above the liquid is Satunated. Under equalibsdum conditions the No- of molecwes leaving the Surface 1S equal to No of molectdes fer goining the Sunpoce under these condition the pnessune exerted by Vapour on the Sungace oF Liquid is known as vapoun pressure. Vapour. presSsune increases with increase in tempenatune bic at higher tempenatunes the molecwan activity iS high. Highly voladile liquid ( Ex: petrol) have more Vapoun pressune Mexcung hos least vapour pressune and because op this it is Uged In manometens. Scanned with CamScanner_ Mohr's circle fora static fluid: Pressure Measunement eued perurubaned Jt is depined as the external Nonmal Fonce ex the anea can be neal on imaginary, the unt of pressure is Nppa oY Pascal. pressure is @ mepresentative of No- oF collisions pe7sec- pressuxe is compmessive in natune- fon a static fluid there is no shear stress ¢ there ane only Norma) Forces (prtessuse) thererore mohr circle iS a Point ag shown in Fig. = “oh r compressive Cve) Pascal's law:— According to pascal's lau pressure at any point in a Static clufd is equal in au dinections. conversely ip pressure is applied in static Fluid it is transmitted equalty in au ditections. Application: : hyd nautic ligt, hydvoutic broke ee. 7 Flowing Flufds: IF the Note: pascals law can also be applied For ip the Fluid is ideal. shean force is zeno. This !S possible only W =1000N l0oxk20 = locox x £=2¢m Scanned with CamScannerAs W>p that is by applying sma fence lange Weight con be malsed this doesnot mean the enengy conservation is violated because SmauleT Force moves through o langen distance Whereas * Jangen Force move Ehnough smauer distance. Atmospheric pnessune: The pressure exerted by enuinernmental mass iS Known as atmospheric pnessune. ~The atmosphetc pressure is anound 1-01325 ban. - Gauge Pressure (Paavge): a The pressure measured with nespect to atmospheuc. pressure ,is known as govge pressure: ~ Absolute pressure: pmessune Measured With respect to Zero. . Pressure is known as absolute phessune. - T Posen |-013 boot Zeroline. Robs = Patm.t % uge Vacuum Presswire: The pressure less than atmospheric pressure 'S Known as , vacuum pressure, | | There can be +ve gouge 07 -vel gauge pressune but there cannot be Negative absolute pressure. Scanned with CamScannerVacuum pressure = Patm. — Rabs. ¥ Fatm. i; Pats. Note: While calewating absolute presse .c OUI 1 Pyacuem local, atmospheric = pressure must be taken into o¢ Hydzostatic law :- | | Rob Free Sumpace | | iy Ciaran = Wt aa Vol- pda + pqgaadh = (p+dp) 4h hydrostaHe law. or gives talth “ vardation of pressure nnn laws > hydrostatic pltd nepresent vertical direction. A I Free surface: All the other Force except Rim Is zeto: Fon a Static Fluid Forces acting on Stake Flwd are pressure and gravity Forces. Scanned with CamScannerNote: ip his taken in upwand direction as the pressure L © with height ” > pnessune at any depth _h at hzo (Free sunpace) a P=Ratm, fi R ae ew Hi t a anit assumption P=constant: a Op= wdh ty e “F9h P= ushtc +egh 4 ‘te 7 sia eo Ramee Cby applying boundary condition) ia a amet : | | a For gauge pressure fatmzo || * * Psush = Pgh pressure is vil lauge pressure. ad ee ‘ i alls ~ % P= Pgh is based on the assumption that the density is ‘ | constant, \ | ‘ 3 Sometime pressuxe is expressed in helght column because and q ane almost constants and Ipnssourte var es dinectly * With h, therepore it is expressed in height, column. " ; * / a “ Scanned with CamScannerBastometer! Banemeter is used For measuring atmospheric press- une. vacuo O+ Fgh = Patm B Prom Scale we Measure on i height he 0-76 m Paty 136X102 XI-BIX 0-76 = paeseasie® er bon = 105 N/m2 Pats 1-01325 boo Note! corresponding Tr water ig used instead of mexcuny the height will be 103m oF water os this height is very lange therepone mercury is Used in barmometens because of itS higher density. Conversion of 4 Fluid column into the other Fluid column: § hy | \ | i Ba | hy a id | ? § Pre Figh, f 2 Posfgh, Scanned with CamScanner