TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto

TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto

 Base Projeto

Base Operação

TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto

TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto
TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto
TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto
TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto
TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto
TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto
TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto
TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto
EQUIPAMENTO OU COMPONENTE COM DANO?

DETERMINAÇÃO DAS CONDIÇÕES DOS MATERIAIS

MECANISMOS DE DANOS NOS MATERIAIS

AVALIAÇÕES ESTRUTURAIS

AVALIAÇÃO DE INTEGRIDADE ESTRUTURAL

DECISÃO

TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto

 DETERMINAÇÃO DAS CONDIÇÕES DOS MATERIAIS

Caracterização dos materiais e aspectos metalúrgicos

Caracterização das propriedades mecânicas e físicas

Caracterização dos defeitos e danos

Caracterização da progressão dos defeitos e danos (no tempo e com

os carregamentos)

TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto

 DETERMINAÇÃO DAS CONDIÇÕES DOS MATERIAIS

Testing Method Applications

Destructive Testing

Small specimens Measure tensile strength, impact resistance, fracture

toughness, creep strength, fatigue strength, creep-crack-
growth behavior, and fatigue-crack-growth behavior; the
smallest specimen dimension should be at least 5 to 10
times the size of the property controlling feature

Reconstituted specimens Produce standard-sized specimens from small material

samples or undamaged pieces of tested surveillance
specimens

TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto

 DETERMINAÇÃO DAS CONDIÇÕES DOS MATERIAIS

Testing Method Applications

Nondestructive Testing

Standard NDE Detect and size significant defects and cracks

Metallographic replication Characterize material microstructure and detect
microvoids produced by creep and microcracks produced
by creep, fatigue, or corrosion
Electrochemical Measure the degree of sensitization of Type 304 and 304L
stainless steels; possibly quantify the degree of thermal or
temper embrittlement of alloy steels
Indentation Measure hardness; possibly measure yield strength and
stress-strain response with new, automated methods
Radiography Possibly measure fatigue damage using X-ray line
broadening
Ultrasonic Possibly measure creep damage (voids) using attenuation
data
TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto
 DETERMINAÇÃO DAS CONDIÇÕES DOS MATERIAIS

Testing Method Applications

Nondestructive Testing
Eddy current Survey variations in properties within a component
Acoustic emission Possibly monitor crack propagation and detect leaks
during operation
Positron annihilation Possibly measure early stages of fatigue damage
associated with cyclic plastic deformation
Magnetic properties Possibly measure ferrite fraction in cast stainless steels
and tensile strength and fatigue damage in ferromagnetic
materials
Magnetic Barkhausen Possibly measure fatigue damage, creep damage, and
residual stress using Barkhausen noise analysis
Acoustic Barkhausen Measure residual stress and possibly fatigue damage in
ferromagnetic materials

TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto

 DETERMINAÇÃO DAS CONDIÇÕES DOS MATERIAIS

Surface Techniques Offering only general detection and

length/width sizing

Volumetric Techniques Offering varying degrees of

quantitative information on flaw size,
location, orientation, etc.

Screen or Global Techniques Offering a cursory “general condition”

status, which will require follow up
examinations with more definitive
techniques

TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto

 DETERMINAÇÃO DAS CONDIÇÕES DOS MATERIAIS

Surface Techniques

Visual Inspection
Liquid Penetrant Examination
Magnetic Particle Examination
Eddy Current
Alternating Current Field Measurement (ACFM)

TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto

 DETERMINAÇÃO DAS CONDIÇÕES DOS MATERIAIS

Volumetric Techniques

Radiography

Ultrasonic inspection

TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto

DETERMINAÇÃO DAS CONDIÇÕES DOS MATERIAIS

TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto

 MECANISMOS DE DANOS NOS MATERIAIS

Fragilização (Embrittlement)
Corrosão (Corrosion)
Corrosão generalizada
Pites
Corrosão em penetrações
Corrosão galvânica
Corrosão intergranular
Corrosão sob tensão (Stress Corrosion Cracking)
Fadiga (Fatigue)
Fluência (Creep)
Inchamento (Swelling)
TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto
 MECANISMOS DE DANOS NOS MATERIAIS

•stress corrosion cracking

corrosion and tension lead to premature fracture
•creep
time dependent permanent deformation of a material
under stress conditions
•embrittlement
change of microstructure leads to bulk-hardening of the
material and loss of ductility
•fatigue
material under cyclic stress leads to fracture
•swelling
permanent deformation of material by coalescence of
gas bubbles

TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto

 MECANISMOS DE DANOS NOS MATERIAIS

corrosion creep embrittlement fatigue swelling

material     
temperature    () ()
stress ()   ()
radiation ()    
medium 

TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto

FRAGILIZAÇÃO POR IRRADIAÇÃO EM AÇOS INOXIDÁVEIS

TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto

FADIGA DE BAIXO CICLO EM AÇOS INOXIDÁVEIS

TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto

FADIGA DE BAIXO CICLO EM AÇOS INOXIDÁVEIS

TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto

FADIGA DE BAIXO CICLO EM AÇOS INOXIDÁVEIS

TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto

 RELAÇÃO TENSÃO-DEFORMAÇÃO EM MATERIAIS DE VASOS DE PRESSÃO

1200 baseline
irradiated
yield stress (MPa)

1000

800

yield increase
600

400
-200 -100 0 100 200 300
temperature
TNR 5760 (°C)
Miguel Mattar Neto
PROPRIEDADES DE FRATURA EM MATERIAIS DE VASOS DE PRESSÃO

TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto

TRAÇÃO NO INCONEL 718

TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto

FLUÊNCIA NO INCONEL 718

TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto

INCHAMENTO NOS AÇOS INOXIDÁVEIS

TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto

CORROSÃO SOB TENSÃO

TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto

 RESISTÊNCIA DOS MATERIAIS

• studies the resistance to failure of components

Applied load

?
Applied stress < Yield stress
TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto
 MECÂNICA DA FRATURA

• studies the resistance to failure of

components or structure that contain defects
or flaws (initiation and propagation)
• safer approach

Applied load
+
flaw

Applied stress ? Fracture

intensity factorTNR
(K) <
5760 Miguel Mattar Netotoughness (KIc)
 RESISTÊNCIA DOS MATERIAIS VERSUS MECÂNICA DA FRATURA

• classical mechanics cannot be applied in

structures that contain flaws
• stress ahead of a crack or sharp corner is “infinite”
=> classical mechanics cannot be applied

yy

A r
2a

TNR 5760 Miguel

Mattar Neto
 CONCEITO DA MECÂNICA DA FRATURA

material resistance to applied loading

crack growth and versus conditions to ‘cracked’
fracture structure

material toughness > crack driving force

no failure of
structure

TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto

 CONCEITO DA MECÂNICA DA FRATURA

material resistance to applied loading

crack growth and versus conditions to ‘cracked’
fracture structure

material toughness < crack driving force

failure of
structure

TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto

 CONCEITO DA MECÂNICA DA FRATURA

• LEFM: stress intensity concept

– intensification of elastic stresses at crack tip
described by K = f(σ, a, geometry)
– unstable cracking occurs when the applied stress
intensity K > cleavage initiation toughness KIc of
material
• EPFM: energy density concept: J-integral
– small-scale yielding: J directly related to K
– elasto-plastic region: J indirectly related to K
– stable (ductile) crack growth initiates if: applied J
> ductile initiation toughness JIc of material
TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto
– at failure: ductile to cleavage: slow to fast
AVALIAÇÃO DE INTEGRIDADE ESTRUTURAL

TNR 5760 Miguel Mattar Neto