Global Chemical Industry Sectors:

Life Sciences

Pharmaceuticals | Animal Health | Pesticides

Industrial Chemistry Lecture

2nd semester, 2019 - 2020

Industrial Chemistry Lecture: Global Chemical Industry Sectors – Life Sciences 1

Pharmaceuticals

Development
• Formulation Production Marketing
• Clinical trials

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Chemical Industry Sectors – Life Sciences
Pharmaceuticals
Top therapeutic classes of drugs, 2018

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Chemical Industry Sectors – Life Sciences
 Pharmaceuticals
Top biotech & pharmaceutical companies in terms of innovated molecules, 2019

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Chemical Industry Sectors – Life Sciences
Pharmaceuticals

• A pharmaceutical formulation contains:

– Active pharmaceutical ingredients (API’s)
– Excipients

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Chemical Industry Sectors – Life Sciences
Pharmaceuticals

• Active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)

– Contains the molecule / substance with
intended pharmacologic activity
– Can be sourced from:
• Chemical substance
– Eg. Paracetamol (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol)
• Microorganic culture
– Eg. Vaccines, vitamin B12 (cobalamin) from P.
dentrificans
• Animal / vegetable tissue
– Eg. insulin

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Chemical Industry Sectors – Life Sciences
Pharmaceuticals

• Excipients
– Pharmacologically inert additives used to:
• aid the drug manufacturing process
• enhance or support
– drug stability
– bioavailability
– patient acceptability

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Chemical Industry Sectors – Life Sciences
Pharmaceuticals
Excipient Function Examples
Diluents Provide bulk and enable Sugar compounds e.g.
accurate dosing of potent lactose, dextrin, glucose,
ingredients sucrose, sorbitol
Inorganic compounds e.g.
silicates, calcium and
magnesium salts, sodium
or potassium chloride
Binders, compression Bind the tablet ingredients Mainly natural or synthetic
aids, granulating agents together giving form and polymers e.g. starches,
mechanical strength sugars, sugar alcohols
and cellulose derivatives
Disintegrants Aid dispersion of the tablet Compounds which swell
in the gastrointestinal or dissolve in water e.g.
tract, releasing the active starch, cellulose
ingredient and increasing derivatives and alginates,
the surface area for crospovidone
dissolution

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Chemical Industry Sectors – Life Sciences
Pharmaceuticals
Excipient Function Examples
Glidants Improve the flow of Colloidal anhydrous
powders during tablet silicon and other silica
manufacturing by reducing compounds
friction and adhesion
between particles. Also
used as anti-caking
agents.
Lubricants Similar action to glidants, Stearic acid and its salts
however, they may slow (e.g. magnesium stearate)
disintegration and
dissolution. The properties
of glidants and lubricants
differ, although some
compounds, such as
starch and talc, have both
actions.

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Chemical Industry Sectors – Life Sciences
Pharmaceuticals
Excipient Function Examples
Tablet coatings and films Protect tablet from the Sugar (sucrose) has now
environment (air, light and been replaced by film
moisture), increase the coating using natural or
mechanical strength, synthetic polymers.
mask taste and smell, aid Polymers that are
swallowing, assist in insoluble in acid, e.g.
product identification. Can cellulose acetate
be used to modify release phthalate, are used for
of the active ingredient. enteric coatings to delay
May contain flavours and release of the active
colourings. ingredient.
Colouring agents Improve acceptability to Mainly synthetic dyes and
patients, aid identification natural colours.
and prevent Compounds that are
counterfeiting. Increase themselves natural
stability of light-sensitive pigments of food may also
drugs. be used.

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Chemical Industry Sectors – Life Sciences
 Pharmaceuticals

Overview of pharmaceutical products

manufacturing

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Chemical Industry Sectors – Life Sciences
 Pharmaceuticals

API manufacturing (vegetable / animal

tissue source)

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Chemical Industry Sectors – Life Sciences
Pharmaceuticals
Typical production process for tablet manufacturing

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Chemical Industry Sectors – Life Sciences
Animal Health

• Animal pharmaceuticals
• Animal nutrition
– Pet food
– Livestock feeds

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Chemical Industry Sectors – Life Sciences
Animal Health: Feeds
• Formulation considerations:
– The kind of animals that will receive the
formulated feed
• eg. Meat chicken, egg layers, etc.
• Each animal has a specific required diet
– Nutrient composition of feed ingredients
• Eg. Wheat – can be soft or hard wheat, both
having a great disparity in crude protein content
– Cost & availability of ingredients

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Chemical Industry Sectors – Life Sciences
Animal Health: Feeds
• Feed formulation raw materials
– Cereal and grains: maize, rice, wheat, sorghum,
broken rice, germs, damaged wheat that is
discarded from the food industry as unfit for
human consumption.
– Cakes or Oil meal: groundnut cake, soybean
meal, rapeseed meal, sesame meal, sunflower
meal, coconut meal, palm meal are used as
protein resources.
– Feed of animal origin: meat meal, fish meal,
hatchery waste and bone meal are used.
• poses production problems of bacterial contamination

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Chemical Industry Sectors – Life Sciences
Animal Health: Feeds
• Feed formulation raw materials
– By-products: rice bran, rice polish, solvent
extracted rice and wheat bran, molasses
– Minerals and vitamins: calcium, phosphorus,
trace minerals such as Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, CO and I
and vitamins A, D3, E, K and B Complex.
– Feed additives: antibiotics, prebiotics, probiotics,
enzymes, mould inhibitors, toxin binders, anti-
coccidial supplements, acidifiers, amino acids,
antioxidants, feed flavours, pigments and herbal
extracts

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Chemical Industry Sectors – Life Sciences
Animal Health: Feeds

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Chemical Industry Sectors – Life Sciences
Animal Health: Feeds

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Chemical Industry Sectors – Life Sciences
Animal Health: Pet Food
• Pet food formulation raw materials
– Animal byproducts: damaged carcass parts,
organs (liver, kidneys, intestines, etc.)
– Cereal and grains: maize, rice, wheat, sorghum,
broken rice, germs, damaged wheat that is
discarded from the food industry as unfit for
human consumption.
– Cakes or Oil meal: groundnut cake, soybean
meal, rapeseed meal, sesame meal, sunflower
meal, coconut meal, palm meal are used as
protein resources.

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Chemical Industry Sectors – Life Sciences
Animal Health: Pet Food
• Pet food formulation raw materials
– Meat broth or blood (liquid formulations)
– Minerals and vitamins: calcium, phosphorus,
trace minerals such as Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, CO
and I and vitamins A, D3, E, K and B Complex.
– Feed additives: stabilizers, gelling agents,
salt, antioxidants, feed flavours, pigments and
herbal extracts

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Chemical Industry Sectors – Life Sciences
Animal Health: Pet Food
• Typical pet food production process
– Meat rendering
• Using meat processors; rupturing of fat cells
– Meat grinding & precooking
– Blending & shaping
– Packaging & labelling
– Sterilizing

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Chemical Industry Sectors – Life Sciences
Animal Health: Pet Food
Pet Food Production Process

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Chemical Industry Sectors – Life Sciences
Animal
Health:
Pet Food
Pet Food Production
Process

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Chemical Industry Sectors – Life Sciences
Animal Health: Pet Food
Pet Food Production Process

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Chemical Industry Sectors – Life Sciences
Animal Health: Pesticides
• Herbicide
• Insecticide
• Nematicide
• Molluscicide
• Piscicide
• Avicide
• Rodenticide
• Disinfectants (antimicrobials)
• Repellents (animal / insect)
• Fungicide

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Chemical Industry Sectors – Life Sciences
Animal Health: Pesticides
• Pesticide types

A Aerosol E,EC Emulsifiable concentrate

B Bait FL Flowable
D Dust G Granule
DF Dry flowable M Microencapsulated
P Pellet RTU Ready-to-use
SP Soluble powder ULV Ultra-low-volume concentrate
WP Wettable powder WDG Water-dispersible granule

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Chemical Industry Sectors – Life Sciences
Animal Health: Pesticides
• Pesticide formulation
– Solvents / carriers
– Active ingredient: prevents, kills, or repels a
pest or acts as a plant regulator, desiccant,
defoliant, synergist, or nitrogen stabilizer
• Synergist enhance another active ingredient's
ability to kill the pest while using the minimum
amount of active ingredient, but do not themselves
possess pesticidal properties
• Eg. piperonyl butoxide or n-octyl bicycloheptane
dicarboximide for pyrethrins
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Chemical Industry Sectors – Life Sciences
Animal Health: Pesticides

permethrin

pyrethrin

DDT (phased out)

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Chemical Industry Sectors – Life Sciences
Animal Health: Pesticides
• Pesticide formulation
– Adjuvants
• Sufactants; flatten and spread droplets so that a
product can penetrate the surface of the target
pest
• Reduce off-site movement (drift) of a product
• Help an herbicide stick to a plant leaf
• Allow a product to penetrate a waxy leaf
• Reduce foaming during mixing
• Control acidity in a tank mixture

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Chemical Industry Sectors – Life Sciences