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EdD 704
Advance Topics in Biology for
Teachers

Transgenic Animals
Pedigree Analysis

Submitted by:

Riza Joy D. Palomar

EdD SciEd
 What I Need to Know
Transgenic animals are the animals with the modified genome. The
transgenic animals are genetically engineered and are also known as
genetically modified organisms. It can also mean that transgenic animal is
one whose genome has been altered by the transfer of a gene or genes from
another species or it refers to an animal in which there has been a
deliberate modification of the genome- in contrast to spontaneous mutation.

What I Know
Directions: Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement
is wrong.
1. Transgenic animals can be used in the field of medicine.
2. Transgenic animals are dangerous to the environment.
3. The first transgenic animals are mice.
4. It is safe to consume all transgenic animals.
5. Organs from transgenic pigs can be used for human transplants.
6. There are only four FDA-approved transgenic animals that are safe
for consumption.
7. Transgenesis is the process of creating transgenic animals.
8. Transgenic animals can be created using stem cells.
9. Transgenic animals can be used to study diseases.
10. It is wrong to create transgenic animals.

LESSON 1: TRANSGENIC ANIMALS

What’s In
The process of transferring genetic information (DNA or RNA) from one
organism to another is known as transgenesis. As a result, the second
organism and its offspring are classified as transgenic animals. Only one or
a few genes that have been previously chosen, extracted, and isolated are
transferred at first.
 Only after major improvements in our understanding of the
mammalian genome's developmental, reproductive, and molecular biologic
principles was transgenesis possible.

What’s New
The history of transgenic animals dates back from early 1974 as
shown in the table below and continues to develop into a more sophisticated
method until now.
Date Event People Places

1974 First publication on Jaenisch, Mintz Salk Institute, Fox

inserting foreign DNA into Chase Institute for
mice, Cancer Research
September Scientists reported the first Barbosa, Gordon, Yale University
1980 successful development of Plotkin, Ruddle,
transgenic mice Scangos
5 Nov 1981 First successful Constantini, Lacy Oxford University,
transmission of foreign DNA Yale University
into laboratory mice
1985 First transgenic mice created Kohler, Rusconi Max-Planck Institute
with with genes coding for
both the heavy and light
chain domains in an
antibody.
12 Apr 1988 OncoMouse patent granted Leder, Stewart Harvard University

9 Jul 1997 Birth of first sheep cloned Schnieke, Kind, PPL Therapeutics,
with human genes Ritchie, Mycock, Roslin Institute
Scott, Wilmutt,
Colman,
Campbell
5 Oct 2015 CRISPR/Cas9 modified 60 Church Harvard University
genes in pig embryos in first
step to create organs
suitable for human
transplants
25 Sep 2021 First genetically engineered Robert New York University
pig kidney successfully Montgomery
transplanted into a brain-
dead human patient
11 Jan 2022 First pig-to-human heart Mohiuddin University of
transplant (From genetically Maryland
 altered pig)

What is It
Creating transgenic animals starts begins with the process of
transgenesis. Transgenesis has three steps:
1. Identification
Identifying the gene sequence for desirable traits or qualities.
2. Isolation
Target genes are isolated simply by breaking up cells
mechanically or with chemical treatments.
3. Transformation
The gene enters the nucleus using vectors for it to be integrated
into the target cell.

Methods of Creation of Transgenic Animals

1. DNA Micro-injection
Injecting a specified gene
construct into the pronucleus of a
fertilized ovum directly from another
member of the same species or from a
different species.
The introduced DNA may cause
over- or under-expression of specific
genes, as well as the expression of genes
that are completely new to the animal
species. However, DNA that will allow it
to be expressed.
The fertilized ovum is placed into the oviduct of a female
recipient.

2. Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer

Gene transfer is mediated through
a carrier or vector, usually a virus or
plasmid.
This approach produces chimeric
offspring, meaning that not all cells have
the retrovirus.
Only if the retrovirus integrates
into some of the germ cells can the
transgene be transmitted.
 Brief Introduction to Stem Cells

Stem cells are cells that display

two main properties: when they divide
by mitosis the daughter cells can either
enter a path leading to a fully-
differentiated cell, or it can remain a
stem cell thus ensuring that the pool of
stem cells is not “used up”.

Kinds of Stem Cell

 TOTIPOTENT STEM CELL
Totipotent cells have the potential to
become any type in the adult body and
any cell of the extraembryonic
membrane

 PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL

Pluripotent stem cells are true stem
cells, with the potential to make any
differentiated cell in the body but
cannot contribute to making the
extraembryonic membranes.

o Embryonic (ES) stem cells

These can be isolated from the inner cell mass (ICM) of a
blastocyst
ES cells are frequently used to create transgenic animals.

o Embryonic (EG) germ cell

These can be isolated from the
precursor to the gonads in aborted
fetuses.

o Embryonic (EC) carcinoma cell

These cells can be isolated from a
teratocarcinoma, tumors that
occasionally occur in a gonad of a
fetus.
  MULTIPOTENT STEM CELL
Multipotent stem cells are true stem
cells but can only differentiate into a
limited number of cell types. For
example, the bone marrow contains
hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that
give rise to all the cells of the blood,
but not to other types of cells.

3. Embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer

This procedure entails inserting the appropriate DNA sequence
into an in vitro culture of embryonic stem (ES) cells by homologous
recombination.
A chimera animal emerges as a result. For gene inactivation, the
so-called knock-out method, ES cell-mediated gene transfer is the
preferred method.

Classification of Transgenic Animals

1. Disease Models
 Animal studies led to breakthrough vaccines for polio and
smallpox, and as scientists continue their research on
other diseases, successful therapies in animals may
eventually be approved for human clinical trials.
 constructed to imitate human diseases
 Animal models are less expensive and have less ethical
implications than a human vaccine and medication
research.
 Examples:
OncoMouse™-a transgenic mouse engineered to be
Susceptible to cancer.
ANDi- first transgenic rhesus monkey (Inserted DNA
spelled backward)
Super fly-“Flies actually share about 70 to 75 percent of
genes with humans and close to 90 percent of
disease-causing genes.
Alzhiemers mouse-use to study Alzheimers disease
2. Transpharmers
 Transpharming results in easy product purification, low
production costs, and eliminates the need for drug
refrigeration.
 Transpharmers are animals that produce their own milk
to study the production of pharmaceutical products. All
transpharmed animals are female because male cows
cannot produce milk.
Examples:
Genzyme goats- altered goats to produce human
antithrombin III (hAt), a serum glycoprotein that
controls blood clots.
Transgenic sheep-expressing alpha-1-antitrypsin, which is
also known as AAT. AAT is a protein
produced in the liver, which protects the lungs,
stimulates an enzyme that fights bacteria, and gets
rid of dead lung tissue to keep the lungs
functioning properly.
Baby Herman-cow inserted with lactoferrin protein that
kills bacteria
Rosie-first cow to have human milk protein in its milk.

3. Xenotransplanters
 Xenotransplanters are animals altered to grow human-
compatible organs for animal to human transplantation.
 Because they lack key animal proteins that ordinarily
cover the organ's surface, these organs are more human-
like. As a result, there is less rejection.

4. Food Source
  Food sources are classified as "super" animals, which are
given this name to describe their enormous size. These
transgenic animals have been genetically modified to
produce more meat, resulting in fewer animals being
slaughtered for the same amount of meat.

5.
Biological (Scientific) Models
 This type of transgenic animal aids research into what
happens to genes when their function is boosted,
diminished, or turned off entirely.
 Biological models make it easier to examine how genes
work and what they do. If they are changed, what will
happen? They also aid scientists in their research into
how genes are controlled and how they influence body
functions and development.
Example:
Doogie- a mouse inserted with DNA to improve memory
and learning

Advantages

• Improvement for research, from the point of view of genome.

• Benefits for animal production and health.
• Advances in studies of animal and human diseases, such as
cancer.
• Drug production.
• Organ and tissue donation.
• Creation of genetic banks to prevent the extinction of the
species.

Disadvantages
• By modifying existing species we can put indigenous species at
risk.
• The introduction of new proteins when they previously did not
exist, can cause the appearance of allergies.
• The place where the new gene is placed in the genome may be,
in some cases, indeterminate. Therefore, expected results may
be incorrect.
• Live animals are used, so it is essential to do an ethical
 examination and determine how novel and important the results
of the experiment could be.

Issues Related to Transgenic Animals

 Blurring the lines between species by creating transgenic animals
 There may be health risk associated with transgenic
 There may be a long-term effect in the environment when
transgenic animals are release in the field.
 Various bioethicists argue that it is wrong to create animals that
would suffer as a result of genetic alteration.

What’s More
Activity 1
Directions: Identify the classification of the following transgenic
animals whether it is a disease model, transpharmers,
xenotransplanter, food source, and biological model.

1. Oncomouse
2. Genzyme goats
3. Doggie
4. Galsafe Pigs
5. Super cows
6. Baby Hernan
7. Transgenic Pigs
8. Salmon fish of Aqua Bounty
9. ANDi
10. Alzheimer’s mouse

What I Have Learned

Directions: Complete the paragraph by choosing the answer from the
box
transgenesis gene DNA
transgenic animals improve

below.
 ______________ are the animals with the modified genome.
A foreign _______ is inserted into the genome of the animal to
alter its _______. This method is done to _________ the genetic
traits of the target animal.
The process of creating transgenic animals is called
________.

What I Can Do
Directions: Make a reflection paper about the good and bad effects of
transgenic animals. Use the rubric below as your guide.

Assessment
Directions: Read the items carefully. Select the correct answer from
the
choices. Write your answer in your paper.
1. Name the method used for introducing a foreign gene into an
animal
A. Retroviral vector method
B. Microinjection method
C. Embryonic stem cell method
D. All of the above

2. Which term is used for introducing a foreign gene into the

nucleus.
A. Transfection
B. Transformation
C. Translation
D. Transylvania
3. Animals that have had their DNA manipulated to possess
and express an extra (foreign) gene are known as ______
A. transgenic animals
B. animals
C. infected animals
D. Bt animals

4. Transgenic animals have ______

A. foreign protein
B. foreign gene
C. foreign lipid
D. foreign amino acid

5. Transgenic animals are designed to _______ our

understanding of the role of genes disease.
A. Decrease
B. Increase
C. Similar
D. Equalize

6. The name of the first transgenic cow was _____

A. Dolly
B. Mary
C. Elle
D. Rosie

7. The kind of stem cells use to create transgenic animals.

A. Embryonic stem cell
B. Embryonic germ cell
 C. Embryonic carcinoma cell
D. Embryonic egg cell

8. Which of the following is not a kind of stem cell?

A. Totipotent
B. Multipotent
C. Pluripotent
D. Unipotent

9. The following are the advantages of transgenic animals,

except:
A. Benefits for animal production and health.
B. Advances in studies of animal and human diseases,
such as
C. Can put indigenous species at risk.
D. Drug production.
10. The first heart transplant to a human from a transgenic
animal came from what animals?
A. Monkey
B. Pig
C. Dog
D. Rat

Additional Activities
Directions: Research on the use of transgenic animals for human
transplant.

Answer Keys
What I Know What I Have Learned
1. True 1. Transgenic animals
2. False 2. Gene
3. True 3. DNA
4. False 4. Improve
5. True 5. transgenesis
6. True
7. True
8. True
9. True
10. False

What’s More
1. Disease model 1. D
2. Transpharmers 2. B
3. Biological model 3. A
4. Food source 4. B
5. Food source 5. B
6. Transpharmers 6. D
7. Xenotransplanter 7. A
8. Food source 8. D
 What I Need to Know
Pedigrees are interesting because they can be used to do some
detective work and are often used to study the genetics of inherited
diseases. Individuals may wish to be tested if: There is a family of one
specific disease, show symptoms of genetic disorder, are concerned
about passing on a genetic problem to their children.

What I Know
Directions: Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement
is wrong.
1. All traits from parents will be manifested by the offspring.
2. Only a female child will inherit the traits of the father.
3. If the mother has hypertension, the child will also have.
4. Dominant traits will manifest in every generation.
5. Recessive traits will not show up.
6. Hemophilia is carried by the mother.
7. Male are usually affected by color blindness.
8. Diseases are carried in the 23rd pair of genes.
9. There are two types of inheritance, autosomal and sex-linked.
10. Pedigree analysis can show the likelihood of a disease to be
inherited.

LESSON 2: PEDIGREE ANALYSIS

 What’s In
A pedigree chart displays a a family tree and or shows the members of
the family who are affected by a genetic trait. It is a very important tool for
studying human inherited diseases. These diagrams make it easier to
visualize relationships with families, particularly large extended families.
Pedigrees are often used to determine the mode of inheritance of genetic
diseases

What’s New
To analyze the pedigree of an organism or family, the following
symbols are used:

What is It
A pedigree chart is used in analyzing inheritance. It gives an
idea to understand the mode of inheritance of human traits and
diseases.
 There are two types of inheritance that can be reflected in a pedigree
chart.
The autosomal inheritance wherein the trait, defect or disease is
carried in the 1st up to the 2nd pair of chromosomes and the sex-linked
inheritance where traits, defects or diseases is carried on the 23 rd pair of
genes or in the X or Y chromosomes.
To read a pedigree chart, you need to follow these steps.

 General pattern to prepare a pedigree chart:

o Numbering of individuals is always done from left to right.
o Roman letters indicate the number of generations.
o A square depicts the male individual.
o Circles represent female individuals, and a diamond icon
represents an unknown individual.
o A line between the male and female individual represents a
marriage line.
o Then, a line of descent goes vertically downwards from a line
of marriage to a sibling line.
o Then, a line of an individual indicates offspring.
  Determine the mode of inheritance
o Look into the chart to identify the inheritance pattern,
whether it is autosomal or sex-linked. Males and females are
equally affected in autosomal inheritance. Oppositely, males
are more likely to be affected in sex or x-linked inheritance.

 Determination of traits
o Then, see the chart to identify the traits (whether dominant
or recessive). Dominant traits will never skip a generation,
and one of the parents must carry the trait. Recessive traits
may skip a generation, and a parent doesn’t need to carry
the trait since they can be heterozygous.

Types of Pedigrees Based on Inheritance Pattern

1. Autosomal dominant pedigree chart:
 To determine autosomal dominant
inheritance, you must keep the following
features in your mind:
 Males and females get affected in the same
ratio.
 The genetic traits express themselves in
each generation or never skips a generation.
 Two affected parents can produce an
unaffected child.
 Unaffected parents produce unaffected offspring.
 Heterozygotes are also affected.

2. Autosomal recessive pedigree chart:

 To determine autosomal recessive
inheritance, look for the following features:
 Males and females are affected in the same
ratio.
 The genetic trait may skip a generation
(hidden in heterozygous carrier).
 Two affected parents will only produce
affected children.
  Unaffected parents may produce affected offspring since they are
carriers or heterozygotes.
 Heterozygotes have a normal phenotype.

3. X-linked dominant pedigree chart:

 To determine x-linked dominant inheritance,
look for the following features:
 Both males and females are likely to be
affected.
 The genetic traits may skip a generation.
 The affected father can transfer the disease to
all female individuals.
 Male to male disease transmission does not
occur.

4. X-linked recessive pedigree chart:

 To determine x-linked recessive inheritance,
you must keep the given features in your
mind:
 Males are relatively more affected than
females.
 The genetic trait never skips a generation.
 Only the affected mother can transfer the
disease to the male individuals.
 Disease transmission from a father to a son
will not occur.

5. Y-linked recessive pedigree chart:

 To determine y-linked recessive inheritance,
you must keep the following features in
your mind:
 Only males are affected.
 Y-chromosome carries the genetic trait.
 Disease transmission occurs from a father
to a son.
 What’s More
Activity 1
Directions: Determine whether the type of inheritance shown in the
illustration is autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive,
x-linked dominant, x-link recessive, and y-linked recessive.

Activity 2
Directions: Read the chart below and answer the following question.

Questions:
1. How many males are there?
2. How many males are affected?
3. How many females are there?
4. How many females are affected?
5. How many marriages are there?
 6. How many children did the first couple have?
7. How many children did the third couple have?
8. How many generations are there?
9. How many members are there in the fourth generation?
10. What kind of inheritance pattern is shown in the chart?

What I Have Learned

Directions: Finish the sentences by supplying the correct answer.
1. Pedigree analysis is used to ____________________________.
2. There are two kinds of inheritance the ___________ and ________.
3. Pedigrees can be analyze using the following inheritance
patterns ___________, ____________, ______________, ____________,
and ___________.

What I Can Do
Directions: Choose a trait or disease that you think is dominant in
your
family. Construct a pedigree chart to show the relationship,
history, and the probability of that trait or disease to appear in
the family member. Answer questions that follow.

Questions:
1. What trait or disease did you choose?
2. How many members of the family have it?
3. Who do you think is the carrier?
4. Is there a probability that this trait or disease will continue
in the future generation?
5. What type of inheritance pattern it is?

Assessment
Directions: Read the items carefully. Select the correct answer from
the
choices. Write your answer in your paper.
 1. In the above pedigree, the affected individuals are shown
shaded.  None of the marriage partners from outside these two
families are heterozygous for the trait. What is the inheritance
pattern for this trait?
A. Autosomal dominant
B. Autosomal recessive
C. Sex linked dominant
D. Sex linked recessive

2. What pattern of inheritance is shown in the pedigree?

A. Autosomal dominant
B. Autosomal recessive
C. Sex linked dominant
D. Sex linked recessive

Directions: Use the diagram below to answer the following questions.

3. Which individual is the carrier in the first generation?
A. The male
B. The female
C. Individual 1
D. None of the above

4. In the second generation, how many people have the disease or

display the physical trait?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5

5. How many people in this whole pedigree have the trait/disease?

A. 2
B. 4
C. 3
D. 6

6. The image shows:

A. Not affected Female
B. Not affected Male
C. Affected Male
D. Affected Female

7. The image shows:

A. Not affected Female
B. Not affected Male
C. Affected Male
D. Affected Female

8. What is the mode of inheritance shown here?

A. Autosomal Recessive
B. Autosomal Dominant
C. Sex Linked Recessive
 D. Sex Linked Dominant

9. What is the mode of inheritance shown here?

A. Autosomal Dominant
B. Autosomal Recessive
C. Sex Linked Recessive
D. Sex Linked Dominant

10. The highlighted part in the pedigree chart shows.

A. Marriage
B. Pregnancy
C. Generation
D. Relationship

Answer Keys
What I Know
1. True What I Have Learned
2. False 1. Analyze the history and the
3. True possibility of the traits to
4. False happen in the future
5. True generation.
6. True 2. Autosomal inheritance and
7. True sex-linked inheritance
8. True 3. Autosomal dominant,
9. True autosomal recessive, x-linked
10. False dominant, x-linked recessive,
11. y-linked recessive

What’s More
Activity 1 1. B
2. D
1. Autosomal
3. A
Dominant 4. A
2. X-linked
5. B
dominant 6. C
3. Y-linked dominat
7. A
4. X-linked 8. C
dominant
9. A
5. Autosomal 10. C
Recessive

Activity 2