NATURE OF

INQUIRY AND

RESEARCH

2022 August Group 1 Practical Research

 WHAT IS RESEARCH?

Research is a process to discover new knowledge of

systematic inquiry that entails collection of data;
documentation of critical information; and analysis and
interpretation of that data/information, it is designed to
develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge.

2022 August Group 1 Practical

 Research is investigation or examination
through experimentation aimed at the
discovery and interpretation of the facts,
revision of accepted theories/laws in the light
of new facts or practical application of theories
/laws.
Characteristics of

Research
 1. Systematic
It follows an orderly and sequential procedure that leads to the
discovery of truth, solution of a problem, or whatever is aimed to be
discovered.

2. Controlled
All variables except those that are tested or being experimented
upon are kept constant (meaning not allowed to change/ vary) so
that the changes made on the subjects of the study can be attributed
only to the experimental research.
3. Empirical
All the procedures employed and the data gathered are
perceived in the same manner by all observers.

4. Analytical
There is a critical analysis of all the data used so that
there is no error in their interpretation.
5. Objective, unbiased, and logical
All the findings and conclusions are logically based on
empirical data and no effort is made to alter the results of the
research.

6. Employs Hypothesis
This is to guide the investigation process. In experimental
studies, hypotheses are expressly stated but in descriptive studies,
the specific subproblems/ specific questions serve as the
hypotheses and the hypotheses are tested and not proved.
7. Employs quantitative or statistical

methods
Data are transformed into numerical measures and are
treated statistically to determine their significance or
usefulness.
8. Original work
Except in historical research, data are gathered from primary
sources and not from secondary sources ( usually printed
materials such as books, or thesis, etc.)
 9. Done by an expert
The researcher uses valid and carefully designed procedures,
valid data gathering instruments, and valid data. He subjects his
data to expert scrutiny.

10. Accurate investigation,

observation, and description

Every research activity must be done accurately so that the
findings will lead to the formulations of scientific generalizations.
All conclusions are based on actual evidence.
11. Patients and unhurried activity
This is to ensure accuracy. Research that is hurriedly done
may lead to shaky conclusions and generalizations.

12. Requires an effort-making

capacity.
No research can be conducted without the exertion of
much effort because research involves much work and
time.
13. Requires courage
Research requires courage because the researcher often times
undergo hazards, discomforts, and the like. At times the researcher
encounters public and social disapproval. Also, disagreements with
colleagues may arise.
 c. Kinds and
Classifications
of Research
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1. ACCORDING
TO PURPOSE
Trow identifies three broadly
different kinds of research,
namely, predictive, directive, and
illuminative.

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 1. ACCORDING TO PURPOSE

a. Predictive or prognostic research

- has the purpose of determining the future operation of the
variables under investigation with the aim of controlling or
redirecting such for the better.
b. Directive research
- determines what should be done based on the findings.
This is to remedy an unsatisfactory condition if there is any.

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 1. ACCORDING TO PURPOSE

c. Illuminative research
- concerned with the interaction of the components of the
variable being investigated.

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2. ACCORDING
TO GOAL
According to goal, research may
be classified as basic or pure
research and applied research.

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 2. ACCORDING TO GOAL

a. Basic or pure research

- is done for the development of theories or principles. It is
conducted for the intellectual pleasure of learning.

b. Applied research
- is the application of the results of pure research. This is
testing the efficacy of theories and principles.

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3. ACCORDING TO
THE LEVELS OF
INVESTIGATION
French categorizes research according
to the levels of investigation into
exploratory research, descriptive
research, and experimental research.

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 3. ACCORDING TO THE LEVELS OF INVESTIGATION

a. Exploratory research
- in exploratory research, the researcher studies the variables
pertinent to a specific situation.

b. Descriptive research
-The researcher studies the relationships of the variables.

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 3. ACCORDING TO THE LEVELS OF INVESTIGATION

c. Experimental research
- the experimenter studies the effect of the variables on each
other. (Treece and Treece, Jr., p.6)

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4. ACCORDING
TO THE TYPE OF
ANALYSIS
Weiss classifies research into
analytic research and holistic
research

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 4 ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF ANALYSIS

a. Analytical research
- the researcher attempts to identify and isolate the
components of the research situation.

b. Holistic research
-the holistic approach begins with the total situation, focusing
attention on the system first and then on its internal
relationships. (Treece and Treece, Jr., p.6)

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5. ACCORDING
TO SCOPE
Under this category is action research.
This type of research is done on a
very limited scope to solve a
particular problem which is not so big.
It is almost problem-solving.

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6. ACCORDING TO
CHOICE OF ANSWERS
TO PROBLEMS
Ackoff divides research that is
concerned with finding answers to
problems into evaluation and
developmental research.

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 6. ACCORDING TO CHOICE OF ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS

a. Evaluation research
- all possible courses of action are specified and identified
and the researcher tries to find the most advantageous

b. Developmental research
-the focus is on finding or developing more suitable
instrument or process that has been available. (Treece and
Treece, Jr., p.6)

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7. ACCORDING TO
STATISTICAL CONTENT

Under this type may be mentioned

quantitative research and non-
quantitative research.

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 7. ACCORDING TO STATISTICAL CONTENT

a. Quantitative or statistical research

- is one in which inferential statistics are utilized to determine
the results of the study. Inferential statistics such as
correlation, chi-square, analysis of variance, etc. are used to
test the hypothesis.
b. Non-quantitative research
- research in which the use of quantity or statistics is
practically nil. This is especially true in anthropological studies
where description is usually used.

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8. ACCORDING TO
TIME ELEMENT

Best classifies research as

historical, descriptive, and
experimental.

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 8. ACCORDING TO TIME ELEMENT

a.Historical research describes what was

b. Descriptive research describes what is
c.Experimental research describes what will be. (Treece
and Treece, Jr., p.6)

Historical, descriptive, and experimental are the three

major research methods.

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 D. IMPORTANCE
OF RESEARCH ON
OUR EVERYDAY
LIFE
Research is purposive. The main or principal purpose
and goal of research is the preservation and
improvement in the quality of human life.

“The purpose of research is to serve man,” and “The

goal of research is a good life,” (Good and Scales, pp.
9, 14)

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PURPOSE OF RESEARCH

1. To discover new facts about known

phenomena.
2. To answer problems which are only partially
solved by existing methods and information.
3. Improve existing techniques and develop new
instruments or products.

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PURPOSE OF RESEARCH

4. To discover previously unrecognized

substances or elements.
5. Discover pathways of action of known
substances and elements.
6. To order related, valid generalizations into
systematized science.

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PURPOSE OF RESEARCH

7. To provide basis for decision-making in

business, industry, education, government, and
other undertakings.
8. To satisfy the researcher’s curiosity.

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PURPOSE OF RESEARCH

9. To find answers to queries by means to

scientific methods.
10. To acquire a better and deeper understanding
about one phenomenon.
11. To expand or verify existing knowledge.

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PURPOSE OF RESEARCH

12. To improve educational practices for raising

the quality of school products.
13. To promote health and prolong life.

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PURPOSE OF RESEARCH

14. To provide people with more of their basic

needs.
15. To make work, travel, and communication
faster, easier, and more comfortable.

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 RESEARCH INCREASES
THE QUALITY OF LIFE
Research increases the
quality of life in all
aspects. It helps us do things more conveniently,
enrich our minds with the latest information, and
even predict. Research is a catalyst for solving the
world’s most pressing issues, the complexity of
which evolves over time.
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 RESEARCH EMPOWERS
US WITH KNOWLEDGE
We get to know the way
of nature, and how our
actions affect it. We gain a deeper understanding
of people, and why they do the things they do.
Best of all, we get to enrich our lives with the
latest knowledge of health, nutrition, technology,
and business, among others.
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 RESEARCH DRIVES
PROGRESS FORWARD

progress thanks to the
Mankind has charted such
scientific method. Beyond improving healthcare,
it is also responsible for the evolution of
technology, which in turn guides the
development of almost every other industry in
the automation age.
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 E.DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN RESEARCH
AND PROBLEM-
SOLVING
The researcher must be able to distinguish between
research and problem-solving. His supposed research
problem may only be good for problem-solving. The
differences between the two are summarized as follows:

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 RESEARCH PROBLEM-SOLVING

There may not be a problem, There is always a problem to be

only interest in answering a solved.
question or a query.

A research problem is more A problem to be solved is less

rigorous and broader in scope. rigorous and less broad.

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 RESEARCH PROBLEM-SOLVING

The research problem is not The problem to be solved has to

necessarily defined specifically. be defined specifically and
identified definitely.

All research is intended to solve Problem solving does not

some kind of problem, but this is always involve research
not the primary aim.

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 RESEARCH PROBLEM-SOLVING

Research is conducted not Problem-solving is always

primarily to solve a problem but intended to solve a problem.
to make a contribution to
general knowledge.

Research is concerned with broad Problem-solving is concerned

problems, recurrent phenomena and with a specific problem and
wide application through once the problem is solved that
generalization. It is concerned with
is the end of it.
defining and outlining the properties
of phenomena,

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 RESEARCH PROBLEM-SOLVING

with forecasting future occurrences

so that they may be predicted and
controlled and with describing the
relationship or phenomena by
explaining how and why certain
events occurred or could have
occurred. In this process research
also generates more problems to
explore.

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F. SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY AND
SCIENTIFIC METHODS
F. SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY AND SCIENTIFIC METHOD

- Definition of Scientific Inquiry & Scientific Method

- Difference between Scientific Inquiry and Scientific Method
- Scientific Inquiry Vs. Research
- Importance of Scientific Inquiry/Method
WHAT IS SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY?

- to look for information by asking various questions about

the thing you are curious about.

Example: - to determine how four fertilizers affect the

growth rate of bean plants. How will four fertilizers affect
the growth rate of bean plants?
WHAT IS SCIENTIFIC METHOD?

- is defined as a method of research in which a problem or

issue is identified, relevant data is gathered, a hypothesis is
formulated from this data, and the hypothesis is empirically
tested.
WHAT IS SCIENTIFIC METHOD?
There are 6 steps on the Scientific Method
(1) asking a question about something you observe
(2)doing background research to learn what is already known
about the topic
(3) constructing a hypothesis
(4) experimenting to test the hypothesis
(5) analyzing the data from the experiment
(6) drawing conclusions
 SCIENTIFIC METHOD...

The scientific method is the backbone of all rigorous scientific

inquiry. A set of techniques and principles designed to advance
scientific research and further the accumulation of knowledge,
the scientific method has been gradually developed and honed
by everyone from the philosophers of ancient Greece to the
scientists of today.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY &
SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Scientific Inquiry is different from the Scientific Method.

SCIENTIFIC METHOD follows a linear step - by - step process
in order to answer a question, while SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY does
not follow a linear step - by - step process.
SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY
VS.
RESEARCH
PART 1 | DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY AND RESEARCH

RESEARCH SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY

No personal connection personal desire to know more

innovative/ personal approach

some analysis and synthesis
to research

content leads to personal

reads like a list
reflection and approach.
PART 2 | EXAMPLES

Scientific Inquiry Example

1 (a) A person wants to know the occupant of one
condominium
(b) Aling Riza wants to know the reason behind the
decrease in her sales for the day

2 Research Example
(a) A student wants to know the medical effect of
guava.
(b) A business woman wants to find out which
between these two marketing strategies: free tasting &
attractive packaging could increase daily sales.
IMPORTANCE OF SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY/ METHOD

Both scientific inquiry and scientific method are essential

because they act as a guide into building and creating an
information-based paper/s. They provide structure for us to
come up with the final output.
RESEARCH
ETHICS
WHAT IS ETHICS?

ethics, also called moral philosophy, the discipline

concerned with what is morally good and bad and
morally right and wrong. The term is also applied to
any system or theory of moral values or principles.

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WHAT IS RESEARCH ETHICS?

Research ethics provides guidelines for the

responsible conduct of research. In addition, it
educates and monitors scientists conducting research
to ensure a high ethical standard. The following is a
general summary of some ethical principles:
 RESEARCH ETHICS PRINCIPLES
1. Honesty - The data should never be fabricated,
falsified, or misrepresented.
2. Objectivity - Avoid biases.
3. Integrity - Promises and agreements should be kept.
4. Care - Careless errors and negligence should be
avoided.
5. Openness - The data, results, ideas, and resources
should be shared to the public.
6. Respect for intellectual property - Patents and
copyrights should be recognized.
7. Confidentiality - Confidential communications or
documents should be protected.
8. Responsible Publication - Wasteful and duplicative
publication should be avoided
9. Responsible Monitoring - The research should seek to
educate, mentor, and advise.
10. Respect for Colleagues - All peers should be treated
fairly.
11. Social Responsibility - Social good should be promoted
and social harm should be avoided.
12. Non-discrimination - All those eligible to participate in
research should be allowed to do so.
13. Competence - Professional competence and expertise
should be maintained and improved
14. Legality - Researcher should know and obey relevant
laws and institutional and government policies.
15. Human subject protection - Harms and risks to human
lives should be minimized at the foremost; maximize
benefits instead.
RIGHTS OF RESEARCH
PARTICIPANTS
1. Voluntary Participation
2. Informed Consent
3. Risk of Harm
4. Confidentiality
5. Anonymity
WHY IS RESEARCH ETHICS IMPORTANT?
It is a reflection of respect for those who ‘take part’ in
research
It ensures no unreasonable, unsafe or thoughtless
demands are made by researchers
It ensures sufficient knowledge is shared by all
concerned
It imposes a common standard in all the above
respects
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2022 August Group 1 Practical Research