Name Sumer singh

Roll no 19UELE8033
class BE 4th semester

BATCH: A3

Subject Electrical engineering

workshop
ELCTRICAL ENGINEERING WORKSHOP-2(E)
 Experiment NO. :- 1
Object:- To study about the switch board , wiring
of various appliance and also draw a circuit
diagram for the switch board containing a fan ,fan
regulator, tubelight , bulb and indicator.
A
pparatus Required:-
Rating Quantity
S.No Apparatu
. s
Name
Wire
1. Green(earth), 100m,100m,100
Black(neutral) m
,
Red(phase)
40Watt 1
2. Tubelight
Fan with 60Watt 1
3. regulator
Bulb 100Watt 1
4.
- 1
5. Indicator
Socket 1KW 1
6. Outlet
 Switch 100Watt 4
7.
Switch - 1
8. Board

Theory:-
Normally domestic wiring use in houses small
commercial areas etc. Domestic supply is
available on 230-240Volts & 15A. Normally when
built the domestic wiring houses then the supply is
available on meter fan distribution poles and the
supply is distributing all over a appliances from
meter by through distribution board is a device that
directs electricity from one or more sources of
supply is several smalls regions of uses. It is an
assembly of one or more pannels each of which
contains switches that allows electricity to be so
directed.
Normally distribution board or switch board is
contain indicator, switches etc. Some lines on
switch board we show a protection fuse . Indicator
is show that the line continuely and socket is
useful to connect external appliance which is using
by plug. There are few types of socket two pin 2A,
three pin 5A , three pin 15A, six pin 25 and more
extensive of rating of socket disavailable in
market. It is made by bakelite and Proceline.
switch board is also contain switches which is we
use for making circuit or not. Mostly switch are
available in 2A, 5A, 10A, 15A and 25A rating . It is
made by bakelite . In switch, internally screw and
strips, nut and bolts are made by brass and
similarly in socket internally connection made on
brass bolt.
When build domestic wiring, we must follow the
rules as like phase is most taken as red wire
similarly neutral wire is black color & earth wire is
taken green wire . In socket earth wire is more
thick than phase & neutral wire because it is
contain low resistance path.
Procedure:-
For making domestic wiring for one switch board
phase wire is connect with common copper wire
for all switch any type phase is available on this
terminal of switch and the second wire is taken
from upper terminal of switch and it is direct
connect with appliance as phase wire outlet wire of
appliance is called neutral, it is black wire, neutral
wire of appliance is common. Neutral wire return at
indicators neutral terminal all appliance is must be
connect with earth wire and earth wire must be
connect at earthing domestic writing with on switch
board is shown in fig.

Result:- We have successfully studied about the

switch board's and wiring of various appliance

Experiment NO. :- 2

Object:- To study the construction working

principle of the desert cooler .

Theory:-
Desert coolers are based on the simple principle
that when unsaturated air comes in contact with
water, the water evaporates. In the process, the
moisture content of air increases, while its
temperature decreases. The resulting cold but
moist air is used for providing cooling. Thus a
desert cooler is a simple device, which consists of
an arrangement for blowing dry and hot air over a
wet surface and an arrangement for keeping the
surface wet continuously. The cooler normally
consists of a blower and a pump. Desert coolers
are economical (both initial and running costs are
low) and are effective in hot and dry areas. They
are not effective in humid areas.It is a device that
cools air through simple evaporation of water.
Principle Of Working:-
As the name implies , it is suitable for places
where the humidity is quite low and temperature
quite high. These conditions are in conformity with
desert areas. Hence the coolers are called ‘Desert
coolers’. The principle on which a desert cooler
works is ‘ Evaporative cooling’. Evaporative
cooling is a process in which sensible heat is
removed and moisture added to the air. When air
passes through a spray of water it gives up heat to
water, some of the water evaporated and picks up
heat from the air equivalent to its latent heat . The
vapour thus formed are carried along in stream. In
this way air is cooled and humidified.
Construction and working of a desert cooler:-
1.Blower/ Fan
2. water circulating pump
3.Water wetted pads
4. water tank
5.Float valve
Working:-
The water is filled in the sump of the cooler from
water supply mains , the level of which is
controlled by a float valve. A water pump lifts the
water and supplies it at the top of the cooler to the
water distribution system which consists of small
branches of copper pipe or so equipped with
orifices which deliver equal amount of water to the
troughs which in turns supply water to the wetted
pads. The water which drops back from the pads
is recirculated. The pump may be made of brass ,
stainless steel or even plastic. The blower pulls the
air through the wetted pads and deliver it to space
to be cooled through an opening in the fourth side
of the cabinet of desert cooler. The air which is
sucked through the pads is cooled by the principle
of evaporative cooling . The blower gives
adequate velocity to the air before it is delivered to
the spaces to be cooled. To have long life of the
desert cooler and better performance , pads
should be changed every year and holes for water
distribution system should be cleaned. The tank
should be cleaned just after the season and
coated with corrosion resisting paint .
CLASSIFICATION:-
A. Fan in the vertical plane: the arrangement of the
components is shown in fig. there is a separate
motor for the pump and fan so they can be used
independently. The arrangement of the
components in a box providing 3 pads. The pump ,
pumps the water from the bottom tank to the top
and water trinkles through the holes provided on
the top of tank and falls passing the pads to the
bottom tank.
Advantages of this type of cooler are:
1.The pump cannot be started without starting the
fan , which prevents unwanted running of pump.
2. The system can be used as a cooler in hot
summer and as a fan when cooling is not required.

B. Fan in horizontal plane: The wox type of the

cooler falls under
this class. The
arrangement of the
basic component is
shown in fig. this
differs from the
previous one in fan
arrangement. The
pump and fan are
mounted on same
vertical shaft and
run by a common
motor. Hence the fan and pump cannot be
operated seperately as in the previous
arrangement.
 Advantages of this
system are:
1) 4 cooling pads
instead of 3, hence
cooling capacity is
more.
2) Noise is less than other coolers.
3) Unique omni directional air flow provides better
air distribution in the room.
C) Cooler without water pump: the majority of the
users in india are facing three major problems:
 a) the coolers consume more electrical energy
and hence not economical.
b) the water pumps of the cooler are submerged
in water tanks get damaged frequently.
c)The pads need frequent replacement thereby
causing inconvenience.

To avoid such problems a new model known as

‘Quality desert cooler’ is developed.
Advantages of desert cooler:-
—Less expensive to install because estimated
cost is half that of central refrigerated air
conditioning
—Less expensive to operate because estimated
cost of operation is ¼ that of refrigerated air
—Ease of maintanance because only two main
parts fan &water pump which repair at low cost
Result:- We have successful studied about the
construction, working principle of the desert cooler.

EXPERMENT NO:-03

Object :- the study about the Automatic and non-

automatic electrical iron.
Construction :- A clothing iron works based on
the combination of heat and pressure to
remove wrinkles. Most domestic clothes irons
work in the temperature range of 120oC to
180oC. The working premise of an iron is
simple. It takes in the current from the mains
(power supply). This current heat up the coil
inside the iron. As the coil is heated, it
transfers the heat through conduction to the
base plate. We press this base plate against
the clothes to remove any creases.
Back when I was learning how to iron my
clothes, I was rather annoyed by the whole
process. Apparently, for no reason
whatsoever, the iron kept switching on and off
of its own accord. As much as I was irritated
by this, I was also intrigued by the strange
phenomenon. Thankfully, I soon came to
understand that it was the ‘automatic power
cut’ feature that prompted this action in the
iron.

Working of an electric iron

:- The working of an electric iron is very simple—
it takes current from the mains and heats up a coil
inside it. This heat is then transferred to the base
plate, which is pressed against clothes to remove
creases.
It is the ‘thermostat’ inside the iron that silently
tracks the temperature, and with the help of
other electronics, it is able to turn the power
on and off. The thermostat is arguably the
most important component in the iron, as it
helps to regulate the temperature. It is not
only in clothing irons where thermostats are
used. You’ll also find them in air conditioners,
water coolers, automatic temperature-
controlled rooms, and several other
appliances that require strict temperature
regulation. In fact, roughly half of the
electricity demand in the US comes through
thermostatically-controlled loads.
The basic function of a thermostat can be
deduced from the name alone; the word is
formed from two Greek words: ‘thermo’ (heat)
and ‘statis’ (status quo or constant). As the
name implies, a thermostat’s basic function is
to keep the heat constant in a given setting.
There is one caveat. Many people often
confuse a thermostat with a thermometer, or
use the words interchangeably. Well, they
aren’t really the same thing. The thermometer
is a device that measures the temperature,
whereas a thermostat tries to maintain or
regulate temperature.
The electric irons that we use to press the
creases out of our garments contain a
thermostat, which ensures that the iron
doesn’t get too hot if it’s kept switched on and
left unattended for a long period of time. Let’s
take a look at exactly how the mechanism
works.
An electric iron relies on a basic combination
of heat and pressure to remove creases from
clothes. When an electric current is passed
through a coil (or any other heating element
present in the iron), it gets very hot. This heat
is then transferred to the base plate (the
smooth, flat surface that you place against
clothes while ironing) through conduction,
which elegantly and precisely irons your
clothes. However, if the iron is continuously
drawing electricity from the power supply, the
heating element continues getting hotter. This
causes a lot of energy wastage, as an iron
consumes a lot of electricity even in a few
minutes, ruins your clothes, and in the worst
cases, causes nasty (and potentially
dangerous!) accidents.

Part of electrical iron :-

Bimetallic strip
The thermostat in an iron generally uses a
bimetallic strip. As the name implies, a
bimetallic strip is made up of two different
types of metal—with dissimilar coefficients of
expansion—that are bonded together. This
means that in the presence of heat, they
expand differently. This bimetallic strip is
connected to a contact spring through small
pins.
At moderate temperatures, the contact point
remains in physical contact with the bimetallic
strip. However, when the temperature of the
iron exceeds a certain limit, the strip begins to
bend towards the metal with a lower
coefficient of expansion. As a result, the strip
ceases to be physically connected to the
contact point, the circuit opens and current
ceases to flow.

(a) Under normal temperature (b) When the

iron becomes too hot
 -:Basic circuit diagramme of the
electrical iron:-

Given that the circuit remains open for some

time, the temperature of the iron then drops,
the strip acquires its original shape, and the
current resumes flowing again. So, in a way, a
bimetallic strip works like a bridge to connect
or disconnect the circuit to regulate the
heating.
This cyclic on and off of the iron keeps
repeating until you switch off its power supply
from the main electricity source. This is why
your iron seems to power on and off
intermittently as you iron your clothes.
Adding capacitor
Although a thermostat helps in regulating the
temperature within safe limits, frequent
making and breaking of the circuit to regulate
temperature causes the contact points to
gradually wear out. This may result in
electromagnetic interference, causing trouble
with radio reception. To avert this,
a capacitor is connected across two contact
points. The role of the capacitor is to smooth
out the electromagnetic interference

The Cover Plate:-

The cover plate is made of thin sheet of iron.
It is placed on top of the base plate and it
covers all the internal parts of the iron. The
handle and connector are only attached to the
cover plate.
Handle:-
The handle can be made either with wood or
with plastic. The handle is attached to the
cover plate with the aid of screws. Studs can
also be used for this purpose.
Pilot Lamp:-
The pilot lamp is housed in the cover plate of
the electric iron. One end of the pilot lamp is
connected to supply, while the other end is
connected to the heating element. A shunt
resistance is provided across the pilot lamp
which assists in providing a voltage drop. The
shunt is designed to provide a voltage drop of
2-5 volts.
Thermostat
When it comes to an automatic electric iron,
the thermostat is the most important item. It
uses a bimetallic strip to operate the switch
which is connected in series with the
resistance (or) heating element.
RESULT: - thus we have study about electrical iron
and also we tested the electrical iron.
Object :- study about electrical immersion water
heater.
Theory :- Place the immersion into an empty soda
can filled about ¾ full of water (ALWAYS DO THIS
FIRST, before plugging it in as there is potential for
SEVERE EYE INJURY if the coil is plugged in
without being immersed in water!) Plug it in for a
minute or two, then unplug it without removing it
from the water.
There are actually two different ways to
determine the energy and power outputs of the
immersion coil heater. To determine energy (from
the previous experiment):
Q = [m c Δt ]water + [ m c Δt ] aluminum can
Power (in watts) = Q (expressed in J) / time (sec).
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAMME OF THE
IMMRSION HEATER
Using an insulator for the can (a “koozie”) can
reduce the heat lost to the surroundings. SEPUP’s
Science and Sustainability text actually
incorporates aluminum can insulator design as an
exploration activity, defining minimum heat lost
and/or heat gained over time as the quality
criterion. Size limitations are also defined for the
challenge.
The other method for determining energy
imparted and power consumed is to use the
electrical data imprinted on the device. Most
electrical devices have some combination of
power (or “wattage”), voltage (typically expressed
as a value between 110 and 130 volts AC), and
current (or amperage, measured in amperes or
“amps”).
If “wattage” is provided, it’s easy. The power
output in watts is a direct read, and to calculate
energy you merely multiply the wattage by the
time (in seconds) that the device is plugged in and
turned on.
If “amperage” and “voltage” are given, the
calculation that provides “wattage” is:

Power (W) = voltage (V) x amperage

(A)
Amperage is related to the time rate of electrical
charge flow. One ampere is defined as the
movement of one “coulomb” of charge through a
conductor per second.
By applying both methods, you may be able to
compare the answers and consider “efficiency.”
Comparisons among other electrical heating
methods can be conducted (immersion coil vs.
microwave vs. electric stove )
 Knowledge of the electrical values for an AC
device allows the calculation of energy
consumption of the device. Electrical energy
usage is typically expressed in “kilowatthours”
which can be calculated by expressing the
wattage in kilowatts (divide watts by 1000) and by
multiplying this value by the number of hours that
the device is used. Electric bills typically refer to
“kilowatt-hours per month” to define the energy
consumed during one month. Finally, if you know
the cost of electricity in “dollars per kWh” an
expense calculation can be performed

RESULT:- thus we have study about immersion

water heater and also we tested the water heater.

EXPERIMENT NO: - 5
OBJECT: - to understand the construction, principle of
working, electrical circuit, dismounting, assembling,
possible faults, testing method of following electrical
appliances
(a) Room heater
 (b) Heat converter
Theory: -
(1) Room heater: -
Parts of electric heaters: -
1. Metal body of heater are made of cast iron or
cast aluminium of m.s. sheet.
2. Heat or plate made of China Clay or porcelain
or plaster of Paris, generally various between 9
to 10 in diameter, depending upon the power of
heating element.
3.Element made of round nichrome were to
move the element of 750 w to 1000 w halving
the length of about 40 inch.
4.terminals with nuts and washers.
5.Porcelain beds for insulating purpose.
6. Porcelain beds for insulating terminals.
7. An iron strip to support the heater plate.
8. Nuts, bolts and washers to tighten the heater.
9. 3 or 4 iron strips rivetted with the heater body
for stand.
Construction: - the electric heater, mostly consists of
metal body of thick iron sheet, heater plate made of
china clay or porcelain, heating elements made of
nichrome wire, terminal housing in which the terminals
are fitted with nuts and insulated with porcelain flat
and sound. The ends of element are connected with
these two terminals. The heater plate is separated with
thick iron strips fitted with nut bolts. The ends of
elements are insulated with porcelain beads each
other. There is also one end plate which covers all the
assembled parts of the electric heater. The metal body
is supported with legs made of thick is on sheet or
ebonite. The wooden handles are fixed on the side of
the heater to make it porcelain for operation the wires
electric cord with three pin plug and connection is
required. The electric heaters mostly have three
rivetted is on strips or iron grids on the upper portion
of the metal body which protect the heater plate and
prevent the utensils from touching the elements and
save the operation from the server shock.
In the electric range, the heating units used for
the hot plates in the surface heating unit are of
three types.
(1) Open coil type: - in this type, ordinary table
heaters made of low range coiled nichrome
elements are used.
(2) Solid plate type: - in this type, heater
element is not visible, this type of plates
take much times to become hot and cool
down. So, solid plates type heaters are
generally used in hotel type electric cooling
range.
(3) Tube type: - Generally, triangular shaped
heating units are used in this type element
of nichrome wire insulated with powder of
MgO Filled in the tube. tube is provided
with the sheet the nickel chromium, the
ends of the tube are scaled with glass seal
and low bushing welded lead terminals are
provided at both ends of a tube.
 Testing: - By connecting the 2 ends of testing
leads to the 2 terminals of heater, if the lamp
does not glow, it means that is an open circuit
that is breakage element or disconnecting of
connecting wires at the terminals. If the lamp
gives bright light, it means there is a short circuit
that is, both the connecting wires or steps inside
at the terminals are touching together if the
lamp glows dimly, then the heater element is
correct now to perform the testing one end of
testing leads to one terminal of the heater and
other wire of testing lead to the metal part of
the heater. If the lamp glows means there is an
earth fault that is one part of the element or
connecting wire or Strip is touching the metal
part of heater. If there is sparking on the body, it
means there is leakage, that is, insulating
material is leaking the other fold maybe in cord
or in plug top or in the connecting that is
breaking or disconnecting or wire ends.
(2)Heat converter:- this consist capacitor start
motor on parameter capacitor motor along with
the blades fitted on the shaft of the motor which
throw air out of the converter the heating
element is also arranged in it with the help of
which the air is heated and heats the room the
heating elements of motor is operated with
operate switches and regulations .it is used for
cooling and heating the room it is useful cooling
and heating it throws cool air where the switch
off the heating element is kept off and through
 hold air when the heating element is kept on the
fan is arranged with tangential blowing system
to throw equally in all directions in the room to
warm it very soon. this is very useful because it
is serves to purpose that is cools the room and
warms the room .it also drives up cloth and hair.

Result: - constructions, working principle, testing

possible faults of ordinary type room meter and
heat converted have been studied successfully.

Precautions: - 1. Avoid loose fitting of parts.

2. Insulate yourself on a dry wood be for testing.
3. Heater body should be Properly earthed.

Experiment No.: -6
Object: - To understand the construction principle
of working circuit, assembling, possible faults and
testing methods of following electrical appliances-
1.ceiling fan
2. Table fan

Theory: -
Ceiling fan
A ceiling fan is a device suspended from the
ceiling of a room, which employs mounted rotating
paddles to circulate air.
History Of Ceiling Fan: -
First electrically powered fan was invented in 1882
by Philip Diehl. The invention of ceiling fans was a
very significant contribution to mankind. It is the
simplest and most affordable means to keep
yourself cool in hot and humid climate. Though
today we have the electrical version of the ceiling
fan, it dates back to almost 500 BC.
Working Principle Of The Ceiling Fan
The ceiling fan has a motor that converts electrical
energy into mechanical energy. First, the capacitor
of the ceiling fan torques up the electric motor,
thereby causing it to start and run. As the electrical
current reaches the motor, it enters coils of wire
that are wrapped around a metal base. When this
current passes through the wire, it creates a
magnetic field which further exerts force in a
clockwise motion. In this way, the electric energy is
converted into mechanical energy and causes the
motor coils to spin. The blades attached to the
motor also start gaining motion with the spinning of
the coils.
How The Ceiling Fan Cools
The mechanism behind the ceiling fan is quite
simple. It is a known fact that air naturally stratifies
– the lighter, warm air rises up while the cool air,
that is heavy, sinks down. The rotation mechanism
of the ceiling fan is built in way so as to attract the
warm air upwards. As the hot air rises up, the
blades of the fan slice this air and push it down.
This being a continuous process causes the air in
the room to circulate in the entire room. Thus, a
ceiling fan only moves the air around. Contrary to

the common belief, fans do not exactly cool.

Rather they speed up the process of evaporation
of sweat on our body, which naturally makes us
feel ‘cool’.

Parts Of A Ceiling Fan

A ceiling fan has many components. They are:
•An electric motor
•Encasement that houses the electric motor
•A capacitor
•Blades, that are generally made from iron,
aluminium, or plastic
•Blade irons (also known as blade brackets, blade
arms, blade holders, or flanges), that connect the
blades to the motor.
•A rotor, an alternative to blade irons. It was first
patented by industrial designer Ron Rezek in
1991.
•Flywheel – a metal or plastic or tough rubber
double-torus which is attached to the motor shaft

Type Of Motor Is Used In A Ceiling Fan

In conventional ceiling fans, single phase induction
motor is used. These motors consume minimum
power and hence, are also known as fractional
kilowatt motors. A single phase induction motor
requires only one power phase for operating. It
converts the electrical energy from the power input
into mechanical energy. Single phase induction

motors are used in ceiling fans owing to their

simple design and the fact that they are easy to
repair.
Testing of earth fault-
Make the arrangements as per circuit diagram and
see the light effect of bulb
•If bulb gives light : There is earth fault I.e. leakage
of current in the metallic part of fan's body.
• Check and remove it before using.
• If bulb gives no light: No earth fault I.e. no
leakage of current in the body of fan.
 Result- hence we studied about the construction
principle of working circuit, testing method of
ceiling fan.
Precautions-
1. Before hanging fan all testing should be done
properly.
2. Fan's body (metallic part) should be earthed.
3. Nut bolt should be tighten correctly.
4. Locking pin should be used.
5. Connection should not be lose.
Table fan
A propeller blade fan comprising two or more
blades is directly driven through an electric motor.
It might be a bracket mounted wall kitchen fan,
table fan, or a portable table fan. Four blades table
fans are as well available to acquire more air
delivery.
Parts of Table fan:
The main parts of the ceiling fan are displayed in
the below diagram. The major components are the
following:
Diagram - Internal parts of table fan

Rubber feet Gear box

Back Cover
Regulator Choke Fixing
Screw
Capacitor Bush
bearing
Blade bush fixing screw Link fixing
screw
Spindle Switch
Front cover Pivot pin
Stator Crank lever
Oscillator knob Wire guard
Back cover Bottom
cover
Vertical spindle

Enclosure:
The place in which the fan motor is mounted might
be totally enclosed type or ventilated type. The
enclosure material is usually cast iron.
Body and stand:
The body of the table fan is generally made up of
die cast iron or aluminum alloy. The body is fitted
or mounted to the heavy base stand, made up of
die cast iron or aluminium.
Diagram - External parts of table fan

Motor:
The table fan motor is mainly of a single phase
capacitor start and run or seldom shaded pole type
motor. The motor's operating voltage will be 230 V
± 10 % at a
frequency
of 50 Hz. This
motor contains
two parts that
are stator and
rotor. The stator,
made up of
laminated
silicon steel, uses
two windings termed as starting and running
windings located 90 degree electrical apart. The
windings are located in slots of laminated iron
core. The starting torque relies on sine of angle
among starting winding and running winding
current. Thus Capacitor is employed generate
needed phase shift between these current and
therefore to generate high starting torque and will
be connected in series with starting winding.
Generally in table fan, an electrolytic capacitor of
1.5 mF. Rotor uses 1-phase squirrel cage winding.

Blades:
The blades, 3 or 4 in number, are made-up from
Aluminum sheet foe light weight. Recent table fans
comprise molded blades of plastic material. The
blades are completely balanced to make sure
proper and smooth air delivery. The sweep of the
blade changes from 100 to 400 rpm (Revolutions
per minute). The fan's speed is limited to less than
1000 rpm (Revolutions per minute). The blade
assembly is built-in to the rotor shaft along with a
grub screw.

Guard:
The guard is given for sufficient protection against
personal injury. The front and rear of the fan
guards are made out of wire mesh which covers
the blade. It prevents the external objects coming
in contact with the blade so avoiding an accident.
The front guard is generally detachable and rear
one will be lastingly fixed to the body of the fan.
The diameter of the guard wire is generally not
less than 1.6 mm and not additional than 10 mm.

Bearing
Several fan motors make use of phosphor bronze
sleeve bearings mounted in the bell housings and
make use of felt wick to supply oil to a small hole
drilled by the bearing wall. In the bell housing the
felt wick receives oil from a hole. Several fan
motors employ an integral ball bearing to place the
rotor. It is held in place through spring clips in the
bell housing and is self-aligned.

Mounting:
Mounting means attaching the fan system (motor
and blades) to its bottom. The mounting might be
rigid (change of direction is through turning the
complete fan body) or semi-rigid (the direction of
draught can be changed without changing the
direction of the base).

Oscillating mechanism:
The oscillating mechanism contains a worm gear
or a motor shaft which engages a gear on a short
jack along with the gear on the vertical shaft. A
disc that attached to the lower end of the vertical
shaft rotates at a extremely slow speed and by
way of a strong crank lever attached to the disk at
one end and the motor at the another end, the fan
is caused to oscillate. This standard is used in
several oscillating units built into the gear
mechanism along with a compression stud device.
This design allows the fan to be employed either
as a stationary or an oscillating model.

Supply cord:
A 3 core, flexible sheathed conductor of length
about 2 m is employed that has an earthing
conductor together with other two conductors. A
cord grip is as well inserted at the entry point of
cord into the body.
Fan regulator:Fan regulator is built in the table fan.
There are several types of regulators
i) Resistance wire type
ii) Choke or inductor type
iii) Capacitor type and
iv) Electronic type.
Usually coiled resistance type regulator is
employed in table fan.

Result--we studied the construction and working

principle of table fan.
Precautions --
•The first and foremost one which you need to
follow is to unplug the fan while you are moving it
from one place to another. This is very basic and
does not even need to be mentioned. It will not
only prevent you from getting an electric shock but
also save you from tripping on the wire.

•Do not touch them with wet hands or keep water

near it. Water is a very good conductor of
electricity and thus the shock might be dangerous.
Also, while cleaning the fan unplug and move it
away from the electric source. Plug it once it is
completely dry.
•Other than switching off the fans before cleaning,
make sure to never touch the fan when the power
is on. Do not remove the safety covers when the
fan is switched on or plugged in.
•If you have an industrial pedestal fan or your
pedestal fan is larger than the usual then make
sure service them frequently. This will help the fan
to last long while also ensuring that all parts are
working. If the ball bearings or screws are loose,
they will fix it. Nowadays, there are many pedestal
fans that come with elegant design. They are also
one of the most power-saving fans .

EXPERIMENT NO.:- 7
Object:- To study construction and working
principle of electrical circuit,also possible faults of
following electrical appliances
1. Sandwich toaster
2. Popup toaster
Theory:--
1. Sandwich toaster
Working principle of sandwich toaster-
Like a series of small radiators, the filaments beam
heat toward the bread in the toaster. The steady
supply of heat rapidly cooks the bread. There are
filaments on each wall of the toaster so the two
sides of the bread cook at the same time

Construction of Toaster (contact grill) or sandwich

toaster with the use of heat reflection group.
The invention is referred to the way of construction
of a contact grill or sandwich toaster with
removable plates.
The usual construction of these appliances is done
with the connection of two components the
external cover and the reflector which create the
necessary group for the construction of the
appliance, called for abbreviation reasons basic
group. On the reflector is fixed the heating element
which radiates the heat to the grilling plate of the
appliance. The reflector is connected, either
directly or with use of intermediate components,
with the external body so that the basic group is
created. The basic group is bearing the grilling
plate which can be placed or removed by the user
with a simple way and on which (basic assembly)
are fixed the rest parts which are composing the
appliance.
The two basic groups of the appliance (upper and
lower) are connected between them via
articulation.
According to a previous invention of the same
person (myself), by replacing the reflector with the
heat reflection assembly, the reduction of external
cover temperature is possible. In case of use of
heat reflection assembly the outer reflector creates
with the external cover the basic appliance group
for the appliance creation and on this assembly is
placed the inner reflector which has fixed on it the
heating element. In this was the external cover
temperature is reduced and there is energy
saving.
The disadvantage of these constructions, due to
the direct assembly of the external cover (upper or
lower) with the reflector (according to previous
technique) or with the assembly of heat reflection
(as it is described in the previous invention of the
same), is that due to the direct connection of the
external cover with the reflector, cover
temperatures are to high in many points so that its
construction is necessary to be out of metal or
other thermoset material. With the current
invention modification the construction of a contact
grill or sandwich toaster can be realized having the
heat reflection assembly consisted from the inner
and outer reflector as the "basic group" for
construction realization. On this basic group are
mounted the external cover and the rest of the
necessary parts on points having lower
temperature either directly or with the use of
additional complementary parts. Consequently the
advantage of this modified invention is the fact that
the temperature rise in all area of the upper or
lower external cover is
decreased and therefore the use of materials with
lower temperature characteristics is possible.
The two parts of the heat reflection assembly the
inner and outer reflector are designed in such a
way that after their assembly they create solid
union on which can be assembled the rest parts
necessary for the appliance creation.
In the inner part of the assembly (on the internal
reflector) the heating element is assembled and on
the outer (on the outer reflector) either directly, or
with the use of auxiliary parts, the external cover of
the appliance.On the drawings which are following
there are indicative ways of invention realization.
On drawing 1 indicative parts which are
participating in such a construction are presented
were the external cover is directly on the group of
heat reflection.
The parts of the example are: the heat reflection
group (1) the external cover (4) the cover fixation
supports on the frontal and rear side (9) the
heating element (2) and the grilling plate (3).

Precautions -
If you notice an odd smell or any sparking, unplug
the toaster immediately and contact the retailer
and/or manufacturer.
Always store the toaster away from the sink or any
liquids that could spill on it.
When the toaster is turned off at the socket or
unplugged, wipe the toaster down regularly, but
never use water or any sort of cleaner inside it.
If it’s cracked or damaged in any way, stop using it
and either contact the retailer and/or manufacturer
or buy a new one.
Always turn off the sandwich toaster at the socket
when not in use.
Popup toaster:-
Working principle-A pop up toaster causes the
toast to "pop" up when it stops. ... First, with the
lever pushed down, the toaster allows electricity to
flow through the heating elements, which causes
the bread to start toasting. Second, a spring is
compressed, and a latch holds the lever in place at
the bottom position.
In pop-up or automatic toasters, a single vertical
piece of bread is dropped into a slot on the top of
the toaster. A lever on the side of the toaster is
pressed down, lowering the bread into the toaster
and activating the heating elements. The length of
the toasting cycle (and therefore the degree of
toasting) is adjustable via a lever, knob, or series
of pushbuttons, and when an internal device
determines that the toasting cycle is complete, the
toaster turns off and the toast pops up out of the
slots.
In earlier days, the completion of the toasting
operation was determined by a mechanical
clockwork timer; the user could adjust the running
time of the timer to determine the degree of
toasting, but the first cycle produced less toasted
toast than subsequent cycles because the toaster
was not yet warmed up. Toasters made since the
1920s frequently use a thermal sensor, such as a
bimetallic strip, located close to the toast. This
allows the first cycle to run longer than subsequent
cycles. The thermal device is also slightly
responsive to the actual temperature of the toast
itself. Like the timer, it can be adjusted by the user
to determine the doneness of the toast.[citation
needed] Toasters may also use an electronic
control, where an electromagnet holds the pop-up
mechanism until an adjustable time delay has
passed
Beyond the basic toasting function, some pop-up
toasters offer additional features such as:
One-sided toasting, which some people prefer
when toasting bagels
The ability to power the heat elements in only one
of the toaster's several slots
Slots of various depth, length, and width to
accommodate a variety of bread types
Provisions to allow the bread to be lifted higher
than the normal raised position, so toast that has
shifted during the toasting process can safely and
easily be removed.

Precautions-
Poking knives and other objects into a toaster is
dangerous; aside from a risk of electrocution, such
insertion can damage the toaster in ways that can
increase the risk that the toaster will later start a
fire. Even without such tampering, toasters can
cause house fire.
Result:- We have successfully studied about the
construction and working principle of electric
circuit, also possible faults of sandwich toaster and
popup toaster.

EXPERIMENT NO.:-8
Object :-- To study the construction and working
principle of the following electrical appliance 1.
Hair dryer
Theory :--
A hair dryer or blow dryer is an electromechanical
device designed to blow normal or hot air over
damp hair, in order to accelerate the evaporation
of water particles and dry the hair. Hair dryers
were invented around the end of the 19th century.
The handheld, household hair dryer first appeared
in 1920.
Principle
Normally, evaporation is controlled by relative
humidity — the ratio of the amount of water the air
holds to the amount it could hold. For example, if
the relative humidity is 90%, that means that the
air is holding 90% of its maximum volume of water.
When air is heated, its relative humidity
decreases. It still has the same amount of water,
but it can hold more. The lower the relative
humidity, the more easily water evaporates.
Therefore, hot air will dry your hair faster, since the
water in your hair will evaporate more quickly.

How Does
a Hair Dryer
Work?
The two

important components of a hair dryer are the

electric fan and the heating element (Fig. 1). The
heating element is made out of nichrome wire,
which is a resistor. A resistor resists the flow of
electric energy, turning it into heat energy. In a hair
drier, the air blows past the resistor, absorbing
heat as it passes. Electric hair dryers work by
blowing room temperature air in through the vents.
The air then passes over nichrome wire coils that
heat it, making it able to blow the hair dry with hot
air. The process of air blowing on the hair speeds
up water

evaporation. Applying power to the hair dryer

allows the motor to start spinning the fan inside,
and that is what draws the air in through small air
holes on the side of the dryer.
Fig. 1 Inside a hair dryer: Heating element on the
right and motor-driven fan on the left.
Result--Thus we have studied about construction
and working of hair dryer .

Precautions--
Once you've finished using the hair dryer, unplug it
and let it cool on a heat-resistant surface.
Don't use a hair dryer while you're in the bath, or
near a sink full of water.
Don't reach for the hair dryer if it falls into water -
unplug it straight away and then remove it.
 Experiment NO. :- 9
Object:- To understand the construction and
working principle of electric mixer and grinder.
Theory:-
A kitchen mixer grinds, beats, stirs and whips food.
It is a more efficient way of mixing ingredients than
laboriously stirring with a spoon. There are two
types of mixers: a hand mixer, which has two
whisks attached to it, and a stand mixer, which
uses whisks, paddles, a dough hook and other
attachments. Choosing either a hand or stand
mixer is often a matter of personal preference, but
many people opt for a stand mixer because it is
less tedious to use and is best for mixing large
quantities of heavy ingredients, such as dough.
Hand mixer
This is usually available as a manually-operated
type. Hand mixers preceded electric mixers and
are still used today. A hand mixer consists of a
handle with a hand-operated crank on the side,
geared to two beaters. The handle is held with one
hand and the crank is turned with the other,
turning the beaters which act on the food
ingredients.
 The
electri
cally
powe
red
type
is a
present day innovation of the same hand mixer
concept. This eliminates the use of manual work
and makes it very easy to operate and in a much
lesser time too. It consists of a handle mounted
over a large enclosure containing the motor, which
drives one or two beaters by the mere pressing of
a button. The beaters are immersed in the food to
be mixed. Various attachments – each shaped
differently are provided with a hand mixer to
perform the mixing, folding, beating and whipping
operations specifically.
Stand mixer :
A stand mixer is essentially same as a hand mixer,
but is mounted on a stand which bears the weight
of the device. Stand mixers are larger and have
more powerful motors than the hand-held ones.
They usually have a special bowl that is locked in
place while the mixer is operating.

Mixers are very

different from
blenders.
Blenders
contain sharp blades and operate at higher speeds
compared to mixers and are used more to chop,
liquefy, or break down larger food items. A mixer is
a much slower device without sharpened blades.
GRINDERS/ FOOD PROCESSORS
A food processor is a kitchen appliance used to
facilitate various repetitive tasks in the process of
preparation of food. The term almost always refers
to an electric-motor-driven appliance in the present
day.
The idea of a machine to process food began
when a French catering company salesman,
Pierre Verdun, observed the large amount of time
his clients spent in the kitchen chopping,
shredding and mixing. He produced a simple but
effective solution, a bowl with a revolving blade in
the base. In 1960, this evolved into Robot-Coupe,
a company established to manufacture the first
commercial "food processor" for the catering
industry. Further trials by various people at
different times across the world helped evolve the
present day grinder/ food processor.
Fuctions
Food processors normally have multiple functions,
depending on the placement and type of
attachment or blade. These functions normally
consist of:
Slicing/chopping vegetables
Grinding items such as nuts, coconut kernel,
seeds (e.g. spices), meat, etc
Shredding or grating cheese or vegetables
Pureeing
Mixing and kneading dough
DESIGN & OPERATION
The base of the unit houses a motor which turns a
vertical shaft. A bowl, usually made of transparent
plastic, fits around the shaft. Cutting blades can be
attached to the shaft; these fit so as to operate
near the bottom of the bowl. Shredding or slicing
discs can be attached instead; these spin near the
top of the bowl. A lid with a "feed tube" is then
fitted onto the bowl.
The feed tube allows ingredients to be added while
chopping, grinding or pureeing. It also serves as a
chute through which items are introduced to
shredding or slicing disks. A "pusher" is provided,
sized to slide through the feed tube, protecting
fingers.
Almost all modern food processors have safety
devices which prevent the motor from operating if
the bowl isn't properly affixed to the base or if the
lid isn't properly affixed to the bowl. These are
available as both manually operated models and
electrically operated ones.

Result:- we have studied about the construction &

working principle of electric mixer and grinder.