Determination For Minimum Misciblity Pressure

DETERMINATION OF
MINIMUM MISCIBILITY
PRESSURE
A PROJECT
SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
OF AL-FATAH UNIVERSITY
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
By:
Ali M. Altabrori Dyaa A. Nagmoush

Jamal Y. Almages Moneer M. Agerbi
Supervised by:
Dr. Said I. Aldbaib
Fall-2010
Dedication
This project is dedicated with all our heart to our beloved Parents and
to our dear brothers and sisters.
I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all we would like to thank Allah the Merciful and Almighty for
giving us the support and power to finish this work.
We would like to thank our families specially our parents for their
asking Allah for us to do this project successfully.
We are extremely grateful to our advisor Dr. Said I. Aldbaib for his
guidance and patience during this study.
We would like to extend a special thanks to Dr. Nori K. Ben Hmeda,

for helping us on several aspects of this work.
We would like to extend a special thanks to Eng. Mohamed Hasan,

for helping us in Laboratory work.
Special thanks to Planning Department in Zueitina Oil Company for

supplying us with the data.
We would like to extend my gratitude to the faculty staff and

colleagues in the Petroleum Engineering Department for providing a
cooperative and friendly atmosphere throughout our stay at Al-
Fateh University.
II
ABSTRACT
This work studied the determination of minimum miscibility

pressure in laboratory and using of some correlation for Zella oil field.
First, collect and prepare the sample data and PVT analysis.
Second, run laboratory procedures to determine the minimum

miscibility pressure at different pressures (1000, 1500, 2500, and
3500 psi).
Third, estimates of minimum miscibility pressure by using different

correlations according to the available PVT data.
Fourth, compare the results between laboratory and correlations.
Finally, the summary of conclusions of this Project shows that the

minimum miscibility pressure(MMP) equal 2280 psia at 1.2 pore
volume, and Recovery Factor(RF) of 87.2 %.
III
List of Contents
Dedication………………………………………………………………………….…. I
Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………… II
Abstract…………………………………………………..………………………..…. III
List of Contents…………………………………………………………………..… IV
List of Tables…………………………………………….………………………..... VII
List of Figures………………………………………………………………...……. VIII
Nomenclature……………………………………………………………………..... X
Chapter One
Enhanced Oil Recovery
1.1 Introduction……………………………………………………...………. 2
1.2 Production Categories……………………………………….……….. 3
1.2.1 Primary Recovery…………………….……………………………. 3
1.2.2 Secondary Recovery…………..…………………………………. 3
1.2.3 Tertiary Recovery………………………………….……………... 3
1.3 Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods….……………….……………... 5
1.4 Classification of Enhanced Recovery by the Main
Mechanism of Oil Displacement…….…………….………………. 6
1.5 Factors Affecting EOR Processes…………….……………………. 12
Chapter Two
Miscible Flooding
2.1 Introduction………………………….………………………….……….. 14
2.2 Phase Behavior………………………………………………………..... 15
2.3 Ternary Diagram………………………………………………………… 17
2.4 Miscibility Mechanism…………………………………….…………... 21
2.4.1 Condensing Gas Drive Mechanism…………………..……... 21
2.4.2 Vaporizing Gas Drive Mechanism …………………………… 22
2.5 Basic Methods of Miscible Drive ………………………………….. 23
2.5.1 High Pressure Gas Injection ……………………………..…... 23
2.5.2 Enriched Gas Injection ………………………………………..… 29
2.5.3 LPG Slug Injection ……………………………………………….. 34
2.5.4 Alcohol Slug Injection ……….………………………………….. 36
2.6 Improved Miscible Drive Methods …………..…………………... 37
2.7 Miscible Gas Injection Methods……………………………………. 38
2.7.1 Continues Gas Injection………………….……………………… 38
2.7.2 Slug Gas Injection…………………………………………………. 38
2.8 Disadvantages of Miscible Gas injection………………………… 39
IV
2.8.1 Gas Slippage…………………………………………………………. 39
2.8.2 Slug Size of Miscible Gas………………………………………… 39
2.9 Miscible Flood Sweep Efficiency…………………………………… 40
2.10 Minimum Miscibility Pressure (MMP)…………………………….. 42
2.10.1 Definition of Minimum Miscibility Pressure……………….. 42
2.10.2 Determination of Minimum Miscibility Pressure………... 42
Chapter Three
Carbon Dioxide CO2
3.1 Introduction……….……………………………………….…………….. 47
3.2 Properties of CO2……………………………………………….………. 49
3.3 CO2 sources ……………………………………………………………… 55
3.4 Transportation of CO2…………………………………………………. 58
3.5 Factors that make CO2 an EOR agent …..…………………….. 58
3.6 Disadvantages of CO2…………………….…………………………… 58
3.7 Conditions Gas: Miscible vs. Immiscible Displacement……. 59
Chapter Four
Laboratory Procedure
4.1 2328-900 MMPA instrument (Slim Tube)………………………. 61
4.2 Features and Benefits ………………………………………………… 64
4.3 Lab Procedure ………………………………………..………………... 64
4.3.1 Pre-startup Checks ……………………………………………..… 64
4.3.2 Powering On ……………………………………………………….. 64
4.3.3 Filling the Sample Cylinders with Test Fluids……………. 65
4.3.4 Filling the Cleaning Solvent Cylinders with solvent……. 74
4.3.5 Cleaning MMPA to prepare for test………………………….. 75
4.3.6 Step-by-Step Test Procedure………………………………….. 79
4.3.7 System Shutdown…………………………………………………. 84
4.4 Interpretation of Data and Results ……………………………… 84
Chapter Five
Case Study
5.1 Introduction……………………………………….……………………... 87
5.2 Reservoir Description…………..……………………………………… 87
Chapter Six
Results
6.1 Thermal Expansion Factor (TEF) for CO2……….……………... 92
6.2 Thermal Expansion Factor (TEF) for Toluene ……….………. 96
V
Chapter Seven
Conclusions and Recommendations
7.1 Conclusions……………………………………………………………….. 124
7.2 Recommendations……………………………………………………… 125
References …………………………………………………………………………... 127
VI
List of Tables
Table Description
1.1 Comparison between the different EOR methods………….……….. 10
1.2 Summary of Screening for Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods……… 11
2.1 Miscibility type ………………………………………………………… 20

2.2 NPC CO2 MMP …………………………………………………….…… 43
3.1 CO2 Density ....……………………………………………………….… 51
5.1 Zella Oil Field Data Summary ………………………….………… 88

5.2 Reservoir Crude Composition…………………………………… 89
6.1 TEF for CO2 at 1000 psia ………………………………..………… 92

6.2 TEF for CO2 at 1500 psia ………………………………..………… 93
6.3 TEF for CO2 at 2500 psia ………………………………..………… 94
6.4 TEF for CO2 at 3500 psia ………………………………..………… 95
6.5 TEF for Toluene at 1000 psia …………………………….……… 96
6.9 Lab Results ……………………………………………………………… 118
6.10 Comparison between Lab and Correlations Results………. 118
VII
List of Figures
Figure Description
1.1 Oil Recovery Classifications ……………………….….…………... 2
1.2 Oil Recovery Categories ………………………….…………………. 4
1.3 Water Flooding ………………………………………….…………..... 7
1.4 Gas Injection Method…………………………………………….….. 7
1.5 Steam Injection …………………………………………………….…. 8
1.6 In situ Combustion ……………………………………………..….... 8
1.7 Surfactant/Polymer Flooding ………………………………….….. 9
1.8 Polymer Flooding …………………………………………….….….... 9
2.1 Miscibility Process ………………………………….….……………... 14

2.2 Pressure-Temperature Phase Diagram for Reservoir Fluid 17
2.3 Ternary Diagram of three component mixtures………….…. 18
2.4 Ternary Diagram ………………………………………………………. 20
2.5 Miscibility Mechanism …………………………………………...….. 21
2.6 Condensation Mechanism ………………….……………….……… 22
2.7 Vaporization Mechanism ……………………………………….…… 23
2.8 High Pressure Gas Ternary Diagram …………………..….…... 25
2.9 Vaporizing Process ……………………………….………………….. 26
2.10 High pressure gas miscibility pressure……………………….… 27
2.11 Miscibility Pressure Determination………………………….……. 28
2.12 Enriched gas ternary diagram…………………………………..... 29
2.13 Rich Gas Injection……………………………………………………… 30
2.14 Enriched Gas Operating Conditions…………..………………... 32
2.15 Enriched Gas Composition……………………………………….…. 32
2.16 LPG Ternary Diagram………………………………………………… 35
2.17 LPG Phase Envelope……………………………………………….…. 35
2.18 Continues Gas Injection………………………………………….….. 38
2.19 Slug Gas Injection……………………………………………….…….. 39
2.20 Mobility Ratio vs. Produced Oil …….……………………….……. 41
2.21 Pressure required for Miscible Displacement in CO2
Flooding……………………………………………………………………. 44
2.22 Holm & Josendal and Yellig & Metcalfe Minimum Miscible
Pressure Correlation for CO2……………………………………….. 45
3.1 Compressibility Factor of CO2………………………………….….. 50

3.2 Density of CO2 as a Function of Pressure and
Temperature ……………………………………………………………. 52
VIII
3.3 Viscosity of CO2 as a Function of Pressure ………………….. 53
3.4 Enthalpy of CO2 from Thermodynamic Properties…………. 55
4.1 2328-900 MMPA instrument …………………………………….... 63

4.2 Flow diagram of MMP instrument………………………………... 66
5.1 Zella Field Location Map ……………………………..…………….. 87
6.1 TEF vs. Temperature for CO2 at 1000 psia ………………….. 92

6.5 TEF vs. Temperature for Toluene at 1000 psia ……….…… 96
6.9 CO2 Oil Tank at 1000 psia and 88 oC …………………………… 103
6.13 MMP at Gas Breakthrough………………………………………….. 119
6.14 MMP at 1.0 Pore Volume of Gas Injected……………………… 120
6.15 MMP at 1.2 Pore Volume of Gas Injected……………………… 121
6.16 MMP for Ultimate Oil Recovery……………………………………. 122
IX
. Nomenclature
Nomenclature
T = Temprature, (oF).
P = Pressure, (psi).
Pm = Miscibility pressure, (psi).
Pi = Initial reservoir pressure, (psi).
Z = Compressibility Factor.
M = Apparent molecular weight.
R = Universal gas constant, (psi.cuft/lb mol.oR).
H = Enthalpy.
U = Internal energy.
W = Work done.
D = Depth, (ft).
h = Average net pay thickness, (ft).
Swi =Initial Water Saturation, (fraction)
K = Permeability, (md).
GOR = Gas oil ratio.
N = Oil initial in place.
Np = Produced oil.
TEF = Thermal expansion factor.
Latin Abbreviation:
β = Formation Volume Factor, (Res. Vol/Sur. Vol).

ρ = Density.
Ɣ = Specific gravity.
μ = Viscosity, (cp).
φ = Porosity, fraction.
X
Chapter One

Chapter (1) Enhanced Oil Recovery

1.1 Introduction:
The terms primary oil recovery, secondary oil recovery, and

tertiary (enhanced) oil recovery are traditionally used to describe
hydrocarbons recovered according to the method of production or
the time at which they are obtained. The figure (1.1) illustrates the
oil recovery classification.
Figure (1.1): Oil Recovery Classifications. (Russel 2003)
2
1.2 Production Categories:
1.2.1 Primary Recovery
Primary oil recovery describes the production of hydrocarbons

under the natural driving mechanisms present in the reservoir
without supplementary help from injected fluids such as gas or
water.
1.2.2 Secondary Recovery
Secondary oil recovery refers to the additional recovery those

results from the conventional methods of water injection and
immiscible gas injection. Usually, the selected secondary recovery
process follows the primary recovery but it can also be conducted
concurrently with the primary recovery. Waterflooding is perhaps the
most common method of secondary recovery.
1.2.3 Tertiary Recovery
Tertiary (enhanced) oil recovery is that additional recovery over

and above what could be recovered by primary and secondary
recovery methods.
Various methods of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) are essentially

designed to recover oil, commonly described as residual oil, left in
the reservoir after both primary and secondary recovery methods
have been exploited to their respective economic limits.
The figure (1.2) illustrates the concept of the three oil recovery
categories.
3
Figure (1.2): Oil Recovery Categories. (Tarek 2001).
The purpose of enhanced oil recovery is restoration of

formation pressure and fluid flow to a substantial portion of a
reservoir in order to recover as much of the remaining oil as possible.
It is estimated that by a combination of unique sweep and
displacement characteristics, in a carefully selected, well good
operation, an additional 30% of the original oil in place could be
recovered by EOR techniques.
The definition of enhanced recovery methods as used by the oil

and gas regulatory bodies is production of crude oil from reservoirs
through actions taken to increase primary reservoir drive via pressure
maintenance, waterflooding, gas injection, miscible fluid
displacement, in situ combustion, cyclic steam injection, steam
flooding, CO2 injection, polymer flooding, caustic injection or related
methods. (Carcoana 1992).
4
1.3 Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods:
1. Improved Waterflooding
Viscous or Polymer Flooding
Low Interfacial Tension Waterflooding
Alkaline Flooding
2. Miscible-Type Waterflooding
Alcohol Flooding
Surfactant / Polymer (Micellar) Flooding
3. Hydrocarbon and Other Gas” Method

Miscible Solvent (LPG or Propane) Flooding
Enriched Gas Drive
High Pressure Gas Drive
Carbon Dioxide Flooding
Acid or Flue Gas Injection
Inert Gas (Nitrogen) Injection
4. Thermal Recovery
a. Steam and Hot Water Injection

Steamflooding
Hot Water Flooding
Steam Stimulation
Vapor-Therm Methods
b. In-Situ Combustion
Forward Combustion
Wet Combustion
Reverse Combustion
5
1.4 Classification of Enhanced Recovery by the Main

Mechanism of Oil Displacement:
1. Solvent Extraction or "Miscible-Type" Processes

Hydrocarbon Miscible Methods
Carbon Dioxide Flooding.
Nitrogen and Flue Gas.
Alcohol Flooding or Other Liquid Solvent Flooding.
Solvent extraction of Mined, Oil-bearing Ore.
2. Interfacial Tension Reductions Processes

Surfactant (Low Interfacial Tension) Waterflooding.
Surfactant /Polymer (Micellar) Flooding (sometimes Included
in Miscible-Type Flooding Above).
Alkaline Flooding.
3. Viscosity Reduction (of oil) or Viscosity Increase (of driving fluid)

Plus Pressure
Steam flooding.
Fire flooding.
Polymer flooding. (Erie 1985)
Figures from (1.3) to (1.8) show a schematic of different Enhanced

Oil Recovery processes.
6
Figure (1.3): Water Flooding.
Figure (1.4): Gas Injection Method.
7
Figure (1.5): Steam Injection.
Figure (1.6): In situ Combustion.
8
Figure (1.7): Surfactant/Polymer Flooding.
Figure (1.8): Polymer Flooding.

(Kharrat 2008)
9
Table (1.1): Comparison between the different EOR methods
Recovery Injection Process
Methods Applicability
efficiency Pressure Costs
High
Front-end
displacement
Micellar chemical Wide range
& areal
polymer costs are of reservoir
sweep
high
Efficiency
Chemical Enhance Relatively Wide range
Processes caustic Sweep inexpensive of crude
efficiency to apple oils
Increase
areal & Wide range
polymer Expensive
sweep of reservoir
Efficiency
High Limited by
Front-end
Steam displacement depth
High cost are
injection efficiency (4000-
moderate
Thermal (up to 60 %) 5000) ft
Processes Wide
High Compression
In-situ variety of
displacement High costs are
combustion reservoir up
efficiency high
to 40° API
Slug
Poor sweep Wide range
LPG Low material are
efficiency of reservoir
expensive
Enriched Poor sweep Gas cost are
Low limited
gas efficiency high
Limited
Hydrocarbon
Displacement reservoirs
miscible Cost of
efficiency oil must be
processes HPLG High natural gas
approaching rich in (C2 –
is high
100% C6)
components
Poor areal
Lean Gas sweep
efficiency
10
Table (1.2): Summary of Screening for Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods

Oil Properties Reservoir Characteristics
Gravity, Viscosity, Formation Net Average Depth,
Method o Composition Oil Saturation Temp, oF
API CP Type Thickness, ft Permeability, md ft
˃10% mobile Sandstone or
Water Flood ˃25 ˂30 N.C N.C N.C N.C N.C
oil Carbonate
˃200
Gas Injection Methods
(LPG)
Sandstone or Thin unless
Hydrocarbon ˃35 ˂10 High % of C2-C7 ˃30% PV N.C ˃5000 N.C
Carbonate Dipping
(H.P
gas)
˃24 Sandstone or Thin unless
Nitrogen & Flue Gas ˂10 High % of C1-C7 ˃30% PV N.C ˃4500 N.C
˃35 for N2 Carbonate Dipping
Sandstone or Thin unless
Carbon Dioxide ˃26 ˂15 High % of C5-C12 ˃30% PV N.C ˃2000 N.C
Carbonate Dipping
Light
Sandstone
Surfactant/Polymer ˃25 ˂30 Intermediate ˃30% PV ˃10 ˃20 ˂8000 ˂175
Preferred
desired
Sandstone
Preferred
Chemical
Polymer ˃25 ˂150 N.C ˃10% PV N.C ˃10 (Normally) ˂9000 ˂200
Flooding
Carbonate
Possible
Above
Some Organic Sandstone
Alkaline 13-35 ˂200 Waterflood N.C ˃20 ˂9000 ˂200
Acid Preffered
Residual
Sand or
˂40 (10-25 Some Asphaltic Sandstone ˃150
Combustion ˂1000 ˃40-50% PV ˃10 ˃10 ˃500
normally) Components with High Preferred
Thermal
Porosity
Sand or
Sandstone 300-
Steam Flooding ˂25 ˃20 N.C ˃40-50% PV ˃20 ˃200 N.C
with High 5000
Porosity
N.C = Not Critical
(Kharrat 2008).
11
1.5 Factors Affecting EOR Processes:
1. The reservoir characteristics.

Average depth.
Structure, in particular the dip of the bed.
Degree of homogeneity.
Petrophysical properties (permeability, capillary pressure,
wettability).
2. The nature of the displacing and displaced fluids.

Fluid viscosity.
3. The arrangement of production and injection wells.

Injection to production wells location.
12
Chapter Two
Miscible Flooding
Chapter (2) Miscible Flooding
Miscible Flooding
2.1 Introduction:
Displacement of crude oil with drive agents such as water or

natural gas leaves behind immiscibly-trapped oil saturation, which is
a large fraction of the initial oil saturation. This is the case even when
the amount of drive agent is equal to a very large number of pore
volumes. It would seem advisable, therefore, to use a displacing
agent that is miscible with the crude oil. By "miscible," we mean that
there is only a single non-aqueous phase present when any
proportions of the crude oil and displacing agent are mixed together
and allowed to come to equilibrium. The phrase "miscible in all
proportions" is often used to describe this condition.
Figure (2.1): Miscibility Process. (Ben Hmeda 2010).
14
While the above definition of "miscible" is generally true, there
is a distinction between a displacing agent that is immediately
miscible with the crude oil and one that develops miscibility after a
series of equilibrium contact stages. In the first case, the agent is
first-contact miscible with the crude oil. In the second case, the
agent is multiple-contact, or conditionally miscible. Another phrase
used to describe this second case is developed miscibility. (Aurel
Carcoana 1992).
Reservoir pressure, reservoir temperature, and composition of

displaced and displacing fluid are miscibility terms, if one of the
previous terms is absent, there is no miscibility.
Static Miscibility (First Contact Miscibility F.C.M) existed under

certain conditions of pressure, temperature, and composition, the
miscibility directly achieved between the gas injected and oil
displaced.
Dynamic Miscibility (Multi Contact Miscibility M.C.M) existed

through a multi contacts between the gas injected and the displaced
oil. M.C.M obtained after long time and multiple stages. (Ben Hmeda
2010).
2.2 Phase Behavior:
The miscible displacement mechanism of the EOR Processes is

understood when the phase behavior of crude oil, water, and
enhanced oil recovery (EOR) fluids is known. A Phase is a
homogeneous, physically distinct, mechanically separable portion of a
material with a given chemical composition and structure (Barrett et
al., 1973). Oil and water represent two distinct liquid phases. Ice
cubes in a glass of water is a two–phase system (ice and water). Ice
cubes, water, and the vapor above the glass is a three–phase
15
system. Even two regions of a sold with different compositions or
crystal structures represent two distinct solid phases.
The number of components is a system in the number of

different kinds of atoms or molecules. An alloy, such as steel,
consisting of two elements (iron and carbon) has two components.
Water, H2o, is a compound (having two elements); however, there is
but one component, namely the water molecule. Oil is a complex
multi component system in which the components are the molecule
of methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), and so on. Thus, if
the elements of the system always appear in the form of a
compound, we count only the molecule as the component and not
the elements themselves (Barrett et al., 1973).
The change from water phase to vapor (steam) phase is

dependent on both temperature and pressure. A graphical
representation of the corresponding values of temperature and
pressure at which phase changes occur is called a pressure-
temperature (P-T) or a phase diagram. Other useful methods for
displaying phase behavior data are triangular or ternary diagram and
pressure –composition (P-X) diagrams. The first two methods, P-T
and ternary diagrams will be presented here. The third, (P-X)
diagram for mixtures of miscible displacement fluids and reservoir
oils, is more complex since the exact composition of a reservoir fluid
is very difficult, if not impossible, to discern. (Aurel Carcoana 1992).
Pressure-temperature diagram are also useful for studying the

miscibility behavior between a solvent and crude oil or between a
solvent and dry gas.
16
Figure (2.2): Pressure-Temperature Phase Diagram for Reservoir

Fluid. (Craft 1990)
2.3 Ternary Diagram:
The ternary diagram represents, on an equilateral triangle, the

phase behavior of a three-component mixture (figure 2.3). Each
corner of the equilateral triangle represents one of the components
(100 percent), and each side corresponds to zero percent of the
component represented by the opposite corner. This simple three-
component system has characteristics as follows (Stalkup, 1984):
17
Mixture can be plotted on the diagram. Thus, mixture A in
figure (2.3) contains 40 percent component 1, 20 percent
component 2, and 40 percent component 3.
A mixture with an overall composition given by point A is a two-

phase mixture at a given pressure and temperature: an
equilibrium gas phase (assuming component 1 is a gas) with
composition Y saturated with condensable components at its
dew point and an equilibrium liquid phase with composition X
saturated with vaporizable components at its bubble point.
Figure (2.3): Ternary diagram of three component mixtures.
The tie line is the dashed (X-Y) connecting the equilibrium gas
and liquid compositions. The tie lines must vanish as the plait
point is reached since all phase compositions are equal at this
point.
The dew point curve connects all the dew point compositions.
The bubble point curve connects all the bubble point

compositions.
18
The plait point is the critical point where these curves meet and
form the bimodal curve which separates region of one-phase
behavior with composition lying inside the curve.
The limiting tie line is the line tangent to the bimodal curve
through the plait point.
The two-phase region's size is reduced when pressure in

increased and is increased when temperature increase.
The compositions of all the mixtures of two fluids are

represented by the straight line connecting the composition of
two fluids. For example, along straight line connecting the
bubble point of fluid "x" with that of component 2 lies the
compositions of all mixtures of two fluids, indicating that 2 is
completely miscible with fluid "x" (one-phase region). Along
the straight line connecting the bubble point of fluid "x" with
that of component 1, all mixtures of the two fluids are
immiscible since the mixture fall into the two-phase region.
(Aurel Carcoana 1992).
In two phase region, the possibility of miscibility decrease when

two phase region area increase and vice versa, two phase region can
be controlled by the pressure and temperature. (Latil 1980).
From phase equilibrium diagram we can know the type of

Miscibility, as shown in figure (2.4):
19
Figure (2.4): Ternary Diagram. (Ben Hmeda 2010)
Where:
A-B line: Tie Line.
E-F line: Critical Tie Line.
C-G curve: Bubble Point Curve.
C-H curve: Dew Point Curve.
V: Vapor Phase Region.
L: Liquid Phase Region.
D: Two Phase Region.
C: Critical Point at critical pressure, critical temperature, and
composition in critical condition.
Region (1&2): critical mixture.
Table (2.1): Miscibility type

Regions Miscibility Type
L+1 Static miscibility
L+2 Thermodynamic miscibility
V+1 Thermodynamic miscibility
V+2 Static miscibility
20
2.4 Miscibility Mechanism
Two classical mechanisms have been identified for achieving

multiple contact miscibility. They are condensing gas drive and
vaporizing gas drive.
Figure (2.5): Miscibility Mechanism.
These classical processes along with the interpretations of

deviations from these interpretations are described in the following:
2.4.1 Condensing Gas Drive Mechanism
The condensing gas drive multiple contact miscibility

displacement mechanism reflects the In situ generation of miscibility
through condensation of intermediate hydrocarbons (Ethane to
Pentane) from the solvent into the reservoir oil. When lean oil
21
contacts injected rich gas (C2-C6), causing oil condensation which
introduce Miscible zone (Buffer zone), where the oil acquires mobility
and flow forward to the producer.
Figure (2.6): Condensation Mechanism.
2.4.2 Vaporizing Gas Drive Mechanism
The vaporizing gas drive process for achieving multiple contact

miscibility differs from the condensing process in that it relies on the
in situ vaporization of intermediates from the oil into the solvent to
generate solvent oil miscibility. When rich oil contacts injected poor
gas, causing oil vaporization which introduce miscible zone (Buffer
zone), where the oil acquires mobility and flow forward to the
producer. (Teknica 2001).
22
Figure (2.7): Vaporization Mechanism.
2.5 Basic Methods of Miscible Drive:
The main standard methods of miscible drive are:

High pressure gas injection.
Enriched gas injection.
LPG slug injection.
Alcohol slug injection.
2.5.1 High Pressure Gas Injection:
Two types of gas are commonly used in high pressure gas

injection, natural (hydrocarbon) gases and inert gas.
A. Phase conditions in the reservoir:
Figure (2.8) illustrates the phase condition during high pressure

gas injection. The initial composition of the injected gas corresponds
to point G.
23
Figure (2.9) shows the various stages in the formation of a
miscible displacement front in the reservoir.
As will be shown, point O, corresponding to the oil composition,

must lie to the right of the tangent at the critical point; the oil must
be rich in intermediate components.
At the start of injection, the displacement is non miscible and

the line G O crosses the diphasic region. Thus some residual oil of
composition O remains behind the gas–oil front.
The oil O and gas G are not in thermodynamic equilibrium.

Phase exchange take place and the result, at a given time and place,
is gas of composition g1 and oil of composition o1. The gas becomes
richer in intermediate and heavy components.
The oil O while changing composition to that of o1, tends to

shrink. The oil saturation behind the front thus remains below the
critical value and stay trapped, while the gas g1 is displaced towards
the front by the subsequent injection of gas G (state 2).
The gas g1 comes into contact with newly formed residual oil of
composition O. since the fluids are not in equilibrium, phase
exchange takes place and results in a gas g2 being in contact with
the front. The oil o2, in contact with gas G, gives up more
intermediates and its composition becomes Oa (State 3). (Latil 1980).
This progress continues until the composition of the gas in

contact with the virgin oil becomes gt and O has been achieved. From
this point on, the displacement is miscible and no residual oil is left
behind the front.
24
Behind the miscible bank the previously formed residual oils, of
composition o1, o2 etc., continue to lose intermediates the gas G. The
limiting oil composition is op, on the tie line through G. The oil op can
exchange no further components with gas G and is unrecoverable.
The experience of various operators indicates that a miscible

bank is created after the injected gas has travelled a dozen meters or
so from the injection well. The quantity of unrecoverable oil under
these conditions will clearly be negligible.
High pressure gas injection is also known as “high pressure gas

drive” and “Vaporizing gas drive”.
Figure (2.8): High Pressure Gas Ternary Diagram.
25
Figure (2.9): Vaporizing Process.
B. Miscibility Pressure:
On the ternary diagram drown at reservoir temperature;

miscibility can be only achieved between gas and oil of fixed
composition G and O respectively if the line Ogt is a tangent to the
dew point curve. This will only be the case at a pressure equal to or
greater than the “miscibility pressure” Pm, at which the tangent at
the critical point pressure through O figure (2.10). (Latil 1980).
26
The miscibility pressure for any particular combination of oil
and gas is thus can be determined experimentally using a high
permeability artificial porous medium, in which high fluid velocities
can be achieved and the experiments concluded in a reasonable time.
Along artificial porous medium (around 1 to 2 m, so that the mixing
zone has time to form) is fixed vertically and saturated in oil. Using a
sample of the gas to be injected, displacements are made at
successively increasing pressure and the recovery achieved noted. It
will be found that recovery increases with pressure at first, then
stabilizes figure (2.11) the pressure at which the slope of the curve
changes is the miscibility pressure.
Figure (2.10): High pressure gas miscibility pressure.
27
Figure (2.11): Miscibility Pressure Determination.
Each miscibility pressure determination, requiring 8 to 10

displacements, normally takes up to 5 days of laboratory work.
C. Application of High Pressure Gas Injection:
The miscibility bank is extremely stable if a miscibility rupture

occurs (due to heterogeneities, channeling, etc.) the miscibility bank
reforms in the way described above.
The application of this process demands the following

conditions:
High reservoir pressure (deep formation). The minimum
pressure required is of the order of 3000 to 4500 psia.
Oil rich in intermediates (gravity greater than or equal 35 oAPI).
(Latil 1980).
28
2.5.2 Enriched Gas Injection:
A. Description of the process:
In this case the formation of a miscible bank is achieved by way of

the intermediates components in the natural gas. The process is also
known as Condensing Gas Drive.
The injected gas is relatively rich in C2 to C6 and is represented by

the point G on the ternary diagram figure (2.12). The oil in place is
assumed to be heave. (if the oil was light, i.e. rich in the
intermediates, a dry gas could be used).
Figure (2.12): Enriched gas ternary diagram.
29
It can be seen that, as before, in order that miscibility be
achieved at the operating temperature and pressure, the composition
of the oil O and the gas G must lie on opposite sides of the tangent
at the critical point.
Figure (2.13) illustrates what happens in the reservoir during

the displacement. When enriched gas injection is started, the process
is at first of the classical non-miscible type. Thus the residual oil O is
in contact with gas G (state 1).
By similar reasoning to that used on the case of high pressure

injection, we can see that the oil behind the front will become
progressively richer until it attains the composition Ot figure (2.9),
while the gas in contact with the virgin oil at the front becomes
progressively drier than G (g1, g2, etc.) until by continual phase
exchange with oil or it reaches the composition gp (on the tie line
passing through O).
Figure (2.13): Rich Gas Injection.

30
As the composition of the oil changes from O to Ot the residual
oil behind the front swells due to the absorption of light and
intermediate components from the gas. At a certain stage of the
saturation will have increased sufficiently that the oil becomes mobile
on the bank of oil composition Ot will be formed.
At the end of this process there is no residual oil (assuming

that asphaltenes and heavy components are not precipitated by the
light alcanes), in contrast to high pressure gas drive in which the
resulting heavy oil op is unrecoverable.
The amount of dry gas ahead of the miscibility bank is

continually reduces by absorption by fresh quantities of residual oil
with which it comes into contact. If the oil is highly undersaturated
the gas will be completely dissolved, if not some residual gas will
remain stationary and will be bypassed by the miscibility bank,
eventually being diluted in the driving gas.
B. Operating Conditions:
In the case of enriched gas injection the operating parameters

are pressure and, possibly, the composition of the injected gas
(which can be made richer by the addition of butane and propane or
even LPG, the composition of which is indicated by the point L) figure
(2.14) and figure (2.15). (Latil 1980).
31
Figure (2.14): Enriched Gas Operating Conditions.
Figure (2.15): Enriched Gas Composition.
32
The rich gas may be obtained from a nearby reservoir or from
one stage of the field crude separator, or may be a dry natural gas to
which propane and butane has been added before injection.
1. Miscibility pressure for a given gas composition:
On the ternary diagram drown at reservoir temperature; miscibility

can be only achieved between a rich gas Gr and oil O of fixes
composition if the line Gr ot is tangent to the bubble point curve. This
can only achieved at pressure equal to or greater than the miscibility
pressure Pm, at which the tangent at the critical point passes through
Gr.
The miscibility pressure for the gas of composition Gr is

determined experimentally, as in the case of high pressure gas
injection.
2. Composition Cm required for miscibility at a given pressure:
If the gas is composed of a mixture of G and L, the first

composition Cm at which the fluids are miscible at pressure P is as
shown on figure (2.15).
In practice, miscibility pressures are determined for a range of

composition C’, C’’, C’’’, C’’’’ and a plot of composition vs. miscibility
pressure drawn. The required composition Cm can then be read from
the curve at the pressure P.
From a ternary diagram it can readily be appreciated that the

richer the gas used, the lower the operating pressure may be, all
other things being equal. (Latil 1980).
33
However propane and butane are expensive and there
continues injection could hardly be considered. As soon as a miscible
bank has formed, the injection or rich gas is replaced by the injection
of dry gas miscible in all proportions with rich gas behind the front.
If should be noted that the miscible bank does not have the
same stability as high pressure injection, the components required to
form the miscible bank exist in every part of the reservoir, since they
are contained in the oil place.
However, in enriched gas injection, the necessary components

are not found in the reservoir but are obtained from the injected rich
gas.
Thus the injection of rich gas should not be stopped until there
is a sufficient reserve of rich gas behind the miscibility front. The
volume of rich gas required depends on the nature of both gas and
oil evolved. The further a part the composition of the gas and oil on
ternary diagram, the greater the volume of rich gas required to form
the miscible bank.
Enriched gas injection is most suited for the displacement of oil

containing only small quantities of intermediates, when the reservoir
pressure and temperature are moderately high. Displacement
pressure usually fall between 200 to 3000 psia.
2.5.3 LPG Slug Injection:
In this method, the miscible bank is formed at the outset by the

injection of LPG of composition L, followed by the injection of dry gas
G Figure (2.16). (Latil 1980).
34
The LPG is fully miscible with the reservoir oil in place O. it will
also be miscible with the driving gas as long as the reservoir pressure
is higher than the critical pressure of the gas LPG mixture Figure
(2.17) that is along as the line LG does not intersect the dew point
line.
Figure (2.16): LPG Ternary Diagram.
Figure (2.17): LPG Phase Envelope.
35
The LPG slug pick up reservoir oil during the course of the
displacement and its composition changes along the line LO.
The LPG/oil slug remains fully miscible with the gas as along as
its composition does not pass point S. The LPG content of the slug
may be reduces to 30 to 40 % and still remain miscible with
methane. In many cases the LPG slug has been reduced to as little as
2 % of the displaceable pore volume without reducing the reservoir
efficiency. In practice slug of 2 to 9 % of pore volume are used
according to W. F. Kieschnik Jr., the minimum pore volume of LPG
required is proportional to the square root of the distance to be
covered, so that the larger the distance the similar the relative
volume of LPG needed.
2.5.4 Alcohol Slug Injection:
Most miscible displacement processes, such as those we have

already discussed, suffer from the disadvantages that high reservoir
pressure are required, at least of the order of 1500 psia. Thus this
method con not be used in shallow reservoir, in which the pressure
are low and which cannot always be compressed because of the risk
of fracturing the formation. Decides, the areal sweep efficiency is a
relatively poor because of the large mobility contrasts between gas,
solvent, and oil. In addition, natural gas and LPG are not always
available in sufficient quantities in the vicinity of an oil field.
These constraints have lead to the search of methods of

miscible displacement in which water is the driving fluid. And obvious
possibility is the use of alcohols as a slug between the oil and the
water, since they are miscible with both liquids.
However, the principle difference between this method and

those previously discussed is that the interstitial water would be
36
displaced by the alcohol, where as in miscible displacement by gas
injection the interstitial water is unaffected. Thus the alcohol slug
would be progressively diluted and, below a certain critical alcohol
condition, would no longer be miscible with the oil, at which stage
the displacement with simply be water injection.
Finally, if normal butyl alcohol is used infront of an metyl

alcohol behind the isopropyl alcohol, the total slug volume required is
reduced to 10 % pore volume. However, the cost of butyl alcohol is
prohibitive.
Even though this type of miscible displacement has not yet

found commercial application due to the high cost of the various
alcohols studied, the advantaged of the method are evident, and the
discovery of economically attractive processes should still be
regarded as possible. (Latil 1980).
2.6 Improved Miscible Drive Methods:
It has been shown that the injection of natural gas under

conditions leading to miscible displacement suffers from the following
disadvantages:
a. Poor vertical sweep efficiency Ei in heterogeneous formations
(mainly due to the rock not being wetted by the gas).
b. Poor areal sweep efficiency Eg (due to an unfavorable mobility
ratio). To improve matters, the following two methods may be
used:
1. Pre-injection of water.
2. Chasing the miscible slugs with water.
37
2.7 Miscible Gas Injection Methods:
2.7.1 Continues Gas Injection:
In this type the total volume of injected gas in contact with the
oil with which it is miscible, and is then followed up with a fluid C
which is immiscible with the oil O but miscible with S figure (2.18).
Figure (2.18): Continues Gas Injection.
2.7.2 Slug Gas Injection:
It is similar to continues gas injection but the main difference is

the way of injection of the gas, where in this way the gas injected as
a slugs figure (2.19). (Ben Hmeda 2010).
38
Figure (2.19): Slug Gas Injection.
2.8 Disadvantages of Miscible Gas injection:
2.8.1 Gas Slippage:
As know that the mobility of the gas is higher than the mobility
of the oil and that cause early break through and leave the oil in the
reservoir.
2.8.2 Slug Size of Miscible Gas:
The main problem in slug process is determination of slug size,

where slug size is proportional to the square root of time.
When the injected gas size is more than the required injected
volume that leads to restrict the additional gas in the reservoir which
knows as “Slug over Size”.
When the injected gas size is less than the required injected
volume that leads to restrict the oil in the reservoir which knows as
“Slug Rupture”. (Ben Hmeda 2010).
39
2.9 Miscible Flood Sweep Efficiency:
Injected fluids not only disperse into fluids already present in

an oil reservoir, but also fail, to some extent, to contact the fluids in
place and drive out the desired oil. There are a variety of reasons
why this sweep-out of crude oil fails to take place.
When water is the displacing fluid, capillary forces cause it to

travel more rapidly than oil, through some of the smaller rock pores.
Water thereby reaches pore throats ahead of the retreating oil phase
and forms tiny films across the mouths of these pore throats,
preventing any further flow of oil through not only the small pores,
but through the larger ones as well. Oil is trapped in isolated multi-
pore "ganglia" several millimeters in length and less in width. The
enormous multitude of these fine ganglia adds up to a significant
fraction of the crude oil encountered by the water-from one third to
one half-not being produced at the production wells. Thus, while
waterflooding is relatively inexpensive and sweeps most of the area
of well patterns, the efficiency of displacement of oil on a microscopic
scale is disappointing.
On the other hand, when miscible flooding agents are used, the
efficiency with which they sweep out well patterns is not very good
either. This is partly because of gravity segregation and viscous
fingering, but also because the well patterns for reservoir flooding
processes have relatively stagnant regions, where oil can be driven
out only by using many volumes of injected fluid relative to the
volume of the reservoir. Water is low enough in cost so that many
volumes can be used, but all of the other flooding agents, including
those miscible with the crude oil, are relatively expensive; when
using these agents, we can afford only a fraction of the reservoir
volume. The sweep efficiency of these well patterns thus becomes a
matter of major concern.
40
Sweep efficiency varies not only with the amount of agent
injected, but also with its mobility, or relative ease of flow through a
resisting porous medium. For a single fluid, mobility is proportional to
the reciprocal of the fluid viscosity, which measures the resistance to
flow of the fluid. When one miscible fluid displaces another, we refer
to the mobility ratio (M), which is the ratio of the mobility of the
displacing fluid to that of the displaced fluid; the mobility ratio is the
reciprocal of the viscosity ratio. For the miscible drive fluids currently
available, this always turns out to be a number considerably greater
than one, and these mobility ratios give relatively poor well-pattern
sweep efficiency Figure (2.20). (IPIMS).
Figure (2.20): Mobility Ratio vs. Produced Oil.
41
2.10 Minimum Miscibility Pressure (MMP):
2.10.1 Definition of Minimum Miscibility Pressure:
MMP is the minimum pressure required to achieve the

miscibility at a certain temperature and composition.
2.10.2 Determination of Minimum Miscibility Pressure:
Correlations:
There are several CO2 MMP correlations published in the

literature. Some of them are:
1. The National Petroleum Council Correlation (NPC):
This correlation predicts CO2 MMP as a function of reservoir

temperature, API gravity of the reservoir oil, and reservoir depth.
Table (2.2) shows the minimum miscibility pressure as given in the
NPC report. The pressure values given in this table are for pure CO2.
This table is useful for preliminary planning proposal. It gives results
42
which are typically low in a few instances may result in appreciable
error. (Tarek Ahmed 2007).
Table (2.2): NPC CO2 MMP

o
Gravity ( API) MMP, (psi)
o
˂ 27 4,000
o o
27 -30 3,000
o
˃ 30 1,200
Correction for reservoir temperature:
Table (2.2)cont.: NPC CO2 MMP

Temprature, (oF) Additional Pressure Required, (psi)
o
˂ 120 None
o o
120 -150 +200
o o
150 -200 +350
o o
200 -250 +500
2. Holm and Josendal Correlation:
Holm and Josendal have documented the fact that the achievement
of miscibility is strongly related to reservoir temperature and oil
composition, particularly the molecular weight of the pentane plus (M
C5+) fraction.
Holm and Josendal have proposed curves for estimating the

minimum miscibility pressure as a function of temperature for crude
with different molecular weight for C5+ fraction.
Figure (2.21) shows their date for C5+ of 80, 200, 220, and 240.
The broken curves are calculation for additional molecular weight
proposed by Mungan. (Tarek Ahmed 2007).
43
Figure (2.21): Pressure required for Miscible Displacement in CO2

Flooding.
3. Yellig and Metcalfe Correlation:
Yellig and Metcalfe conducted experiments to determine the

effect of oil composition and temperature on MMP. They varied the
relative amount of a light fraction (C1+CO2+N2), an intermediate
fraction (C2-C6), and a heavy fraction (C7+) in the oil but maintained
the same ratio of one component to another within each fraction with
the exception of one oil.
Yellig and Metcalfe (1980) and Holm and Josendal estimate the
minimum miscibility pressure as a function of reservoir temperature
and oil composition. These are shown in figure (2.22). Note that the
Yellig and Metcalfe correlation does not account for changes in oil
composition while Holm and Josendal criteria determine miscibility as
function of reservoir temperature and molecular weight of the C5+ oil
fraction. (Tarek Ahmed 2007).
44
Figure (2.22): Holm & Josendal and Yellig & Metcalfe Minimum
Miscible Pressure Correlation for CO2.
45
Chapter Three
Carbon Dioxide
CO2
Chapter (3) CO2Flooding
Carbon Dioxide CO2

3.1 Introduction:
Carbon dioxide is one of the most plentiful and useful

compounds found on and around this planet. It is not surprising that
the idea of using CO2 to remove oil from underground reservoirs
originated early in the history of oil production in the period just
following World War II, significant progress was made in the
development of CO2 oil- recovery processes. In the 1950s, Whorton
et al., Saxon et al., Beeson and Ortloff , Holm, and martin published
patents and papers on the subject that have laid the foundation for
the oil- recovery processes as they exist today. Most aspects of CO2
flooding, including oil swelling, viscosity reduction with reservoir rock,
were identified during this laboratory investigative period.
Advances in CO2 flooding technology during the 1960s included:
1. Definition of the amount of CO2 required for oil recovery and

information on the effect of reservoir oil viscosity, reservoir rock
type and rock heterogeneity, and phase relationships.
2. Development of the use of CO2 as well stimulant additive in

fracturing and acidizing.
3. Field tests of CO2 flooding. The first successful field tests of CO2
with water flooding in the mead Strawn field confirmed that
more oil was produced by a CO2 slug followed by water
flooding than by water flooding alone, and that severe CO2
gravity override and channeling do not necessarily occur in the
reservoir.
47
Continued research and field application in the 1970s added
considerably to our knowledge of CO2 displacement mechanisms,
phase behavior, mobility control, CO2 availability, and practical
transporting, handling, and operating problems associated with the
process.
These 30 years of effort are now beginning to show results.

Current field applications are continuing and expanding. A1982
survey revealed a 65% increase in the number of CO2 projects over
1980.
The enhancement of oil recovery by water and/or gas flooding

is related to why oil is left behind by these conventional floods. Oil is
left behind either because it is not contacted by the injected fluids or
because of the capillary forces between oil, water, and the porous
rock in the contacted portions that trap and retain oil any
enhancement process fluid must contact by passed areas or release
and reduce the trapped oil (Preferably it should do both).
CO2 has the potential to do both. It has been shown to invade

zones not previously invaded by water. It also has been shown to
reduce the oil saturation to about 5% PV where previous invasion of
water had reduced it to only 25% PV. However, this enhancement
will not happen unless the CO2 injection process is engineered
carefully. Adequate amounts of CO2 at sufficiently high pressure, in
proper injection patterns, and with some control of the injection and
flow of fluids are necessary to achieve a successful CO2 flood.
48
3.2 Properties of CO2:
Carbon dioxide is a colorless, inert, and noncombustible gas.

It has a molecular weight of 44.01, which is one and a half times
higher than that of air.
CO2 is solid at low temperatures and pressure .the solid carbon

dioxide (dry ice) evaporates directly to gas at -87.5oC (-110.7Of) and
is used primarily is a refrigerant. By increasing the pressure the liquid
phase appears for the first time and coexists with the solid and vapor
phases at the triple point: triple point temperature ttr=-65.6˚c (-
79.9˚f), triple point pressure ptr=5.28atm (77.6psia). CO2 is usually
transported as liquid in refrigerated trucks or tank cars when it can
be utilized in small amounts .the liquid and the vapor phases of CO2
coexist at the critical point: critical point temperature tc=30.7˚c
(87.8˚f), critical point pressure pc=73atm(1073psia).below the critical
temperature CO2 can be either a liquid or a gas over a wide range of
pressure .above the critical temperature of 87.8˚f , CO2 (pure) will
exist as a gas regardless of the pressure applied .however ,at
increasingly higher supercritical pressure the vapor becomes and
behaves more like a liquid. Most CO2 pipelines operate in the
supercritical range (van poolen, 1980).
Gas Compressibility (Z-Factor) defined as the compressibility or

the correction for the deviation between the measured or observed
and the calculated volumes using the ideal gas low.
Z-Factor is an empirical factor determines experimentally the

deviation of CO2 from ideal gas behavior; Z is given as a function of
pressure and temperature in figure (3.1).
49
Figure (3.1): Compressibility Factor of CO2.
Gas Formation Volume Factor in gas reservoir engineering, the

main use of the real gas equation of state is to relate surface
volumes to reservoir volumes of hydrocarbons. This is accomplished
by the use of the gas formation volume factor (βg). The gas
formation volume factor is the volume occupied in the reservoir by
one standard cubic foot of gas or the ratio of the volume of gas in
the reservoir to it’s volume at the standard conditions (14.7 psia & 60
F°). The βg is usually expressed in unites of reservoir cubic feet per
standard cubic foot.
The Co2 gas formation volume factor can be determined by the

equation:
50
. ………………… . (3.1)
Where:
= Gas formation volume factor, cu.ft/scf.
Z= Compressibility factor.
T= Reservoir temperature, oR
P= Reservoir pressure, psi.
Density varies with pressure and temperature as does its

viscosity and compressibility factors as shown in figure (3.2) (sage et
al., 1955; kennady et al., 1961).
= …….…………..………. (3.2)
Where:
= Density, lb/cu.ft.
P= Reservoir pressure, psi
M= Apparent molecular weight.
Z= Compressibility factor.
R= Universal gas constant, (10.73 psi.cuft/lb mol.oR).
Table (3.1): CO2 Density

CO2 Density, (gm/cc) Density, (lb/gal) at
Solid 1.512 12.59 Triple point
Liquid 0.914 7.61 0˚ c and 34.3 atm
Gas 1.977 16.47 0˚ c and 1 atm
51
Figure (3.2): Density of CO2 as a Function of Pressure and

Temperature.
The specific gravity (relative density) of CO2 (gas) Ɣ=1.529

(air=1) at 0˚ c and 1 atm. under many reservoir conditions the
densities of CO2 and oil are similar.
The viscosity of CO2 is 0.0335 cp at the critical conditions of

pressure and temperature, the critical compressibility factor is 0.275,
and the specific heat (liquid) capacity at 300 psi is 0.5 Btu/lb.f˚. The
CO2 is more soluble in oil than in water (2 to 10 times more).water
also is soluble in CO2 and must be removed by drying to prevent
condensation and corrosion in the pipelines.
In solution with water CO2 increases water viscosity and forms

carbonic acid, which has a beneficial effect on shale rocks (dissolving
effect).
52
Figure (3.3): Viscosity of CO2 as a Function of Pressure.
CO2 is, form a chemical point of view, a final oxidation product

of organic compounds with carbon, has acid character being the
anhydrite of carbonic acid, and reacts with bases to form carbonates
and bicarbonates. The principle CO2 properties such as its acid
function, its chemical inertia (protection gas, inert gas, and pressure
gas agent), its refrigerant function, and its high specific heat capacity
explain the multiple utilization of CO2 in different industries and
processes.
CO2 has many uses .it is frozen to produce dry ice, it is used to
sterilize used in organic liquids, and it is used in cryogenics,
foodstuffs manufacturing, refrigeration, and beverage carbonation .In
the area of industry, CO2 is used in heat transfer in nuclear reactors,
in welding, in the manufacture of fertilizer and plastics, in
neutralization of waste, and in the manufacture of fire extinguishers.
In medical and pharmaceutical applications it is found in salycilic acid
53
for aspirin, mineral waters, and aerosol propellants, and it is used in
cryogenic surgery. CO2 is also used in pneumatic conveyor systems
for coal and grain slurry lines, in the manufacture of white lead for oil
and gas stimulation, and for tank cleaning.
The enthalpy, or content of a material, is a thermodynamic

quantity equal to the sum of the internal energy of a system, U, plus
the product of the pressure -volume work done on the system (PV)
by definition:
= + ……….………… . (3.3)
Where:
H= Enthalpy.
U= Internal energy.
W= Work done.
In CO2 injection, enthalpy changes must be accounted for in

determining top hole or bottom hole pressure where phase changes
occur down the well bore
The effect of pressure and temperature on the heat content, H,

of a CO2 system is given in figure (3.4).
54
Figure (3.4): Enthalpy of CO2 from Thermodynamic Properties.
3.3 CO2 sources:
Large volumes of CO2 are required for oil field flooding. A major
flood in a 100 million bbl field could require the order of 50 to 100
billion CF of CO2 over a period ranging from a few years to as long as
10 years or more. A small pilot test, on the other hand, might require
a rate of only 0.5 to 1.0 million cu ft/d for a time period as short as 1
year. The cost of CO2 and therefore the feasibility of a source for oil
field flooding depend on:
The nature of the source.

Location relative to the oil field.
The method used to transport the CO2 to the oil field.
Cost at the source can be quite different from one source
to another.
55
The source of CO2 can be categorized as:
1. Natural sources containing high concentrations of CO2 (80%).

2. Process vents containing high concentration of CO2 or CO2
removed from natural gas processing.
3. Flue gas stacks containing low concentration of CO2 (5-17%).
4. CO2 Recycling.
1. Natural sources:
These sources contain CO2 in high concentration, as high as 80%

to 99 %. Total reserve of CO2 from natural sources range from 0.024
to 0.032 trillion SCF.
2. Pressure vents and natural gas by product:
These sources consist of high concentration process vents such

as ammonia plants. CO2 of approximately 98% purity is produced as
a byproduct of ammonia synthesis from natural gas.
Total reserve of CO2 from this type of resource is 4-8 billion Cf.
3. Low concentration source:
These sources consist of industrial sources and natural gas

fields containing less than 5% CO2. The total reserve of this type
resource exceeds 0.162 trillion CF. recovering CO2 from this type of
resource is more costly than the others described above.
4. CO2 Recycling:
Significant progress has been made in developing technology

for processing produced CO2 for reinjection. Current plans for many
announced projects include more than 50 percent recycle.
56
Proven gas treating technologies have been considered and
evaluated in every conceivable combination to develop more cost-
effective, optimized overall gas separation schemes with minimal
technology risks. The published results of these efforts show that
various combinations of proven chemical and physical gas treating
solvents can be employed in a large CO2 gas separation project to
create a significantly improved overall facility compared to the
application of any single technology. These combination processing
schemes typically include a bulk acid gas removal process using
either a physical or chemical solvent, a selective H2S removal
process, and a chemical solvent type product treating or polishing
system.
The other approach has included basic research and proving

completely new technologies to accomplish the separation of large
quantities of CO2 from hydrocarbon gas streams. Notable progress
has been made in proving and commercializing two basic new types
of separation technologies that appear to offer significant economic
benefits. First, some distillative fractionation technologies are now
available to make several of the separations required in processing a
CO2 gas stream. The widely reported Ryan-Holmes technology is in
this class of new technologies. Distillative fractionation systems are
being installed at the present time in commercial facilities. Processing
systems that utilize permeable membranes to separate large
quantities of CO2 from both spiral wound and hollow fiber type
membrane are currently being installed in commercial CO2 recovery
facilities.
57
3.4 Transportation of CO2:
The method of transporting CO2 from its source to the oil field
depends on whether the CO2 is liquid or gas. For small injection rates
of 1 to 5 MM scf/day and short injection periods, CO2 is liquefied at
its source and transported to the project sites by refrigerated trucks,
tank trucks, tank cars on rail , or in storage tanks located on barges.
Transporting the CO2 liquid at 0˚ F and 300 psi using existing
insulated steel containers is the least costly method of transportation
(Anada et al.,1982). The CO2 necessary for large long –term projects
is transported most economically through a pipeline as vapor at
pressure between 1400 to 2000 psi (which is above the critical
pressure) so that two –phase flow does not occur. (Braham
Amirijafari 1983).
3.5 Factors that make CO2 an EOR agent:
Carbon dioxide is highly soluble in oil and to a lesser extent in

water. This results in the following factors which contribute to
enhanced oil recovery:
Reduction in crude oil viscosity and increase in water

viscosity,
Swelling of crude oil and reduction in oil density,
Acid effect on carbonate and shale rocks,
Miscibility effects.
3.6 Disadvantages of CO2:
Environmental issues.
Corrosion problems.
High treatment cost.
Reduce oil price if present in the oil.
58
3.7 Conditions Gas: Miscible vs. Immiscible Displacement:
Defining plays of oil reservoirs as miscible or immiscible is

important in determining the potential for EOR during gas
sequestration.
The use of miscible describes gas and crude oil that become a
single mixture under certain temperature and pressure conditions via
the mass transfer of intermediate hydrocarbons (C5-C12) from the
crude oil to CO2 phase. Immiscible describes gas and crude oil under
conditions where there is a distinct and identifiable separation of the
two phase fluids. Mass transfer exists in immiscible gas flooding of
the oil reservoir; however, there is a gas rich phase and a crude oil
rich phase.
The critical pressure (1073 psia) and temperature (87.8 oF) of

gas are important to determining miscible and immiscible potential of
oil reservoirs. For miscibility to occur gas must exist as a critical fluid
(i.e. dense phase, liquid-like, and supercritical gas); this is only
possible for reservoir temperature exceeding the critical temperature
of CO2 and reservoir minimum miscibility pressure (MMP; which
increases with temperature and is at least equal to the critical
pressure of CO2).
Immiscible conditions exist at reservoir temperature and

pressure generally less than the critical temperature of CO2, and
temperatures above the critical temperature when reservoir pressure
is less than the MMP. Under immiscible conditions, liquid or gas-like
phase of CO2 are possible. (Latil 1980).
59
Chapter Four
Chapter (4) Laboratory Procedure
4.1 2328-900 MMPA instrument (Slim Tube)
The apparatus consists of a glass-bead-packed (or sand-packed)

long slim tube which serves as a simplified representation of the oil
reservoir. After saturating the slim tube with reservoir oil, the desired
gas is injected to displace the oil at a chosen pressure, and the amount
of oil produced is measured vs. Pore Volumes (P.V.) of gas injected. A
series of experiments is required, so that the amount of oil recovered
(either total ultimate cumulative oil produced, or oil produced at 1.0 or
1.2 P.V. injected, etc.) is plotted vs. the test pressure. Normally, the
amount of oil produced increases significantly with increasing pressure if
it is immiscible, and increases little with increasing pressure if it is
miscible.
Therefore, the Minimum Miscibility Pressure (MMP) can usually be

determined as the intersection of two straight lines on that plot of oil
recovery vs. pressure. Another commonly used criteria for determination
of MMP is the pressure at which a high oil recovery (such as 90%) is
achieved. A sight glass at the outlet of the slim tube allows viewing of
the produced effluent and provides third criteria: if immiscible, the
transition zone between the oil and the injection gas will show an
interface or interfaces (bubbles), and if miscible, the transition will be
gradual with no interface. The optional densitometer measures the
effluent density, and the optional gas chromatograph measures the
produced gas composition, and both measure changes in those during
the displacement.
Included are 3 sample cylinders for the different required fluids:

initial fill liquid, reservoir oil, and displacement (injection) gas. The long
coiled slim tube, effluent sight glass, back-pressure regulator,
inlet/outlet valves, and optional densitometer are housed in an air bath
(oven) for control to reservoir temperature. The oil-gas separator and
gasometer, outside the oven and downstream of the back-pressure
61
regulator, measure the volumes of produced oil and gas at atmospheric
conditions. Pressure transducers, a thermocouple, and RTDs (Resistive
Temperature Devices) measure pressure and temperature at various
points.
The included computer and Chandler MMPA software record the

test data and provide a choice of manual or automated test control. The
included video system allows viewing and recording the effluent in the
sight glass.
Two different packed slim tubes are included with the instrument:
both are 100-ft. long, 0.20”-ID. One is packed with 140 - 200 glass
beads, and the other is packed with 70 – 100- mesh glass beads. These
are longer than most slim tubes used by others, as reported in the
literature. The advantage of the longer length is that, since some
minimum length (several feet?) is required to generate multi-contact
miscibility and the miscible flood front, a longer tube has miscible
displacement over a greater percentage of its length than a shorter
tube. This provides a sharper change of slope in the % Oil Recovery-vs.-
Pressure curve, providing a clearer indication of the MMP, instead of a
gradual, rounded curve which is difficult to interpret.
The exact type of packing material is not of great importance, as

long as it is well-packed with particles of a narrow mesh range (so that
finer particles do not fill in the voids between the larger particles), and
small enough in relation to the inside diameter of the tube to provide a
piston-like displacement for complete sweep of the porous media in the
narrow tube without any viscous fingering through the oil (which would
lower oil recovery, since not all of the oil is contacted by the gas). The
slim tube is very simplified representation of the oil reservoir, such that
is not meant to be the same porosity, permeability, etc. of the oil
reservoir considered for miscible gas flooding. Rather, it simplifies the
miscible gas displacement to a 1-Dimensional thermodynamic process in
a porous media, without the need to have the same detailed
characteristics of the oil reservoir’s porous media.
62
Similarly, the tests can be conducted at high flow rates, to shorten
the often long times needed to conduct the slim tube tests, without the
need to match reservoir rates (velocities, such as 1 ft./day, etc.). In fact,
some references in the literature concluded that high flow rates
promoted the piston-like displacement desired for suppression of
dispersion effects and viscous fingering, so that complete sweep
efficiency is obtained. For example, for the 100-ft.-long slim tube,
testing miscibility with a low-viscosity light oil can be conducted at a
volumetric flow rate of approximately 1 ml/min. (60 ml/hr.), such that
1.0 Pore Volume can be injected in 300 minutes (assuming a Pore
Volume of 300 ml), allowing the complete test, including cleaning,
drying and evacuating afterward, to be conducted in a 24-hr. day. The
flow rates are limited by the viscosity of the oil, since it is desirable to
limit the differential pressure across the tube (so that you can pick a
single Pressure of the experiment, instead of a wide range of pressure
from inlet to outlet.
Figure (4.1): 2328-900 MMPA instrument
63
4.2 Features and Benefits
Mercury-free testing,
Automated test control (once set up, with sample cylinders filled
with test fluids),
High pressure and temperature, to cover normal range of interest
for miscible flooding,
Optional modules for measuring density, viscosity , and gas
composition,
Designed for operator safety,
Corrosion-resistant stainless-steel construction,
Smart Quizix™ pump for continuous, pulse-free, precision
computer-controlled fluid injection and pressurization,
Vacuum pump included for evacuation of system.
4.3 Lab Procedure
4.3.1 Pre-startup Checks
Prior to start-up the following checks should be made:

1. Tubing, plumbing, and cables are in place and secure,
2. Video camera and light source are adjusted properly,
3. All fluid and pressure source and vent/drain lines are connected,
4. Cables are connected between the computer and the MMPA,
pump, oven, and optional,
5. Densitometer and optional gas chromatograph.
4.3.2 Powering On
Power to the model 2328-900 MMPA may be applied by the MAIN

POWER ON/OFF switch located on the lower right front of the
instrumentation cabinet, the UPS on/off switch, and the Oven POWER
switch. All major system components are powered through the
instrumentation cabinet switch except the computer, monitor, printer
(which are normally plugged into the UPS), the video monitor (which is
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normally plugged into a separate power source), and the oven (which
requires its own power source). Ensure that the computer and all other
components are turned on.
Note: It is very important that the instrument is powered up BEFORE the
software is started.
4.3.3 Filling the Sample Cylinders with Test Fluids
NOTE: if using carbon dioxide (CO2) as the Displacement Gas, replace

the standard fluorocarbon (FKM, such as Viton TM) seals in the
Displacement Gas sample cylinder with the nitrile (such as Buna-N TM)
O-rings included in the MMPA accessories: part #P-1726.
Also, replace the small O-ring on the Displacement Gas pressure

transducer adapter with the nitrile (such as Buna-N TM) O-ring included
in the MMPA accessories: part #P-0062.
65
Figure (4.2): Flow diagram of MMP instrument.
66
Method A: Pour liquids into sample cylinder (Initial Fill Liquid cylinder
and Reservoir Oil cylinder only).
1. To fill the Initial Fill Liquid cylinder (or the Reservoir Oil cylinder, if
using only dead stock-tank oil with no gas in solution), since the
liquid does not need to be pressurized, you can simply remove the
top end plug and pour the liquid into the cylinder, in place
(without removing the cylinder from the MMPA).
2. To do this, first connect a piece of low-pressure plastic tubing from

the Drain valve at the bottom of the cylinder to the pump’s water
reservoir.
3. Second, close the stem of the 3-way, 2-stem manual needle valve
(for the top of the cylinder) which leads to the air-actuated valve
downstream of the cylinder.
4. With a short piece of tubing connected to the Fill/Vent port of that

top 3-way, 2-stem manual needle valve, open that valve and the
manual 2-way valve mounted to the top of the cylinder, to release
pressure, and catch any fluids in a container.
5. Remove the short piece of tubing from the Fill/Vent port, and
connect that port to a N2 bottle, using high-pressure tubing. Open
the N2 bottle valve, and then the Fill/Vent valve, to pressurize the
liquid in the sample cylinder.
6. Open the bottom 2-way on/off valve mounted on the bottom of

the sample cylinder, and then open the Drain valve at the bottom,
to allow the N2 pressure to push the piston to the bottom,
displacing all of the water from the bottom chamber underneath
the cylinder’s floating piston.
7. When no more water exits the bottom of cylinder (evidence that

the piston is at the bottom), close the Drain valve, the Fill/Vent
valve, and the N2 bottle valve.
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8. Remove the tubing from the Fill/Vent port which was connecting it
to the N2 bottle.
9. Connect a short piece of tubing to the Fill/Vent port, and slowly,

carefully open that valve to release pressure, and catch any fluids
in a container.
10. Make sure that the Fill/Vent valve is open to atmosphere, and
that the valve mounted on the top of the cylinder is also open, to
ensure that the sample cylinder has no pressure inside.
11. Then, disconnect any tubing from the valve (mounted on top of
the sample cylinder) to the 3-way, 2-stem valve near the top.
12. Unscrew the top end cap of the sample cylinder and remove it.
13. Since the piston should be at the bottom, you can now pour
fresh liquid into the sample cylinder. Pour it only to
approximately 0.5” (12 mm) from the top: do not overfill.
14. Replace the end cap and just start to thread it on the cylinder
body, but do not screw it in all the way. Re-connect the
disconnected tubing from the valve mounted on the top of the
cylinder to the 3-way, 2-stem valve.
15. With the Fill/Vent port open and a short piece of tubing
connected to that port, slowly screw the end cap onto the
cylinder, which should purge any air and then excess liquid out
the top, through the short piece of tubing, and catch it in a
reservoir.
16. Then, close the Fill/Vent port.
17. Close the Drain valve at the bottom, and open the inlet valve at
the bottom, to open the water in the bottom of the cylinder to
the pump.
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18. Place the Pump in Constant Pressure mode, enter the desired
test pressure set point, and then click to Run the Pump, to pre-
pressurize the liquid to the next MMPA test pressure. If any liquid
did not exit the Fill/Vent valve in Step 15, then open that valve
carefully during this pressurization, and close it when liquid exits,
to completely purge the air from the top of the sample cylinder.
19. When finished, click to Stop the pump.
Method B: Fill Displacement Gas cylinder with gas.
1. To fill the Displacement Gas cylinder with gas, in place (without

removing the cylinder from the MMPA), you must:
2. Use any gas pressure remaining inside the cylinder to push the
piston to the bottom, to obtain maximum gas volume, and lower
the gas pressure, by closing the valve stem of the 3-way, 2-stem
valve at the bottom of the cylinder which is plumbed to the pump,
and opening the Drain valve, with a piece of low-pressure plastic
tubing from the Drain port to the pump’s water reservoir. Then,
close the Drain valve.
3. Second, close the stem of the 3-way, 2-stem manual needle valve
(for the top of the cylinder) which leads to the air-actuated valve
downstream of the cylinder.
4. If switching to a different gas, then first release the gas inside the
cylinder: with a short piece of tubing (or long piece of tubing to a
safe vent hood or other safe venting area) connected to the
Fill/Vent port of that top 3-way, 2-stem manual needle valve, open
that valve and the manual 2-way valve mounted to the top of the
cylinder.
5. Remove the piece of tubing from the Fill/Vent port, and connect
that port to the container of gas to be used, using high-pressure
tubing. Open the gas bottle valve, and then the Fill/Vent valve, to
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pressurize and fill the sample cylinder with the gas, to the desired
pressure.
6. If the MMPA Test Pressure is above the pressure of the gas source
container, then connect the gas source container to the sample
cylinder directly, without a regulator, to obtain the maximum
possible pressure in the sample cylinder. If, after later pressurizing
the gas in the sample cylinder with the pump, you do not obtain
enough pressure, or enough volume of gas at the desired
pressure, then you must compress the gas with a compressor (or
air-driven gas booster, such as the Chandler Engineering model
2558-1000 Gas Booster, not included in the MMPA).
7. When the cylinder is full, close the Fill/Vent valve.
the bottom, to open the water in the bottom of the cylinder to the
pump.
9. Place the Pump in Constant Pressure mode, enter the desired test
pressure set point, and then click to Run the Pump, to pre-
pressurize the liquid to the next MMPA test pressure.
10. When finished, click to Stop the pump. See notes in Step 6 above
if the pressure or volume is not enough.
11. If the pressure in the Displacement Gas cylinder is too high,

without having injected any water from the pump to pressurize
it, then carefully open the Fill/Vent port to release some gas and
lower the pressure to the desired value, with tubing connected
from that port to direct the gas to a safe vent hood or other safe
venting area.
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Method C: Fill Reservoir Oil cylinder with “live”, gas-containing, high-
pressure reservoir oil.
1. To fill the Reservoir Oil cylinder with pressurized, gas-containing

“live” reservoir oil, in place (without removing the cylinder from
the MMPA), you must:
2. DO NOT lower the pressure of the Reservoir Oil in the cylinder or

in the source container below the “bubble-point” pressure
(saturation pressure) at any step or any time, since below that
pressure, the oil will separate into two phases (gas and gas-
saturated liquid), and may be difficult to re-combine to a single
phase. The MMPA can only conduct tests with 1-phase oil, above
its bubble-point pressure. That is, the oil must be undersaturated.
3. Connect the Fill/Vent valve port to the pressurized container of

reservoir oil, using high-pressure tubing.
the bottom, to open the water in the bottom of the cylinder to the
pump.
5. Place the Pump in Constant Pressure mode, enter a pressure set

point much higher than the oil’s bubble-point pressure (to make
sure that if pressure does drop during this process, it does not
drop to below the bubble-point pressure), and then click to Run
the Pump, to pre-pressurize the liquid to that higher pressure.
6. Similarly, use another pump (not included in the MMPA system) to

pressurize the source container of reservoir, to a pressure much
higher than its bubble-point pressure.
7. Open the valve on the source container, to fill the tubing between
it and then Reservoir Oil sample cylinder.
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8. Carefully loosen the tube fitting at the Fill/Vent valve, to purge any
air out of the tubing, and ensure that it contains only reservoir oil.
Re-pressurize the sample container as necessary to match the
pressure of the Reservoir Oil sample cylinder.
9. Open the Fill/Vent valve to allow pressure to equalize between the

two vessels.
10. Use the other pump to displace reservoir oil into the Reservoir Oil
sample cylinder, allowing the MMPA’s Q5 pump to withdraw
water from the cylinder in the Constant- Pressure mode while
maintaining pressure well above the bubble-point pressure.
11. When finished, click to Stop the pump. See notes in Step 6 above
if the pressure or volume is not enough. It is finished when either
the source container can no longer inject any more reservoir oil
into the Reservoir Oil Sample Cylinder, or when the Reservoir Oil
Sample Cylinder is full, with its piston fully at the bottom, such
that withdrawing more water into the pump only decreases pump
pressure, without allowing any more oil into the sample cylinder.
12. Close the Fill/Vent valve and the source container valve, and
remove the source container.
13. If the pressure in the Reservoir Oil cylinder is too high for the
next MMPA test to be conducted, without having injected any
water from the pump to pressurize it, then carefully open the
Fill/Vent port to release some oil and lower the pressure to the
desired value, with tubing connected from that port to direct the
oil-gas mixture to a safe vent hood or other safe venting area.
Method D: Remove sample cylinder from the MMPA to fill externally.
1. If desired, you can remove any of the sample cylinders (even

under pressure) and refill separately, away from the MMPA. For
72
example, you may want to fill the Reservoir Oil sample cylinder
with reservoir oil from a recombination cell in another laboratory.
2. First, close both the top and bottom 2-way on/off valves mounted
to the sample cylinder.
3. Then, with a piece of tubing connected to the Fill/Vent port, open

the Fill/Vent valve to release any pressure in the tubing from the
2-way valve to the 3-way, 2-stem valve.
4. Similarly, with a piece of tubing connected to the Drain port and

the pump stopped, open the Drain valve to release any pressure in
the tubing from the 2-way valve (at the bottom of the sample
cylinder) to the 3-way, 2-stem valve.
5. Disconnect the tubing at both the top and bottom 2-way on/off
valves mounted on the sample cylinder.
6. Disconnect any other tubes and fittings as necessary for access.
7. Remove the screws clamping the bottom mounting bracket to the

sample cylinder.
8. Carefully remove the screws clamping the top mounting bracket to

the sample cylinder, and remove the sample cylinder from the
MMPA. CAUTION: the sample cylinder is heavy (approx. 19 kg {42
lbs.} empty), and the top cap usually rests on the top mounting
bracket.
9. Fill the sample cylinder away from the MMPA, either under
pressure, or by releasing pressure and removing end caps and
pouring liquids in.
10. If necessary, disassemble and clean the sample cylinder,

especially when changing to a different fluid for a new series of
tests to determine the MMP of different fluids.
73
11. Re-assemble the sample cylinder, if necessary, and re-install in
the MMPA in reverse order.
12. Note: you can rest the heavy sample cylinder’s top cap on the
top mounting bracket, and then re-clamp it with the top and
bottom clamps and screws.
13. Re-connect all tubings, fittings, and valves.
4.3.4 Filling the Cleaning Solvent Cylinders with solvent
Two different pressurized cylinders are used to clean the slim tube
between tests. Use a suitable solvent which will clean the crude oil from
the system, is safe to use, and is compatible with the materials of the
MMPA (to prevent damage to the instrument). See the recommended
solvents in Section 3 – Maintenance. The one on the left of the MMPA is
a 150-cc cylinder used to clean the separator at very low pressures (5 –
10 psig), and the one on the right of the MMPa is a 500-cc cylinder used
to clean the slim tube, sight glass, and BPR at somewhat higher
pressures (300 – 500 psig). Since this cylinder is pressurized with N2,
when the cylinder empties of solvent, the N2 pressurizing it will follow
the solvent and automatically dry the slim tube.
1. First, close the top 3-way ball valve mounted on the sample
cylinder to its middle position.
2. Then, carefully release any pressure in the cleaning solvent

cylinder by opening the 3-way ball valve at its bottom to the
Fill/Drain position, and catch any fluids in a waste container. Then
close this valve (to the middle position).
3. Connect a piece of low-pressure plastic tubing from the Vent port

of the 3-way ball valve on the top of the cylinder to the vacuum
pump plumbing (You can disconnect one of the tubes used for
evacuating the slim tube, as long as those valves to the slim tube
are closed, so as not to lose any vacuum).
74
4. Connect a piece of low-pressure plastic tubing to the Fill/Drain port
of the bottom 3-way valve, and place the other end of the tube in
a container of the solvent.
5. Carefully turn the bottom 3-way valve to the Fill/Drain position (to
open it to the solvent container), and carefully open the top 3-way
valve to the Vent position, to allow the vacuum to pull the solvent
up into the cleaning solvent cylinder.
6. When the cylinder is full (as noted by liquid solvent exiting the top
Vent port and tubing and/or entering the vacuum trap flask), close
both valves to the middle position.
7. Open the bottom 3-way valve to the other position, so that it can,
at the proper time, allow solvent to flow into the system for
cleaning.
8. Open the top 3-way valve to the pressurize position, to allow the
N2 to enter it and pressurize the solvent.
9. Adjust the pressure regulator to the desired pressure for cleaning.

As mentioned above, the smaller cylinder on the left should be
adjusted to a low pressure (5 – 10 psig) to clean the separator
(which has a maximum pressure rating of 25 psig), and the larger
cylinder on the right should be adjusted to a pressure in the range
of 200 – 500 psig to clean and dry the slim tube.
4.3.5 Cleaning MMPA to prepare for test
The MMPA, especially the slim tube, sight glass, BPR,.and

separator, needs to be cleaned and dried in preparation for each test.
Finally, the slim tube, sight glass, and BPR need to be evacuated
before each test. Use a suitable solvent which will clean the crude oil
from the system, is safe to use, and is compatible with the materials of
the MMPA (to prevent damage to the instrument). See the
75
recommended solvents in Section 3 – Maintenance. As mentioned
above, two cleaning sample cylinders are included to clean the MMPA.
The smaller one on the left of the MMPA is a 150-cc cylinder used to
clean the separator at very low pressures (5– 10 psig), and the one on
the right of the MMPa is a 500-cc cylinder used to clean the slim tube,
sight glass, and BPR at somewhat higher pressures (300 – 500 psig).
Since this cylinder is pressurized with N2, when the cylinder

empties of solvent, the N2 pressurizing it will follow the solvent and
automatically dry the slim tube. Then, it must be evacuated with the
vacuum pump to remove any air or other gas. The necessary cleaning,
drying, and evacuating procedure is performed automatically at the end
of each test, when using the automated test procedure. To perform it
manually (the first time the instrument is used, or otherwise), the
necessary procedure is:
1. Fill and pressurize the cleaning solvent sample cylinders as

discussed in the previous section.
2. Adjust the pressure regulators to the desired pressure for cleaning.

As mentioned above, the smaller cylinder on the left should be
adjusted to a low pressure (2 – 10 psig) to clean the separator
(which has a maximum pressure rating of 25 psig), and the larger
cylinder on the right should be adjusted to a pressure in the range
of 200 – 500 psig to clean and dry the slim tube.
3. Begin with all of the remote-controlled, air-actuated valves closed.

This can be done from the software screen by either manually
clicking on each one to change it red (closed), if necessary, or else
choose the Close All Valves flow path from the Flow Path control.
4. Open valves as necessary to relieve any pressure from the slim

tube, so that you begin with approximately atmospheric pressure
in all parts of the MMPA.
76
5. On the MMPA software screen, choose the Flow Path labeled Clean
Slim Tube and Separator, which will automatically open the valves
necessary to inject the cleaning solvent from those solvent sample
cylinders, and allow the N2 pressurizing the solvent to
automatically follow (when the solvent cylinder is empty) to dry
the slim tube and separator. If you do not wish to choose the
Clean Slim Tube and Separator Flow Path to do this automatically,
you can perform the following tasks manually, which are the same
as the automatic procedure:
a. In order, click to open valves #1, #3, #5, #7, #10, #14,
and #12, to allow the N2- pressurized cleaning solvent in the
larger solvent cylinder to flow into and through the slim
tube, exiting through valve #12. Be sure to have tubing
connected from #12 to the large (2-gallon) waste container
included with the MMPA.
b. In order, click to close valve #14 and #16, and then open
valves #17, and #20, to allow the N2-pressurized cleaning
solvent in the smaller solvent cylinder to flow into and
through the separator, draining through valve #17 and the
metering valve downstream of #17. The metering valve can
be adjusted as necessary to restrict or allow flow. Be sure to
have tubing connected from that metering valve to the large
(2-gallon) waste container included with the MMPA. Close
valve #20 after cleaning to prevent waste of N2.
1. Heat the oven to some slightly elevated temperature (40 – 50°C)

to promote evaporation of the solvent from the slim tube. Allow
sufficient time for the N2 to dry the slim tube. This may require
several hours on the longer tubes, especially the lower-
permeability tubes packed with smaller particles.
2. When finished cleaning, manually close valve #1 to stop N2 flow

into the slim tube, and then allow the pressure to dissipate to
approximately atmospheric pressure.
77
3. To evacuate the slim tube after cleaning, on the MMPA software
screen, choose the Flow Path labeled Evacuate Slim Tube, which
will automatically turn on the vacuum pump and open the valves
necessary to connect the pump to 3 different points of the slim
tube. If you do not wish to choose the Evacuate Slim Tube Flow
Path to do this automatically,you can perform the following tasks
manually, which are the same as the automatic procedure:
a. In order, click to close all other valves, and then open valves
#2, #3, #5, #7, #9, #11, and #13, to connect the slim tube
to the vacuum pump.
b. Turn on the vacuum pump by pulling outward on the

VACUUM PUMP power switch on the front panel of the MMPA
instrumentation/control cabinet.
c. Heat the oven to some slightly elevated temperature (40 –

50°C, for example) to promote evaporation of the solvent
from the slim tube. Allow sufficient time for complete
evacuation of the slim tube. This may require several hours
on the longer tubes, especially the lower-permeability tubes
packed with smaller particles.
d. It is recommended to keep the vacuum pump running and

evacuating the slim tube when not conducting tests, to keep
it clean and evacuated and ready for the next test. Vacuum
pumps are designed to run for long periods; in fact, they last
longer if running at high vacuum than if turned on and off
many times, running at high pressures (closer to
atmospheric pressure). If the next test is not going to be
conducted for a long time, then turn off the vacuum pump
when finished.
78
4.3.6 Step-by-Step Test Procedure
See the following flow chart for the automated test procedure
used to conduct a single flow test with the MMPA, at a single
pressure/temperature/fluids/flow rates combination. This can also be
used as a guideline to run the test manually, without using the
automated test procedure of the MMPA software.
Before starting the automated test procedure:
A. First clean, dry, and evacuate the slim tube, if not already done.
B. Clean and empty the separator.
C. Then, fill all of the sample cylinders with the desired test fluids,
and pressurize to approximately the desired test pressure.
D. Fill the two solvent cleaning cylinders with cleaning solvent, and
pressurize them with N2 to the desired pressures.
E. To start the procedure, click on the Start/Run button (single right

arrow) at the bottom of the main MMPA software screen. It will
prompt you to enter a new file name, and then prompt you to
perform certain manual functions (such as opening or closing
some manually operated valves, purging, etc.), and run the rest of
the test automatically, including cleaning with solvent, drying, and
evacuating the slim tube at the end of the test, to prepare it for
the next test.
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80
81
82
83
4.3.7 System Shutdown
The MMPA has a recommended shutdown procedure to insure all

sub-components are properly turned off and all necessary parameters
are stored in the system files. If the system is shut down other than by
the recommended procedure, some parameters may not be saved.
Stop data logging: on the Data Plotting screen, click on the Log
Raw data button to stop logging if it is currently logging).
Turn off the oven heaters by lowering the oven Temperature set point to
its minimum temperature.
Stop all pumping activities by pressing the STOP button in the

pump control portion of the main software screen.
Turn off the software using the File… Exit command.
Wait for the MMPA software to completely shut down, then turn
off power to the instrument with the MAIN POWER ON/OFF switch on
the lower right side of the instrument cabinet. Then turn off the Oven’s
POWER switch, and turn off the Q5 pump and BPR controller.
4.4 Interpretation of Data and Results
As mentioned previously, a single experiment at a single pressure

is not enough to measure the Minimum Miscibility Pressure (MMP).
Rather, a series of experiments is required at different pressures,

so that the amount of oil recovered (either total ultimate cumulative
oilproduced, or oil produced at 1.0 or 1.2 P.V. injected, etc.) is plotted
vs. the test pressure. Normally, the amount of oil produced increases
significantly with increasing pressure if it is immiscible, and increases
little with increasing pressure if it is miscible. Therefore, the Minimum
Miscibility Pressure (MMP) can usually be determined as the intersection
of two straight lines on that plot of oil recovery vs. pressure. Another
84
commonly used criteria for determination of MMP is the pressure at
which a high oil recovery (such as 90%) is achieved.
A sight glass at the outlet of the slim tube allows viewing of the
produced effluent and provides third criteria: if immiscible, the transition
zone between the oil and the injection gas will show an interface or
interfaces (bubbles), and if miscible, the transition will be gradual with
no interface. The optional densitometer measures the effluent density,
and the optional gas chromatograph measures the produced gas
composition, and both measure changes in those during the
displacement.
85
Chapter Five
Case Study
Zella Oil Field
Chapter (5) Case Study
Zella Oil Field
5.1 Field Location:
Zella Field is located in Concession NC74B in the south-western

part of Sirte Basin operated by Zueitina Oil Company. The following
figure demonstrates the location of Zella field.
Figure (5.1): Zella Field Location Map.
5.2 Reservoir Description:
It was discovered in 1960 with F1, and development of the field

was started in 1977 with A1. Production was commenced in late 1978
and water injection was initiated in 1979 to maintain the reservoir
pressure.
To date, 67 wells have been drilled in the field of which 32 are

producer (11 are closed in), 28 are injectors (8 are closed in and 5 are
dual injectors), and 7 are abandoned.
87
Production in Zella field is from the Facha member of the lower
Eocene Gir formation. The Facha is a 300 foot thick sequence of
anhydrite, dolomite, and limestone. The reservoir can be subdivided into
two zones based on lithology. The two facies recognize are an upper
well developed dolomite and a lower relatively poor reservoir quality
limestone. The reservoir is heavily faulted with major fault occurring in a
northwest-southeast direction.
The Reservoir Data of Zella can be summarized in the following table:
Table (5.1): Zella Oil Field Data Summary

Reservoir
Formation Depth, (D) 5500 ft
Avg. Net Pay, (h) 300 ft
Initial Pressure, (Pi) 2817 Psia
Current Pressure, (P) 2500 Psia
Reservoir Temperature, (Tres) 183 ˚F
Rock Properties
Avg. Porosity, (φavg.) 20 %
Initial Water Saturation, (Swi) 20 %
Avg. Permeability, (kavg.) 8 md
Fluid Properties
Saturation Pressure, (Psat.) 2184 Psia
Gas Oil Ratio, (GOR) 1600 SCF/STB
FVF @ Initial Pressure, (Boi) 2.10 RB/STB
Oil Viscosity, (μo) 0.18 cp
Oil Gravity, (API) 46 ˚ API
Reserves
Original Oil In Place, (N) 267 MMSTB
Initial Oil Reserves, (Np) 84 MMSTB
88
Table (5.2): Reservoir Crude Composition

Component* Yi Mi
CO2 0.02 44.01
N2 0.00 28.01
C1 0.35 16.04
C2 0.11 30.07
C3 0.11 44.10
i-C4 0.03 58.12
n-C4 0.05 58.12
i-C5 0.03 72.15
n-C5 0.02 72.15
C6 0.04 86.18
C7+ 0.23 725.00
* Component received from Zuetina Oil Company.
89
Chapter Six
Results
Chapter (6) Results
Results
This study was worked in PVT Lab in Al-Fateh University,

Petroleum Engineering Department, using Slim Tube to predict Minimum
Miscibility Pressure for Zella Oil Field.
Following are an example formatted test Report (summary report)

for a several experiment for different pressure to determine the MMP of
stock tank oil, as generated automatically by the MMPA, as a Microsoft
Excel spreadsheet, and a plot of the raw data generated manually from
that spreadsheet data, with added comments.
91
Chapter (6) Results
6.1 Thermal Expansion Factor (TEF) for CO2:
1. At 1000 PSI & Reservoir Temperature 88 (c ̊)
Density @ 1000 PSI & 88 (c ̊) = 0.127106 (gm/cc).
Table (6.1): TEF for CO2 at 1000 psia

o
Temperature, C Density, gm/cc TEF
10 0.894445 7.037001
20 0.811619 6.385371
40 0.195915 1.541351
50 0.170556 1.341841
60 0.154400 1.214734
70 0.142583 1.121765
80 0.133304 1.048762
90 0.125690 0.988860
100 0.119254 0.938225
Figure (6.1): TEF vs. Temperature for CO2 at 1000 psia.
92
Chapter (6) Results

o
10 0.923638 4.253064
20 0.861447 3.966694
40 0.653995 3.011443
50 0.433308 1.995248
60 0.313891 1.445370
70 0.263661 1.214077
80 0.234086 1.077893
90 0.213543 0.983299
100 0.197970 0.911590
93
Chapter (6) Results

o
10 0.964907 2.089914
20 0.918345 1.989064
40 0.808878 1.751967
50 0.743078 1.609449
60 0.668770 1.448504
70 0.589446 1.276694
80 0.513882 1.113029
90 0.450067 0.974810
100 0.400220 0.866846
94
Chapter (6) Results

o
10 0.995131 1.582180
20 0.955853 1.519731
40 0.869928 1.383117
50 0.823019 1.308535
60 0.773606 1.229973
70 0.722256 1.148330
80 0.670118 1.065435
90 0.618875 0.983962
100 0.570352 0.906815
95
Chapter (6) Results
6.2 Thermal Expansion Factor (TEF) for Toluene:
Table (6.5): TEF for Toluene at 1000 psia

Temperature, oC Density, gm/cc TEF
10 0.889668 1.094866
20 0.879793 1.082713
30 0.869932 1.070577
40 0.860074 1.058446
50 0.850209 1.046305
60 0.840327 1.034144
70 0.830447 1.021985
80 0.820562 1.009821
90 0.810576 0.997531
100 0.800478 0.985104
Figure (6.5): TEF vs. Temperature for Toluene at 1000 psia.
96
Chapter (6) Results

10 0.890490 1.090892
20 0.882308 1.080869
0.872589 1.068963
40 0.862883 1.057073
50 0.853180 1.045186
60 0.843473 1.033294
70 0.833782 1.021422
80 0.824100 1.009561
90 0.814335 0.997599
100 0.804478 0.985524
97
Chapter (6) Results

10 0.896647 1.089094
20 0.887152 1.077561
30 0.877694 1.066073
40 0.868266 1.054622
50 0.858859 1.043196
60 0.849467 1.031788
70 0.840112 1.020425
80 0.830791 1.009104
90 0.821416 0.997716
100 0.811979 0.986254
98
Chapter (6) Results

10 0.901043 1.085844
20 0.891771 1.074670
30 0.882548 1.063556
40 0.873368 1.052493
50 0.864223 1.041472
60 0.855109 1.030489
70 0.846048 1.019570
80 0.837040 1.008714
90 0.827998 0.997818
100 0.818918 0.986875
99
Chapter (6) Results
Minimum
Miscibility
Pressure
Apparatus
Model
2328-900
Time 22:45:00
Date 13-10-‫نوفمبر‬
Notes
Al Fateh University Petroluem Eng. Dept. EOR LAB
MMP For ZELLA Oil Field
Expriment Run by
Dyaa Naghmoush
Jamal Al Mages
Ali Al Tabrori
Moneer Al Jerbi
Operator Eng. Mohamed hassan
Date saturday ; nov. 13-2010 5:00 pm""
Test Back Pressure (psig) 1000
Test Temperature (°C) 88
Oil Formation Volume Factor 1.0675
Oil Thermal Expansion Factor 1.0684
Displacement Gas Thermal Expansion Factor (cc/cc) 6.114
Initial Measured Gas / Oil Ratio 0.358
Total Pore Volume (cc) 127.7
Slim Tube Pore Volume (cc) 120.2
Initial Fill Liquid Thermal Expansion Factor 1.0791
Initial Fill Liquid Formation Volume Factor 1.0698
Oil Recovery (%) at 1.0 Pore Volumes Injected 51.1
Oil Recovery (%) Ultimate 67.4
100
Chapter (6) Results
Cum. Oil
Gas Cumul. Cum. Prod.
Recovery Cum. Incr. Gas Cum. Gas
Injected Prod. Oil Inlet Oil at
Time at Prod. / Oil / Oil
at at Pressure, Separator
(hh:mm:ss) Reservoir Gas, Ratio, Ratio ,
Reservoir Reservoir (psig) Conditions,
(% of (cc) (scf/bbl) (scf/bbl)
(P.V.) , (cc) (cc)
P.V.)
21:44:44 0 0 0 0 1091 0.6 0.6 0.01
21:45:34 0.05 1.9 1.6 2 1105 6.3 0.6 1.75
21:46:28 0.1 3.9 3.4 3 1114 5 5.9 3.61
21:47:21 0.15 6.1 5.3 3 1117 3.3 3 5.67
21:48:14 0.201 8.3 7.3 6 1121 4.2 3.1 7.82
21:49:07 0.251 10.5 9.1 6 1124 3.6 3.9 9.84
21:50:00 0.301 12.9 11.2 8 1126 3.9 5 12.09
21:50:53 0.351 15.6 13.6 9 1129 3.4 1.6 14.63
21:51:46 0.401 18.1 15.8 12 1130 4.1 4.5 16.97
21:52:39 0.452 20.9 18.2 13 1132 3.7 4.5 19.59
21:53:32 0.502 23.6 20.5 14 1132 3.5 1.5 22.07
21:54:25 0.552 26.4 23 15 1133 3.5 2.5 24.77
21:55:18 0.602 29.5 25.6 16 1133 3.3 3.9 27.6
21:56:11 0.652 32.5 28.3 18 1132 3.3 2.8 30.42
21:57:04 0.702 35.6 31 19 1131 3.2 2.6 33.37
21:57:57 0.753 38.9 33.9 21 1130 3.2 1 36.45
21:58:50 0.803 42.3 36.8 21 1127 3 4.4 39.66
21:59:43 0.853 45.8 39.9 23 1125 3 4.4 42.91
22:00:36 0.903 49.6 43.2 23 1120 2.7 1.9 46.47
22:01:29 0.953 53.6 46.7 25 1115 2.8 0.9 50.25
22:02:22 1.004 58 50.5 27 1109 2.7 2.2 54.36
22:03:15 1.054 62.9 54.7 29 1103 2.7 1.1 58.89
22:04:08 1.104 69 60 31 1095 2.7 2.8 64.61
22:05:01 1.154 73.3 63.8 359 1090 29.4 110 68.64
22:05:54 1.204 73.7 64.1 975 1085 79.3 8017.3 69.02
22:06:47 1.254 73.9 64.3 1568 1081 127.2 14526 69.19
22:07:40 1.305 74.1 64.5 2183 1078 176.5 14526 69.44
22:08:33 1.355 74.3 64.6 2731 1075 220.4 15239 69.59
22:09:26 1.405 74.3 64.7 3306 1072 266.6 21605 69.63
22:10:19 1.455 74.6 64.9 3837 1071 308.3 35701 69.87
22:11:12 1.505 74.8 65.1 4364 1068 349.6 12005 70.08
22:12:05 1.555 75 65.2 4904 1067 392 14283 70.24
22:12:58 1.606 75 65.3 5411 1065 432.4 32137 70.26
22:13:51 1.656 75.3 65.5 5920 1065 471.3 13342 70.52
22:14:44 1.706 75.5 65.7 6408 1063 508.7 13565 70.73
22:15:37 1.756 75.7 65.9 6949 1062 550 13565 70.93
22:16:30 1.806 75.9 66 7432 1061 587.1 15273 71.07
22:17:23 1.857 76 66.1 7909 1060 624.1 20481 71.15
22:18:16 1.907 76 66.2 8409 1059 662.8 29930 71.23
22:19:09 1.957 76.1 66.2 8874 1058 699 30053 71.28
22:20:02 2.007 76.2 66.3 9381 1058 738.4 29487 71.33
22:20:55 2.057 76.2 66.3 9864 1057 775.6 32765 71.41
22:21:49 2.107 76.3 66.3 10326 1057 811.7 29704 71.43
22:22:41 2.158 76.3 66.4 10822 1055 849.8 29704 71.5
22:23:34 2.208 76.4 66.5 11283 1055 885 31367 71.58
22:24:27 2.258 76.5 66.6 11727 1054 918.3 25162 71.7
22:25:20 2.308 76.7 66.7 12253 1055 957.9 32594 71.82
101
Chapter (6) Results
22:26:13 2.358 76.7 66.7 12706 1054 992.9 21709 71.85
22:27:06 2.408 76.9 66.9 13196 1054 1028.8 28803 72.02
22:27:59 2.459 76.9 66.9 13636 1053 1063.1 30966 72.02
22:28:52 2.509 76.9 66.9 14094 1054 1098 28277 72.07
22:29:46 2.559 77 67 14590 1053 1135.6 30814 72.13
22:30:38 2.609 77.1 67.1 15025 1052 1168.1 30814 72.22
22:31:31 2.659 77.1 67.1 15480 1052 1202.7 28791 72.26
22:32:25 2.709 77.2 67.2 15962 1051 1239 28343 72.33
22:33:17 2.76 77.2 67.2 16387 1051 1271.7 29435 72.35
22:34:10 2.81 77.3 67.3 16831 1051 1304.8 28108 72.43
22:35:04 2.86 77.3 67.3 17314 1051 1341.6 29800 72.45
22:35:56 2.91 77.4 67.3 17747 1051 1374.7 27997 72.48
22:36:49 2.96 77.4 67.4 18216 1049 1410.5 28028 72.51
22:37:43 3.01 77.4 67.4 18664 1050 1444.9 28028 72.52
22:38:35 3.061 77.4 67.4 19091 1051 1478 29848 72.52
22:39:28 3.111 77.4 67.4 19579 1049 1515.8 27464 72.52
22:40:22 3.161 77.4 67.4 20014 1049 1549.3 30512 72.53
22:41:14 3.211 77.4 67.4 20442 1049 1582.4 27186 72.53
22:42:07 3.261 77.4 67.4 20901 1049 1617.9 27920 72.53
22:43:01 3.312 77.4 67.4 21331 1050 1651.3 28429 72.53
22:43:53 3.362 77.4 67.4 21756 1049 1684.3 26650 72.52
22:44:46 3.412 77.4 67.4 22219 1049 1720.2 29563 72.52
102
Chapter (6) Results
Figure (6.9): CO2 Oil Tank at 1000 psia and 88 oC.
103
Chapter (6) Results
Minimum
Miscibility
Pressure
Apparatus
Model
2328-900
Time 13:10:00
Notes
Expriment Run by
Dyaa Naghmoush
Jamal Al Mages
Ali Al Tabrori
Moneer Al Jerbi
Date sunday ; nov. 28-2010 5:30 pm ""
Initial Measured Gas / Oil Ratio -0.55
Oil Recovery (%) Ultimate 75
104
Chapter (6) Results
Cumul.
Gas Cumul. Oil Cumul.
Incr. Gas Cumul.
Injected Prod. Oil Recovery Cumul. Inlet Prod. Oil at
Time / Oil Gas / Oil
at at at Prod. Gas Pressure Separator
(hh:mm:ss) Ratio Ratio
Reservoir Reservoir Reservoir (cc) (psig) Conditions
(scf/bbl) (scf/bbl)
(P.V.) (cc) (% of (cc)
P.V.)
1:01:46 0.01 0.03 0.35 -0.59 1522.00 1.00 -5.00 0.37
1:03:26 0.04 0.97 0.90 2.00 1522.00 7.00 3.00 0.97
1:05:09 0.08 3.38 3.14 2.38 1522.00 4.00 3.00 3.38
1:06:53 0.11 5.78 5.38 3.12 1521.00 4.00 2.00 5.78
1:08:35 0.15 8.19 7.62 3.93 1522.00 4.00 2.00 8.19
1:10:19 0.18 10.60 9.86 4.86 1522.00 5.00 2.00 10.60
1:12:02 0.22 13.00 12.10 6.35 1508.00 2.00 2.00 13.00
1:13:44 0.25 15.41 14.34 6.09 1508.00 -1.00 2.00 15.41
1:15:28 0.29 17.81 16.57 6.49 1508.00 0.00 2.00 17.81
1:17:11 0.32 20.22 18.81 7.28 1509.00 0.00 2.00 20.22
1:18:54 0.36 22.63 21.05 7.55 1509.00 -2.00 2.00 22.63
1:20:37 0.39 25.03 23.29 8.38 1508.00 3.00 2.00 25.03
1:22:20 0.43 27.44 25.53 9.37 1509.00 -1.00 2.00 27.44
1:24:03 0.46 29.84 27.77 9.99 1509.00 1.00 2.00 29.84
1:25:46 0.50 32.25 30.01 10.36 1509.00 2.00 2.00 32.25
1:27:29 0.53 34.66 32.24 10.94 1510.00 2.00 2.00 34.66
1:29:12 0.57 37.06 34.48 11.61 1509.00 3.00 1.00 37.06
1:30:55 0.60 39.47 36.72 12.51 1510.00 0.00 2.00 39.47
1:32:38 0.64 41.87 38.96 13.09 1510.00 0.00 2.00 41.87
1:34:21 0.67 44.28 41.20 13.38 1509.00 1.00 1.00 44.28
1:36:04 0.70 46.69 43.44 14.01 1509.00 0.00 1.00 46.69
1:37:47 0.74 49.09 45.68 14.21 1509.00 0.00 1.00 49.09
1:39:30 0.77 51.50 47.91 14.89 1509.00 1.00 1.00 51.50
1:41:14 0.81 53.90 50.15 15.42 1508.00 2.00 1.00 53.90
1:42:56 0.84 56.84 52.88 16.20 1510.00 3.00 1.00 56.84
1:44:39 0.88 58.90 54.80 16.53 1509.00 5.00 1.00 58.90
1:46:23 0.91 61.18 56.92 17.34 1510.00 -1.00 1.00 61.18
1:48:05 0.95 63.61 59.18 18.92 1509.00 3.00 1.00 63.61
1:49:49 0.98 66.07 61.48 18.81 1509.00 4.00 1.00 66.07
1:51:32 1.02 68.55 63.78 20.12 1510.00 4.00 1.00 68.55
1:53:14 1.05 70.91 65.97 21.40 1510.00 2.00 1.00 70.91
1:54:58 1.09 73.75 68.62 21.33 1509.00 2.00 1.00 73.75
1:56:41 1.12 75.90 70.62 21.83 1509.00 2.00 1.00 75.90
1:58:24 1.16 77.87 72.45 22.18 1510.00 3.00 1.00 77.87
2:00:07 1.19 79.37 72.93 22.86 1510.00 -1.00 1.00 78.39
2:01:50 1.23 80.34 73.02 24.08 1509.00 0.00 1.00 78.48
2:03:33 1.26 81.04 73.05 46.63 1510.00 30.00 3.00 78.51
2:05:16 1.30 81.13 73.08 170.76 1509.00 233.00 9.00 78.55
2:06:59 1.33 80.75 73.11 530.45 1509.00 717.00 27.00 78.58
2:08:42 1.37 80.32 73.15 1324.32 1509.00 2196.00 67.00 78.62
2:10:26 1.40 79.94 73.18 2573.62 1509.00 7023.00 129.00 78.65
2:12:08 1.44 79.53 73.21 4827.28 1509.00 27954.00 240.00 78.68
2:13:51 1.47 79.11 73.24 10165.61 1509.00 30189.00 507.00 78.72
2:15:35 1.51 78.90 73.27 15483.05 1509.00 26359.00 776.00 78.75
2:17:17 1.54 78.65 73.30 20532.45 1509.00 25979.00 1035.00 78.79
2:19:00 1.57 78.38 73.34 25447.56 1509.00 34093.00 1288.00 78.82
2:20:44 1.61 78.15 73.37 30197.13 1508.00 30236.00 1536.00 78.85
105
Chapter (6) Results
2:22:26 1.64 78.02 73.40 34835.90 1509.00 26592.00 1780.00 78.89
2:24:10 1.68 78.02 73.43 39304.67 1509.00 30059.00 2016.00 78.92
2:25:53 1.71 78.02 73.46 43754.89 1509.00 26501.00 2250.00 78.96
2:27:36 1.75 77.98 73.49 48793.18 1509.00 34355.00 2517.00 78.99
2:29:19 1.78 77.92 73.52 53491.57 1509.00 28093.00 2765.00 79.02
2:31:02 1.82 77.81 73.56 56568.57 1509.00 26090.00 2929.00 79.06
2:32:45 1.85 77.76 73.59 56573.76 1509.00 27111.00 2930.00 79.09
2:34:28 1.89 77.72 73.62 56577.92 1503.00 27199.00 2930.00 79.13
2:36:11 1.92 77.59 73.65 57219.31 1508.00 27368.00 2965.00 79.16
2:37:54 1.96 77.56 73.68 58231.62 1508.00 27731.00 3022.00 79.19
2:39:37 1.99 77.44 73.71 59230.11 1509.00 27328.00 3076.00 79.23
2:41:20 2.03 77.39 73.75 60244.89 1509.00 27058.00 3131.00 79.26
2:43:03 2.06 77.34 73.78 61228.38 1510.00 31000.00 3185.00 79.30
2:44:46 2.10 77.28 73.81 62297.09 1509.00 30297.00 3244.00 79.33
2:46:29 2.13 77.20 73.84 63313.72 1509.00 27210.00 3299.00 79.36
2:48:12 2.17 77.14 73.87 64355.51 1510.00 27084.00 3358.00 79.40
2:49:56 2.20 77.08 73.90 65406.99 1510.00 27676.00 3415.00 79.43
2:51:38 2.24 77.04 73.94 66389.90 1509.00 29808.00 3469.00 79.47
2:53:21 2.27 76.97 73.97 67433.35 1509.00 26901.00 3527.00 79.50
2:55:05 2.31 76.96 74.00 68469.14 1509.00 27014.00 3584.00 79.53
2:56:47 2.34 76.92 74.03 69498.67 1509.00 25829.00 3641.00 79.57
2:58:31 2.38 76.82 74.06 70491.68 1509.00 29521.00 3694.00 79.60
3:00:14 2.41 76.76 74.09 71420.45 1509.00 27695.00 3746.00 79.64
3:01:57 2.44 76.75 74.13 72504.32 1508.00 26562.00 3806.00 79.67
3:03:40 2.48 76.69 74.16 73458.36 1509.00 26617.00 3858.00 79.70
3:05:23 2.51 76.61 74.19 74487.53 1509.00 31013.00 3914.00 79.74
3:07:06 2.55 76.58 74.22 75488.45 1509.00 32499.00 3971.00 79.77
3:08:49 2.58 76.50 74.25 76456.34 1510.00 23308.00 4024.00 79.81
3:10:32 2.62 76.47 74.28 77452.28 1510.00 27732.00 4080.00 79.84
3:12:15 2.65 76.39 74.32 78463.11 1508.00 31117.00 4134.00 79.87
3:13:58 2.69 76.36 74.35 79509.88 1508.00 31496.00 4194.00 79.91
3:15:41 2.72 76.29 74.38 80452.65 1509.00 27822.00 4247.00 79.94
3:17:24 2.76 76.27 74.41 81435.23 1509.00 25137.00 4301.00 79.98
3:19:08 2.79 76.22 74.44 82465.68 1509.00 30448.00 4359.00 80.01
3:20:50 2.83 76.17 74.47 83481.79 1509.00 28953.00 4416.00 80.04
3:22:33 2.86 76.10 74.50 84448.99 1508.00 26041.00 4470.00 80.08
3:24:17 2.90 76.05 74.54 85392.84 1509.00 26773.00 4522.00 80.11
3:25:59 2.93 76.03 74.57 86418.61 1510.00 31314.00 4580.00 80.15
3:27:43 2.97 75.90 74.60 87453.23 1510.00 27412.00 4637.00 80.18
3:29:26 3.00 75.91 74.63 88425.12 1510.00 27614.00 4691.00 80.21
3:31:09 3.04 75.83 74.66 89384.13 1509.00 23803.00 4746.00 80.25
3:32:52 3.07 75.76 74.69 90379.73 1510.00 30326.00 4802.00 80.28
3:34:35 3.11 75.72 74.73 91436.61 1510.00 27483.00 4860.00 80.32
3:36:18 3.14 75.66 74.76 92432.43 1509.00 23955.00 4918.00 80.35
3:38:01 3.18 75.63 74.79 93410.07 1509.00 24757.00 4973.00 80.38
3:39:44 3.21 75.55 74.82 94424.36 1510.00 30999.00 5028.00 80.42
3:41:27 3.25 75.54 74.85 95443.84 1509.00 31995.00 5089.00 80.45
3:43:11 3.28 75.50 74.88 96425.44 1508.00 27829.00 5144.00 80.49
3:44:53 3.31 75.43 74.92 97341.28 1510.00 24655.00 5195.00 80.52
3:46:36 3.35 75.38 74.95 98368.00 1510.00 31105.00 5253.00 80.55
3:48:20 3.38 75.35 74.98 99389.78 1508.00 29380.00 5310.00 80.59
3:50:02 3.42 75.30 75.01 100298.96 1510.00 27698.00 5364.00 80.62
106
Chapter (6) Results
3:51:46 3.45 75.26 75.04 101288.11 1510.00 28251.00 5423.00 80.66
3:53:29 3.49 75.23 75.07 102246.43 1510.00 30064.00 5476.00 80.69
3:55:11 3.52 75.16 75.11 103242.26 1509.00 28816.00 5533.00 80.72
3:56:55 3.56 75.09 75.14 104205.31 1509.00 25496.00 5587.00 80.76
3:58:38 3.59 75.07 75.17 105151.16 1510.00 28338.00 5639.00 80.79
107
Chapter (6) Results
108
Chapter (6) Results
Minimum
Miscibility
Pressure
Apparatus
Model
2328-900
Time 04:44:00
Notes
Expriment Run by
Dyaa Naghmoush
Jamal Al Mages
Ali Al Tabrori
Moneer Al Jerbi
Date Saturdayday ; nov. 20-2010 4:30 pm""
Initial Measured Gas / Oil Ratio -0.232
Oil Recovery (%) at 1.2 Pore Volumes Injected 88
Oil Recovery (%) Ultimate 88.2
109
Chapter (6) Results
Cumul.
Incr. Cumul.
Time Gas / Oil Gas / Oil
(scf/bbl) (scf/bbl)
(P.V.) (cc) (% of (cc)
P.V.)
21:50:26 0 0 0 0 2564 -3 -3 0
21:53:49 0.05 5.3 3.9 2 2552 2 0 5.1
21:57:13 0.1 10.6 7.9 4 2552 2.1 1.4 10.16
22:00:38 0.15 16.5 12.2 5 2552 1.6 2.8 15.74
22:04:02 0.2 22.6 16.6 41 2552 10.7 0.8 21.53
22:07:26 0.25 28.6 21.1 40 2551 8.3 0.6 27.34
22:10:50 0.3 35.3 26.1 39 2550 6.6 -0.3 33.73
22:14:16 0.351 41.9 30.9 41 2547 5.7 0.5 39.97
22:17:41 0.401 48.5 35.8 41 2543 5 1 46.3
22:21:06 0.451 55.2 40.8 41 2540 4.4 -0.6 52.7
22:24:30 0.501 61.8 45.6 41 2535 3.9 -0.9 58.94
22:27:55 0.551 68.3 50.4 40 2532 3.5 -0.4 65.19
22:31:20 0.602 74.9 55.3 41 2529 3.2 0.1 71.46
22:34:45 0.652 81.6 60.3 40 2526 2.9 -2.4 77.92
22:38:09 0.702 88.5 65.3 41 2523 2.7 -1.1 84.45
22:41:33 0.752 95.5 70.5 40 2518 2.5 -0.1 91.19
22:44:59 0.802 102.6 75.7 40 2512 2.3 -0.2 97.9
22:48:23 0.852 110.3 81.4 50 2509 2.7 2 105.27
22:51:47 0.902 115.9 85.5 403 2508 20.5 581.7 110.59
22:55:11 0.952 119 87.8 1695 2509 83.8 2856.6 113.58
22:58:35 1.002 119.7 88.4 3552 2510 174.5 31197 114.3
23:01:59 1.052 119.9 88.5 5507 2509 270.2 32233 114.43
23:05:24 1.102 119.7 88.3 7431 2509 365.2 30557 114.24
23:08:49 1.153 119.4 88.2 9295 2510 457.7 31966 114.01
23:12:14 1.203 119.2 88 11134 2509 549.5 30215 113.76
23:15:39 1.253 118.9 87.8 13003 2509 643.3 31557 113.49
23:19:04 1.303 118.6 87.6 14847 2510 736.2 30159 113.22
23:22:28 1.353 118.3 87.3 16769 2510 833.6 32619 112.95
23:25:53 1.403 118.1 87.2 18617 2510 927.2 29040 112.73
23:29:18 1.454 117.8 86.9 20488 2510 1023.3 29277 112.42
23:32:42 1.504 117.6 86.8 22247 2510 1112.9 30927 112.24
23:36:07 1.554 117.4 86.6 23983 2510 1201.9 27851 112.04
23:39:32 1.604 117.2 86.5 25844 2510 1297.1 31180 111.86
23:42:57 1.654 117.1 86.4 27687 2510 1391.1 33036 111.74
23:46:23 1.704 116.9 86.3 29521 2511 1485.2 28457 111.6
23:49:47 1.755 116.7 86.2 31354 2510 1579.7 30404 111.44
23:53:12 1.805 116.7 86.1 33145 2510 1671.1 28419 111.36
23:56:38 1.855 116.6 86 34977 2511 1765.1 31851 111.26
0:00:02 1.905 116.4 85.9 36772 2511 1858.1 30701 111.11
0:03:26 1.955 116.3 85.8 38657 2510 1955.4 31040 111
0:06:50 2.005 116.1 85.7 40504 2510 2051.8 33310 110.84
0:10:16 2.056 116 85.6 42300 2510 2144.8 30445 110.73
0:13:41 2.106 115.9 85.5 44139 2511 2240.1 28283 110.63
0:17:05 2.156 115.8 85.5 45943 2511 2333.7 33150 110.53
0:20:31 2.206 115.6 85.3 47741 2510 2428.6 28869 110.37
0:23:56 2.256 115.5 85.3 49574 2509 2523.7 28439 110.29
0:27:21 2.307 115.5 85.2 51340 2510 2615.7 31431 110.2
110
Chapter (6) Results
0:30:46 2.357 115.3 85.1 53080 2510 2706.9 28072 110.1
0:34:10 2.407 115.2 85 54862 2510 2802.4 28149 109.92
0:37:34 2.457 115 84.9 56659 2511 2897.9 28614 109.77
0:40:59 2.507 114.9 84.8 58436 2510 2990.9 28538 109.7
0:44:24 2.557 114.7 84.7 60281 2511 3091.2 28752 109.49
0:47:48 2.607 114.6 84.6 62071 2511 3186.3 28785 109.38
0:51:14 2.658 114.4 84.4 63830 2511 3282.3 28361 109.19
0:54:38 2.708 114.3 84.3 65699 2511 3381.9 31033 109.07
0:58:03 2.758 114.1 84.2 67548 2511 3481.6 29164 108.93
1:01:29 2.808 113.9 84.1 69436 2510 3584.6 32963 108.76
1:04:53 2.858 113.8 84 71230 2511 3680.4 30751 108.66
1:08:19 2.909 113.8 84 73017 2510 3775.4 27779 108.59
1:11:44 2.959 113.6 83.8 74839 2511 3875.7 27751 108.42
1:15:08 3.009 113.5 83.8 76661 2510 3973.9 31111 108.31
1:18:34 3.059 113.4 83.7 78494 2510 4071.4 28629 108.24
1:21:59 3.11 113.2 83.6 80344 2511 4174 32281 108.07
1:25:23 3.16 113.1 83.5 82117 2510 4270.2 29543 107.97
1:28:48 3.21 113 83.4 83979 2511 4371.3 27536 107.86
1:32:12 3.26 112.9 83.3 85836 2511 4472.3 33335 107.76
1:35:36 3.31 112.8 83.2 87664 2510 4572.7 30236 107.64
1:39:01 3.36 112.6 83.1 89538 2510 4677.5 31003 107.48
1:42:26 3.41 112.5 83.1 91304 2511 4772.7 27551 107.41
1:45:51 3.46 112.4 83 93052 2511 4870.2 27668 107.28
1:49:17 3.511 112.2 82.8 94924 2511 4975.2 31298 107.12
1:52:41 3.561 112.2 82.8 96686 2511 5070.2 28350 107.07
1:56:06 3.611 112 82.7 98441 2511 5168.7 27209 106.93
1:59:32 3.661 111.9 82.6 100218 2511 5268.5 29336 106.8
2:02:56 3.711 111.8 82.5 101986 2511 5365.8 27357 106.72
2:06:20 3.762 111.7 82.4 103770 2512 5466.4 26737 106.58
2:09:46 3.812 111.6 82.3 105523 2511 5564.2 30647 106.48
2:13:11 3.862 111.4 82.2 107314 2511 5665.3 28396 106.35
2:16:36 3.912 111.3 82.2 109140 2511 5767.9 31566 106.24
2:20:00 3.962 111.2 82.1 110911 2511 5867.7 28848 106.13
2:23:24 4.012 111.1 82 112712 2512 5967.3 28950 106.05
2:26:49 4.062 111 81.9 114509 2512 6070 31864 105.92
2:30:13 4.112 110.8 81.8 116262 2511 6171.3 27412 105.77
2:33:38 4.163 110.6 81.7 118073 2511 6278.1 30920 105.59
2:37:02 4.213 110.6 81.6 119811 2511 6372.8 31555 105.56
2:40:27 4.263 110.5 81.5 121546 2512 6471.5 26896 105.45
2:43:53 4.313 110.3 81.4 123360 2511 6577 30344 105.31
2:47:17 4.363 110.3 81.4 125105 2511 6674.2 31023 105.24
2:50:43 4.414 110.1 81.3 126873 2511 6775.9 27087 105.13
2:54:08 4.464 110 81.2 128599 2511 6877.4 29756 104.99
2:57:32 4.514 109.9 81.1 130349 2511 6974.1 28345 104.94
3:00:57 4.564 109.8 81 132148 2512 7081.3 28081 104.78
3:04:22 4.614 109.7 80.9 133888 2511 7182.3 30861 104.66
3:07:46 4.664 109.4 80.8 135671 2508 7293.9 27283 104.43
3:11:11 4.715 109.5 80.8 137428 2511 7383.7 28139 104.5
3:14:36 4.765 109.3 80.7 139168 2512 7486.7 28079 104.37
3:18:00 4.815 109.3 80.7 140924 2512 7584.6 28209 104.32
3:21:24 4.865 109.2 80.6 142691 2511 7687.4 27944 104.22
3:24:50 4.915 109.1 80.5 144449 2511 7791.3 26860 104.09
111
Chapter (6) Results
3:28:14 4.965 108.9 80.4 146200 2511 7897.3 28808 103.94
3:31:39 5.015 108.8 80.3 147963 2512 7997.6 31091 103.87
3:35:05 5.066 108.7 80.2 149714 2511 8100.4 27604 103.77
3:38:29 5.116 108.6 80.1 151498 2511 8209 30265 103.62
3:41:55 5.166 108.5 80.1 153238 2510 8305.6 30289 103.59
3:45:20 5.216 108.4 80 154943 2511 8411.1 28015 103.43
3:48:44 5.267 108.3 79.9 156721 2511 8515.4 30602 103.33
3:52:10 5.317 108.2 79.9 158469 2512 8615.1 30985 103.28
3:55:35 5.367 108.1 79.8 160222 2510 8721.7 26931 103.14
3:58:59 5.417 107.9 79.7 161988 2511 8828.4 31056 103.02
4:02:24 5.467 107.9 79.6 163727 2510 8928.1 30249 102.96
4:05:48 5.517 107.7 79.5 165506 2511 9035.1 27422 102.85
4:09:13 5.567 107.6 79.4 167267 2511 9140.6 30265 102.74
4:12:38 5.618 107.6 79.4 169038 2512 9244.1 29074 102.67
4:16:02 5.668 107.5 79.3 170824 2511 9351.4 28771 102.56
4:19:27 5.718 107.3 79.2 172551 2510 9456.4 27477 102.45
4:22:53 5.768 107.3 79.2 174300 2512 9559.3 28395 102.37
4:26:17 5.818 107.1 79 176124 2511 9673.7 25828 102.22
4:29:41 5.868 107.1 79 177888 2511 9774.2 26624 102.18
4:33:05 5.918 107 79 179627 2511 9876.2 27811 102.12
4:36:31 5.969 106.9 78.9 180455 2506 9930.1 1178.2 102.03
4:39:56 6.019 106.9 78.9 180461 2505 9930.4 107.5 102.03
4:43:20 6.069 106.9 78.9 180464 2502 9930.6 107.8 102.03
112
Chapter (6) Results
113
Chapter (6) Results
Minimum
Miscibility
Pressure
Apparatus
Model
2328-900
Time 23:52:00
Notes
Expriment Run by
Dyaa Naghmoush
Jamal Al Mages
Ali Al Tabrori
Moneer Al Jerbi
Date monday ; nov. 22-2010 11:30 am""
Initial Measured Gas / Oil Ratio 0.385
Oil Recovery (%) Ultimate 93
114
Chapter (6) Results
Cumul.
Incr. Cumul.
Time Gas / Oil Gas / Oil
(scf/bbl) (scf/bbl)
(P.V.) (cc) (% of (cc)
P.V.)
16:46:46 0 0 0 0 3602 1.2 1.2 0
16:50:57 0.05 6.8 5.3 5 3547 4.5 8.2 6.64
16:55:10 0.1 12.8 10 10 3546 4.5 8.7 12.47
16:59:23 0.15 19 15 14 3543 4.3 2.4 18.6
17:03:36 0.2 25.3 19.9 20 3541 4.5 4.6 24.72
17:07:49 0.25 31.6 24.8 24 3538 4.4 6.3 30.85
17:12:02 0.3 38 29.8 27 3536 4 1.1 37.08
17:16:15 0.35 44.4 34.9 31 3532 4 0.8 43.4
17:20:29 0.4 50.7 39.9 34 3530 3.8 -1.5 49.56
17:24:41 0.45 57.1 44.9 36 3527 3.7 3.8 55.74
17:28:54 0.5 63.4 49.8 39 3525 3.5 3.9 61.92
17:33:08 0.55 69.8 54.9 40 3521 3.3 1 68.23
17:37:20 0.6 76.1 59.8 44 3518 3.3 6.9 74.32
17:41:33 0.65 82.5 64.9 46 3515 3.2 1.7 80.6
17:45:47 0.7 88.9 69.9 47 3513 3 1.2 86.86
17:49:59 0.75 95.4 75 48 3509 2.9 -1 93.17
17:54:12 0.8 101.8 80 51 3505 2.9 -0.5 99.41
17:58:26 0.85 109 85.7 58 3502 3.1 4 106.48
18:02:38 0.9 114.5 90.1 298 3502 15 360.4 111.9
18:06:51 0.95 118.1 92.8 1454 3502 70.8 3621.6 115.33
18:11:05 1 119.4 93.8 3488 3502 168 18512 116.61
18:15:17 1.05 119.5 93.9 5782 3502 278.1 30517 116.71
18:19:31 1.1 119.1 93.7 8175 3502 394.3 31326 116.39
18:23:44 1.15 118.8 93.4 10567 3502 511 32079 116.09
18:27:56 1.2 118.5 93.1 12985 3503 629.9 30279 115.74
18:32:10 1.25 118.2 93 15388 3503 747.9 33381 115.51
18:36:23 1.3 118 92.8 17776 3503 866 29712 115.25
18:40:35 1.35 117.8 92.6 20135 3504 982.7 29572 115.04
18:44:49 1.4 117.6 92.4 22463 3503 1098.2 29630 114.85
18:49:02 1.45 117.3 92.3 24815 3503 1215.5 29934 114.63
18:53:14 1.5 117.1 92.1 27152 3504 1332.1 33304 114.44
18:57:28 1.55 116.9 91.9 29496 3504 1449.5 33118 114.25
19:01:41 1.6 116.8 91.8 31839 3504 1567 29933 114.08
19:05:53 1.65 116.6 91.7 34174 3504 1684 30017 113.94
19:10:07 1.701 116.5 91.6 36479 3503 1800.4 29308 113.76
19:14:20 1.751 116.3 91.4 38816 3504 1918.1 29510 113.62
19:18:32 1.801 116.1 91.3 41151 3504 2036.3 31961 113.46
19:22:46 1.851 115.9 91.1 43475 3505 2155.3 32430 113.25
19:26:59 1.901 115.8 91 45813 3505 2274.5 33467 113.09
19:31:11 1.951 115.6 90.9 48139 3505 2393.2 29779 112.94
19:35:25 2.001 115.5 90.8 50434 3504 2509.4 30186 112.84
19:39:38 2.051 115.4 90.7 52747 3505 2627.3 31439 112.72
19:43:50 2.101 115.2 90.6 55064 3506 2747.1 30033 112.54
19:48:04 2.151 115 90.4 57420 3505 2869.3 32878 112.36
19:52:17 2.201 114.8 90.3 59749 3506 2990.5 31816 112.18
19:56:29 2.251 114.7 90.2 62091 3505 3111.6 28961 112.04
20:00:43 2.301 114.5 90 64440 3506 3235.1 29697 111.84
115
Chapter (6) Results
20:04:56 2.351 114.3 89.9 66740 3505 3355.7 30260 111.67
20:09:08 2.401 114.2 89.8 69107 3505 3478 29953 111.56
20:13:22 2.451 113.9 89.6 71456 3504 3604.5 33374 111.3
20:17:35 2.501 113.8 89.5 73820 3504 3726.6 32734 111.22
20:21:48 2.551 113.6 89.3 76148 3505 3851.4 33227 111.01
20:26:01 2.601 113.4 89.2 78495 3506 3977.2 33343 110.81
20:30:14 2.651 113.4 89.1 80810 3505 4096.6 29944 110.75
20:34:27 2.701 113.3 89.1 83144 3504 4217.8 29741 110.68
20:38:41 2.751 113.1 88.9 85477 3505 4345.1 32555 110.45
20:42:53 2.801 112.9 88.8 87827 3505 4470.8 31049 110.3
20:47:07 2.851 112.7 88.6 90183 3506 4597.4 33473 110.14
20:51:20 2.901 112.6 88.5 92552 3506 4723.5 29665 110.01
20:55:33 2.951 112.4 88.4 94843 3506 4848.8 30330 109.82
20:59:46 3.001 112.3 88.3 97158 3506 4973.2 32444 109.69
21:03:59 3.051 112.1 88.1 99547 3505 5104.7 30835 109.49
21:08:12 3.101 111.9 88 101868 3507 5231.9 33038 109.32
21:12:25 3.151 111.5 87.7 104223 3506 5371.5 32860 108.94
21:16:38 3.201 111.4 87.6 106568 3506 5498.6 30109 108.81
21:20:51 3.251 111.3 87.5 108910 3508 5625.4 29944 108.7
21:25:05 3.301 111.1 87.4 111218 3507 5751.6 30193 108.57
21:29:17 3.351 111 87.3 113544 3506 5878.6 30039 108.44
21:33:31 3.401 110.8 87.1 115898 3507 6010.5 33532 108.26
21:37:44 3.451 110.7 87 118260 3507 6142.1 28838 108.1
21:41:56 3.501 110.5 86.9 120572 3506 6271.6 31854 107.94
21:46:10 3.551 110.3 86.7 122844 3507 6398.8 30648 107.79
21:50:23 3.601 110.2 86.6 125185 3508 6530.5 28920 107.63
21:54:36 3.652 110.1 86.5 127515 3507 6659.1 31490 107.51
21:58:50 3.702 109.9 86.4 129873 3508 6793.7 32333 107.33
22:03:02 3.752 109.7 86.3 132259 3508 6927.1 32414 107.2
22:07:16 3.802 109.5 86.1 134639 3508 7063.6 30228 107.02
22:11:29 3.852 109.5 86.1 136962 3507 7190.6 31438 106.94
22:15:41 3.902 109.3 86 139315 3508 7323.3 31702 106.81
22:19:55 3.952 109.2 85.9 141668 3508 7453.5 30294 106.72
22:24:08 4.002 109.1 85.8 144023 3508 7587.6 32894 106.57
22:28:21 4.052 108.9 85.6 146366 3508 7724.1 27816 106.39
22:32:34 4.102 108.8 85.5 148648 3508 7853.6 29072 106.27
22:36:47 4.152 108.6 85.4 150964 3508 7990.3 29719 106.08
22:41:00 4.202 108.5 85.3 153299 3508 8119.7 30357 106
22:45:13 4.252 108.3 85.1 155643 3508 8260.2 33308 105.79
22:49:26 4.302 108.2 85.1 158021 3509 8393.9 29589 105.7
22:53:39 4.352 108.1 85 160325 3509 8520.9 30690 105.64
22:57:53 4.402 108 84.9 162710 3508 8660.9 29739 105.48
23:02:05 4.452 107.8 84.8 165074 3509 8797.8 30321 105.35
23:06:19 4.502 107.7 84.7 167445 3508 8937.1 34706 105.2
23:10:32 4.552 107.6 84.6 169811 3509 9072.4 30303 105.09
23:14:45 4.602 107.4 84.5 172223 3509 9214.5 30298 104.94
23:18:58 4.652 107.3 84.4 174556 3508 9346.1 30147 104.86
23:23:11 4.702 107.3 84.3 176961 3507 9480.9 30151 104.8
23:27:24 4.752 107.1 84.2 179368 3508 9622.1 33238 104.66
23:31:38 4.802 107.1 84.2 181781 3508 9755.1 33457 104.63
23:35:50 4.852 106.9 84 184131 3508 9900 32331 104.43
23:40:04 4.902 106.9 84 185452 3503 9972 1479.2 104.42
116
Chapter (6) Results
117
Chapter (6) Results
Table (6.9): Lab Results
Oil Recovery Oil Recovery at Oil Recovery Oil Recovery

Pressure
at BT 1.0 PV at 1.2 PV Ultimate
1000 0.6427 0.51 0.641 0.674
1500 0.706 0.654 0.73 0.755
2500 0.818 0.884 0.88 0.88
3500 0.85 0.939 0.931 0.931
Table (6.10): Comparison between Lab and Correlations Results

Different between
Method MMP (Lab.), (psi) MMP (Corr.), (psi)
Results %
NPC 2280 1550 32.0
Holm 2280 2450 6.9
Yellig 2280 2300 1.0
118
Chapter (6) Results
Figure (6.13): MMP at Gas Breakthrough.

119
Chapter (6) Results
Figure (6.14): MMP at 1.0 Pore Volume of Gas Injected.

120
Chapter (6) Results
Figure (6.15): MMP at 1.2 Pore Volume of Gas Injected.

121
Chapter (6) Results
Figure (6.16): MMP for Ultimate Oil Recovery.

122
Chapter Seven
Conclusions &
Recommendations
Chapter (7) Conclusions and Recommendations
Conclusions and Recommendations
7.1 Conclusions:
The work presented in this study can be summarized as follows:
The slim tube apparatus (model 2328-900 MMPA) is used to

conduct the experimental part of this study.
A black oil sample from Zella oil field of Zueitina Oil Company is
used in this study.
Long time was taken to run the experiments in order to be

confident of the results.
The 1.2 pore volumes of gas injection procedure was adopted to

get the recovery at every pressure value.
The oil recovery at 1.2 pore volume injected has not exceed 93 %
at 3500 psia pressure value.
The PVT data from Zueitina Oil Company is used to obtain the
MMP for Zell oil field.
The National Petroleum Council (NPC), Holm and Josendal, Yellig

and Metcalfe Correlations were used in this study.
Comparing the results obtained from the correlations varies from

one to another when compared with the MMP from our work.
Different between
Method MMP (Lab.), (psi) MMP (Corr.), (psi)
Results %
NPC 2280 1550 32.0
Holm 2280 2450 6.9
Yellig 2280 2300 1.0
124
Chapter (7) Conclusions and Recommendations
7.2 Recommendations:
From the course of this work, the following are the main
recommendation:
Conducting the slim tube test using other type of miscible gases
and different types of crudes.
Continue the studies on this project to develop and establish

correlations that can be used in Libyan oil fields.
125
References
. References
References
1. Aurel Carcoana: "Applied Enhanced Oil Recovery", 1992, New
Jersey, PP. 175-201.
2. Bahram Amirijafari, Carbon Dioxide for Enhanced Oil Recovery

from the CO2 Source to Oil Production”, 1983.
3. Ben Hmeda N.: "Enhanced Oil Recovery", Part of the Technical

Program Organized for the Petroleum Engineering Department,
Al Fateh University, Tripoli, 2010.
4. Craft, B. C., Hawkins M., Applied Petroleum Reservoir

Engineering, 1990, PP. 1-53.
5. Erie, D., Chilingarian, G., and Yen, T., "Enhanced Oil Recovery
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Determination For Minimum Misciblity Pressure

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Determination For Minimum Misciblity Pressure

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DETERMINATION OF

Ali M. Altabrori Dyaa A. Nagmoush

Dr. Said I. Aldbaib

We would like to extend a special thanks to Dr. Nori K. Ben Hmeda,

We would like to extend a special thanks to Eng. Mohamed Hasan,

Special thanks to Planning Department in Zueitina Oil Company for

We would like to extend my gratitude to the faculty staff and

This work studied the determination of minimum miscibility

Second, run laboratory procedures to determine the minimum

Third, estimates of minimum miscibility pressure by using different

Fourth, compare the results between laboratory and correlations.

Finally, the summary of conclusions of this Project shows that the

References …………………………………………………………………………... 127

2.1 Miscibility type ………………………………………………………… 20

3.1 CO2 Density ....……………………………………………………….… 51

5.1 Zella Oil Field Data Summary ………………………….………… 88

6.1 TEF for CO2 at 1000 psia ………………………………..………… 92

2.1 Miscibility Process ………………………………….….……………... 14

3.1 Compressibility Factor of CO2………………………………….….. 50

4.1 2328-900 MMPA instrument …………………………………….... 63

5.1 Zella Field Location Map ……………………………..…………….. 87

6.1 TEF vs. Temperature for CO2 at 1000 psia ………………….. 92

β = Formation Volume Factor, (Res. Vol/Sur. Vol).

Enhanced Oil Recovery

Enhanced Oil Recovery

The terms primary oil recovery, secondary oil recovery, and

Figure (1.1): Oil Recovery Classifications. (Russel 2003)

1.2 Production Categories:

1.2.1 Primary Recovery

Primary oil recovery describes the production of hydrocarbons

1.2.2 Secondary Recovery

Secondary oil recovery refers to the additional recovery those

1.2.3 Tertiary Recovery

Tertiary (enhanced) oil recovery is that additional recovery over

Various methods of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) are essentially

Figure (1.2): Oil Recovery Categories. (Tarek 2001).

The purpose of enhanced oil recovery is restoration of

The definition of enhanced recovery methods as used by the oil

1.3 Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods:

3. Hydrocarbon and Other Gas” Method

a. Steam and Hot Water Injection

1.4 Classification of Enhanced Recovery by the Main

1. Solvent Extraction or "Miscible-Type" Processes

2. Interfacial Tension Reductions Processes

3. Viscosity Reduction (of oil) or Viscosity Increase (of driving fluid)

Figures from (1.3) to (1.8) show a schematic of different Enhanced

Figure (1.3): Water Flooding.

Figure (1.4): Gas Injection Method.

Figure (1.5): Steam Injection.

Figure (1.6): In situ Combustion.

Figure (1.7): Surfactant/Polymer Flooding.

Figure (1.8): Polymer Flooding.

Table (1.2): Summary of Screening for Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods

1.5 Factors Affecting EOR Processes:

1. The reservoir characteristics.

2. The nature of the displacing and displaced fluids.

3. The arrangement of production and injection wells.

Displacement of crude oil with drive agents such as water or

Figure (2.1): Miscibility Process. (Ben Hmeda 2010).

Reservoir pressure, reservoir temperature, and composition of

Static Miscibility (First Contact Miscibility F.C.M) existed under

Dynamic Miscibility (Multi Contact Miscibility M.C.M) existed

2.2 Phase Behavior:

A mixture with an overall composition given by point A is a two-

The bubble point curve connects all the bubble point

The two-phase region's size is reduced when pressure in

The compositions of all the mixtures of two fluids are