all of

Do

Cumulative

review

CHAPTERS R–4 Cumulative Review Exercises 339

2. Match each number in Column I with the choice or choices of sets of numbers in Column II

to which the number belongs.

I II

(a) 34 (b) 0 A. Natural numbers B. Whole numbers

(c) 2.16 (d) - 236 C. Integers D. Rational numbers

4 E. Irrational numbers F. Real numbers

(e) 213 (f) -

5

Evaluate.

3. 9 # 4 - 16 , 4

1 2 1 3
4. a b - a b 5. - 0 8 - 13 0 - 0 -4 0 + 0 -9 0
3 2

6. Simplify 0.518x - 102 - 0.415 + 10x2.

Solve.

7. -518 - 2z2 + 417 - z2 = 718 + z2 - 3 8. 31x + 22 - 51x + 22 = -2x - 4

9. A = p + prt for t 10. 21m + 52 - 3m + 1 7 5

11. 0 3x - 1 0 = 2 12. 0 3z + 1 0 Ú 7

13. A survey polled Internet users age 12 and older about the Internet activities they engaged
in daily. Complete the results shown in the table if 5000 such users were surveyed.

Daily Internet Activity Percent Actual Number

Browse the web 70%

Download/listen to music 39%

Download/watch videos 1800

Play games 1550

Data from the 2017 Center for the Digital Future report.

14. Find the measure of each angle of the triangle.

(6x + 10)°

(x + 15)° (x – 5)°

Find the slope of each line described.

15. Through 1 -4, 52 and 12, -32 16. Through 14, 52; horizontal

Write an equation of each line that satisfies the given conditions. Give the equation (a) in

slope-intercept form and (b) in standard form.

17. Through 14, -12; m = -4 18. Through 10, 02 and 11, 42

Graph each equation or inequality.

19. -3x + 4y = 12 20. y … 2x - 6 21. 3x + 2y 6 0

340 CHAPTER 4 Exponents, Polynomials, and Polynomial Functions

22. Per capita consumption of whole milk in the United States (in gallons) is shown in the

graph, where x = 0 represents 1970.

(a) Use the given ordered pairs to find

the average rate of change in per cap- Whole Milk Consumption

ita consumption of whole milk (in y

gallons) per year during this period. 30

Number of Gallons
(0, 25.3)
Interpret the answer. 25

(b) Use the answer from part (a) to write 20

an equation of the line in slope- 15

intercept form that models per capita 10

consumption of whole milk y (in 5

(45, 5.5)

gallons). x
0 10 20 30 40 50

(c) Use the equation from part (b) to Year

approximate per capita consumption of

whole milk in 2000. Data from U.S. Department of Agriculture.

23. Give the domain and range of the relation

51-4, -22, 1-1, 02, 12, 02, 15, 226.

Does this relation define a function?

24. If g1x2 = -x2 - 2x + 6, find g132.

Solve each system.

25. 3x - 4y = 1 26. 3x - 2y = 4 27. x + 3y - 6 z = 7

2x + 3y = 12 -6x + 4y = 7 2x - y + z = 1

x + 2y + 2 z = -1

Solve each problem.

28. The Star-Spangled Banner that flew over Fort McHenry

during the War of 1812 had a perimeter of 144 ft. Its length

measured 12 ft more than its width. Find the dimensions

of this flag, which is displayed in the Smithsonian Institu-

tion’s Museum of American History in Washington, DC.

(Data from National Park Service brochure.)

29. Agbe needs 9 L of a 20% solution of alcohol. Agbe has a 15% solution on hand, as well

as a 30% solution. How many liters of the 15% solution and how many liters of the 30%

solution should Agbe mix to obtain the 20% solution needed?

x -6y 3 z-1

30. Simplify 1x, y, z ≠ 02. Write the answer with only positive exponents.
x7y -4 z

Perform the indicated operations.

31. 13x2 - 8x + 12 - 1x2 - 3x - 92 32. 1x + 2y21x2 - 2xy + 4y 22

16x3y 5 - 8x2y 2 + 4 m3 - 3m2 + 5m - 3

33. 13x + 2y215x - y2 34. 35.

4x2y m-1

STUDY SKILLS REMINDER

It is not too soon to begin preparing for your final exam. Review Study Skill 10,

Preparing for Your Math Final Exam.

SECTION 5.1 Greatest Common Factors and Factoring by Grouping 347

FOR

5.1 Exercises EXTRA MyLab Math

HELP

Video solutions for select Concept Check Choose the letter of the correct response.

problems available in MyLab

1. Which choice is an example of a polynomial in factored form?
Math

A. 3x2y 3 + 6x212x + y2 B. 51x + y2 2 - 101x + y2 3

C. 1-2 + 3x215y 2 + 4y + 32 D. 13x + 4215x - y2 - 13x + 4212x - 12

2. Which choice is the correct completely factored form of 8 + 24r?

A. 8(3r) B. -81-3r2 C. 811 + 3r2 D. 412 + 6r2

3. Concept Check A student factored the 4. Concept Check A student factored the
following polynomial as shown. following polynomial as shown.

2tw2 - 16t + 5w2 - 40 4x2y 5 - 8xy 3

= 12tw2 - 16t2 + 15w2 - 402 = 2xy 312xy 2 - 42

= 2t 1w2 - 82 + 51w2 - 82 The teacher did not give the student full

The teacher did not give the student full credit. WHAT WENT WRONG? Give the

credit. WHAT WENT WRONG? Give the correct answer.

correct answer.

Concept Check Find the greatest common factor for each list of terms.

5. 9m3, 3m2, 15m 6. 4a2, 6a, 2a3

7. 16xy 3, 24x2y 2, 8x2y 8. 10m2n2, 25mn3, 50m2n

9. 6m1r + t2 2, 3p1r + t2 4 10. 7z21m + n2 4, 9z31m + n2 5

Factor out the greatest common factor. See Examples 1–4.

11. 12m - 60 12. 15r - 45 13. 8s + 16t

14. 35p + 70q 15. 4 + 20 z 16. 9 + 27x

17. 8y - 15 18. 7x - 40 19. 8k 3 + 24k

20. 9z4 + 81z 21. -4p3q4 - 2p2q5 22. -3z5w 2 - 18 z3w 4

23. 7x3 + 35x 4 - 14x5 24. 6k 3 - 36k 4 - 48k 5 25. 10t 5 - 2t 3 - 4t 4

26. 6p3 - 3p2 - 9p4

29. 16 z2n6 + 64 zn7 - 32 z3n3

O 27. 15a2c3 - 25ac2 + 5ac 28. 15y 3 z3 - 27y 2 z4 + 3y z3

30. 5r 3s 5 + 10r 2s 2 - 15r 4s 2

31. 14a3b2 + 7a2b - 21a5b3 + 42ab4 32. 12km3 - 24k 3m2 + 36k 2m4 - 60k 4m3

33. 1m - 421m + 22 + 1m - 421m + 32 34. 1z - 521z + 72 + 1z - 521z + 102

35. 12 z - 121z + 62 - 12 z - 121z - 52 36. 13x + 221x - 42 - 13x + 221x + 82

37. 512 - x2 2 - 212 - x2 3 38. 215 - x2 3 - 315 - x2 2

39. 413 - x2 2 - 13 - x2 3 + 313 - x2 40. 21t - s2 + 41t - s2 2 - 1t - s2 3

41. 1512 z + 12 3 + 1012 z + 12 2 - 2512 z + 12

42. 61a + 2b2 2 - 41a + 2b2 3 + 121a + 2b2 4

43. 51m + p2 3 - 101m + p2 2 - 151m + p2 4

44. -9a21p + q2 - 3a31p + q2 2 + 6a1p + q2 3

SECTION 5.2 Factoring Trinomials 355

2. Which is the completely factored form of the trinomial 2x6 - 5x5 - 3x4?

A. x412x + 121x - 32 B. x412x - 121x + 32

C. 12x5 + x421x - 32 D. x312x2 + x21x - 32

O 3. Which is the completely factored form of the trinomial 4x2 - 4x - 24?

A. 41x - 221x + 32
C. 41x + 221x - 32
B. 41x + 221x + 32
D. 41x - 221x - 32

4. Which is not a factored form of the trinomial -x2 + 16x - 60?

A. 1x - 1021-x + 62 B. 1-x - 1021x + 62

C. 1 -x + 1021x - 62 D. -11x - 1021x - 62

5. Concept Check When a student was 6. Concept Check When asked to factor

given the polynomial 4x2 + 2x - 20 to x2y 2 - 6x2 + 5y 2 - 30, a student gave the
factor completely on a test, the student following incorrect answer.

lost some credit when her answer was x21y 2 - 62 + 51y 2 - 62

14x + 1021x - 22.

WHAT WENT WRONG? What is the cor-

WHAT WENT WRONG? Give the correct rect answer?

answer.

Complete each factoring. See Examples 1 and 3–8.

O
7. x2 + 8x + 15 8. y 2 + 11y + 18 9. m2 - 10m + 21

= 1x + 521_____2 = 1y + 221_____2 = 1m - 321_____2

10. n2 - 14n + 48 11. r 2 - r - 20 12. x2 + 4x - 32

= 1n - 621_____2 = 1r + 421_____2 = 1x - 421_____2

O13. x2 + ax - 6a2
= 1x + 3a21_____2
14. m2 - 3mn - 10n2
= 1m + 2n21_____2 O
15. 4x2 - 4x - 3
= 12x + 121_____2

16. 6 z2 - 11z + 4
= 13 z - 421_____2 O 17. 12u2 + 10uv + 2v 2
= 213u + v21_____2
18. 16p2 - 4pq - 2q2
= 212p - q21_____2

Factor each trinomial. See Examples 1–9.

O O

19. y 2 + 7y - 30 20. z2 + 2 z - 24 21. p + 15p + 56

2

O
22. k 2 - 11k + 30 23. m2 - 11m + 60 24. p - 12p - 27
2

O
25. a2 - 2ab - 35b2 26. z2 + 8zw + 15w2 27. a2 - 9ab + 18b2

28. k 2 - 11hk + 28h2

O32. -15y
29. x2y 2 + 12xy + 18 30. p2q2 - 5pq - 18

O31. -6m2 - 13m + 15 + 17y + 18

O
33. 10x2 + 3x - 18
2

34. 8k 2 + 34k + 35 35. 20k 2 + 47k + 24 36. 27z2 + 42 z - 5

O37. 15a - 22ab + 8b 38. 14c2 - 17cd - 6d 2 39. 36m2 - 60m + 25

2 2

40. 25r - 90r + 81

2 41. 40x2 + xy + 6y 2 O42. 15p + 24pq + 8q
2 2

43. 6x2z2 + 5x z - 4 44. 8m2n 2 - 10mn + 3 45. 24x2 + 42x + 15

46. 36x2 + 18x - 4 47. -15a2 - 70a + 120 48. -12a2 - 10a + 42

49. -11x3 + 110x2 - 264x 50. -9k 3 - 36k 2 + 189k

51. 2x3y 3 - 48x2y 4 + 288xy 5 52. 6m3n2 - 60m2n3 + 150mn4

53. 6a3 + 12a2 - 90a 54. 3m4 + 6m3 - 72m2

55. 13y 3 + 39y 2 - 52y 56. 4p3 + 24p2 - 64p

 8
O
O O
g

 SECTION 5.3 Special Factoring 361

FOR
5.3 Exercises EXTRA
HELP
MyLab Math

Video solutions for select Concept Check Choose the letter(s) of the correct response.

G
problems available in MyLab
1. Which of the following binomials are differences of squares?
Math
A. 64 - k 2 B. 2x2 - 25 C. k 2 + 9 D. 4z4 - 49
2. Which of the following binomials are sums or differences of cubes?
A. 64 + r 3 B. 125 - p6 C. 9x3 + 125 D. 1x + y2 3 - 1
3. Which of the following trinomials are perfect squares?
A. x2 - 8x - 16 B. 4m2 + 20m + 25

g
C. 9z4 + 30 z2 + 25 D. 25p2 - 45p + 81
4. Which sum of squares can be factored? Factor it.
A. x2 + 100 B. 9m2 + 25 C. t 2 + 16 D. 4x2 + 64
5. Concept Check A student incorrectly 6. Concept Check A student incorrectly
factored factored
x2 + 4 as 1x + 22 2. x3 + 8 as 1x + 22 3.
WHAT WENT WRONG? Explain this error. WHAT WENT WRONG? Explain this error.

Factor each polynomial. See Examples 1–4.

O
7. p2 - 16 8. k 2 - 9
o 9. 25x2 - 4

10. 36m2 - 25

13. 64m4 - 4y 4 g 11. 18a2 - 98b2

14. 243x4 - 3t 4
12. 32c2 - 98d 2

15. 1y + z2 2 - 81

8 0
8
16. 1h + k2 2 - 9 17. 16 - 1x + 3y2 2 18. 64 - 1r + 2t2 2

19. p4 - 256 20. a4 - 625 21. k 2 - 6k + 9

22. x2 + 10x + 25 23. 4 z2 + 4 zw + w 2 24. 9y 2 + 6yz + z2

O
25. 16m2 - 8m + 1 - n 2 26. 25c2 - 20c + 4 - d 2 27. 4r 2 - 12r + 9 - s 2

28. 9a2 - 24a + 16 - b2 29. x2 - y 2 + 2y - 1 30. -k 2 - h 2 + 2kh + 4

31. 98m2 + 84mn + 18n 2 32. 80 z2 - 40 zw + 5w 2

33. 1p + q2 2 + 21p + q2 + 1 34. 1x + y2 2 + 61x + y2 + 9

35. 1a - b2 2 + 81a - b2 + 16 36. 1m - n2 2 + 41m - n2 + 4

37. x3 - 27 38. y 3 - 64 39. 216 - t 3

40. 512 - m3 41. x3 + 64 42. r 3 + 343

43. 1000 + y 3 44. 729 + x3 45. 8x3 + 1

46. 27y 3 + 1 47. 125x3 - 216 48. 8w 3 - 125

49. x3 - 8y 3 50. z3 - 125p3 51. 64g3 - 27h3

52. 27a3 - 8b3 53. 343p3 + 125q3 54. 512t 3 + 27s 3

55. 24n3 + 81p3 56. 250x3 + 16y 3 57. 1y + z2 3 + 64

O
58. 1p - q2 3 + 125 59. m6 - 125 60. x6 - 216
362 CHAPTER 5 Factoring

O
61. 27 - 1000x9 62. 64 - 729p9
O 63. 125y 6 + z3

64. 64y 9 + z6
O 65. 125k - 64k 4 66. 216k 2 + 125k 5

Extending Skills In some cases, the method of factoring by grouping can be combined with
the methods of special factoring discussed in this section. Consider this example.

8x3 + 4x2 + 27y 3 - 9y 2

Associative and
= 18x3 + 27y 32 + 14x2 - 9y 22 commutative properties
= 12x + 3y214x2 - 6xy + 9y 22 + 12x + 3y212x - 3y2 Factor within groups.
Factor out the greatest
= 12x + 3y2314x2 - 6xy + 9y 22 + 12x - 3y24 common factor, 2x + 3y.
= 12x + 3y214x2 - 6xy + 9y 2 + 2x - 3y2 Combine like terms.

In problems such as this, how we choose to group in the first step is essential to factoring
correctly. If we reach a “dead end,” then we should group differently and try again.
Use the method just described to factor each polynomial.
67. 125p3 + 25p2 + 8q3 - 4q 2 68. 27x3 + 9x2 + y 3 - y 2

69. 27a3 + 15a - 64b3 - 20b 70. 1000k 3 + 20k - m3 - 2m

88 71. 8t 4 - 24t 3 + t - 3

73. 64m2 - 512m3 - 81n2 + 729n3

72. y 4 + y 3 + y + 1

74. 10x2 + 5x3 - 10y 2 + 5y 3

RELATING CONCEPTS For Individual or Group Work (Exercises 75–80)

The binomial x6 - y 6 may be considered as either a difference of squares or a difference

of cubes. Work Exercises 75–80 in order.

O
75. Factor x6 - y 6 by first factoring as a difference of squares. Then factor further by
considering one of the factors as a sum of cubes and the other factor as a difference
of cubes.

O
76. Based on the answer in Exercise 75, fill in the blank with the correct factors so that
x6 - y 6 is factored completely.
x6 - y 6 = 1x - y21x + y2 __________________

g
77. Factor x6 - y 6 by first factoring as a difference of cubes. Then factor further by
considering one of the factors as a difference of squares.
78. Based on the answer in Exercise 77, fill in the blank with the correct factor so that
x6 - y 6 is factored.
x6 - y 6 = 1x - y21x + y2 __________________

O
79. Notice that the factor written in the blank in Exercise 78 is a fourth-degree
polynomial, while the two factors written in the blank in Exercise 76 are both
second-degree polynomials. What must be true about the product of the two factors
written in the blank in Exercise 76? Verify this.

o
80. If we have a choice of factoring as a difference of squares or a difference of cubes,
how should we start to more easily obtain the completely factored form of the
polynomial? Base the answer on the results in Exercises 75–79.