CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Introduction provides summary about different automation techniques using
in home automations and also in other applications. This section also explains about
IoT and its vision, functional view and application areas.

1.1 INTRODUCTION

In today days electricity is the every one basic need and consumption of
energy is increases day by day and resources of energy decrease day by day. Usage
of power is also increasing that means of less energy consumption should be carried
into every place before resources get extinguished. In recent days technology is
major role of human’s life. By using technology, social interaction of people
growing and also use for transportation, medical field, industries. The internet now
becomes ordinary interface that several devices utilize to make simpler the daily life.
Internet helps to take an instant solution in favor of various troubles and able to
commune from distant places that contributes to cost-effective and power
consumption.

The citizens wants globe into their hands in 21st century. It causes the
revolution of smart environment. IoT is the excellent up-and-coming technology to
persuade internet and commune technologies. Basically IoT connects alive and inert
things via internet.

IoT permit public and objects are connected anyone or anything from
anyplace by using providing ideal network shown in Fig-1.1.

Nowadays the environment objects can be changed into smart-components by

using computing technologies, no. of algorithms and systems were implemented and
proposed for security capacities depend on wired networks. In many research papers,
suggested lot of security systems based on new skills such as GSM, GPRS, Internet,
Micro Controller Unit and sensor networks. Homes become more self-controlled and
automatic for comfort and provide security. HA System allows consumers to manage
variant types of electric appliances.
 Fig 1.1 IoT Objectives

It is an evolving issue of present era in social, technical, and financial

significance. Consumer and robust goods, trucks, cars, industrial components,
sensors and all everyday things are combined through Internet connectivity.
Connectivity models of IoT are implemented by using various technical models by
its own features. Four general methods defined via Internet Architecture-Board i.e.,
Device to Device, Device to Cloud, Device to Gateway, Back End Data Sharing.

Table 1.1 Main apparatus of IoT

Parts of IoT Main components

Sensors & actuators Sensor and actuator nodes, IP gateways

Server Message dispatcher, DMU, database

secure access administrator

User interfaces Visualization interface, configuration

interface, API
 Four significant IoT concern areas are tested to explore specific relentless
challenges and queries related about the technology. This includes security, privacy,
interoperability & standards, emerging economy and development.

1.1.1 SECURITY

IoT becomes key feature of Future Internet and significant national or

international infrastructures that need to offer an enough security for IoT. Large
scale services depends on IoT are gradually more revealed to interference from
attack. The IoT requires access direct and associated accounting schemes to hold the
various authorization and custom models that are compulsory by users.

Security worries are common in IT technology, the features of various IoT

implementations existing different and unique protection tests. Addressing these tests
and makes certain safety in IoT components must be essential significance.
Operators need to belief IoT components also interrelated objects are secure from
susceptibilities, mainly this technology develops more prevalent and united into our
day-to-day exists. Not as greatly of safe IoT components and facilities can serve as
prospective ways for cyber-attack.

The interconnected IoT components mean that every fewer secured device
i.e., associated online probable concern security, flexibility of Internet globally. This
task is improved by further concerns like the scale distribution of similar IoT
devices, that capability of certain devices are automatically connecting to additional
devices and possibility of retrieving these in unsecure surroundings. By these,
developing of IoT components and systems has a common requirement to certify that
don’t expose consumers and Internet itself likely to harm. So, one common method
to security is required to develop efficient and proper solutions to IoT.

1.1.2 PRIVACY

There are many areas of advances are required privacy by

 Cryptographic techniques that enable protect information to be stored

processed and shared, without data content being accessible to extra
parties. Technologies that are homomorphism and encryption are
developing approaches.

 Techniques to maintain Privacy by Designing, including data

 reduction, recognition, authentication and secrecy.

 Self-configuring way in direct emulate into real world.

IoT components are capable to unlock improbable and unique significance

IoT users by data streams, but worries regarding privacy and prospective harms.
Indeed, IoT is redefining the discussion about privacy concerns, as many executions
can affectedly change the methods personal information is together, examined, and
protected. These are essential tasks and are not impossible. To comprehend the
prospects, approaches require to be extended through individual privacy selections
across a wide-ranging spectrum of prospects, while still development in latest
technology and services.

1.1.3 Interoperability/Standards

Split surroundings of self IoT mechanical implementations inhibit importance

for clients and industry. Interoperability services are not always sufficient,
consumers may be uncertain to purchase IoT products if combination inflexibility,
high tenure complexity, and apprehension over vendor. Proper standards, orientation
models, and most excellent practices to assist to control increase of devices that may
in different routes of Internet.

1.1.4 Emerging Economy Development

IoT holds key assure for carrying social and financial benefits to develop
economies including areas such like agriculture, water purpose, health concern,
industrialization, and atmosphere management.

IoT functions across industries through unique flexibility and facility to be

appropriate within any environment. They improve data compilation, automation,
functions, vast amount of smart components & controlling enable technology. IoT
organizations allow achieving automation, study and addition within system and
develop areas and accuracy. IoT utilizes accessible and promising tools for robotics
and networking.
1.2 IOT FEATURES

The major features of an IoT are Artificial Intelligence, Sensors, Small

Devices, Active Engagement and Connectivity.

1.2.1 Artificial Intelligence

IoT an essentially makes practically anything “smart”, it enhance all characteristics

of existence through the information gathering, artificial intelligence process and
networks. This is nothing but something as simple enhancement of refrigerator and
cabinets to identify favorite cereal run as low, and place an order.

1.2.2 Sensors

IoT be not capable to find its feature without sensors. Sensors act as essential
instruments that alter IoT from one type of passive system into a standard active
system accomplished of real-world combination.

1.2.3 Small Devices

Devices become as smaller, cost-effective, and more reliant powerful by recent

technology. IoT exploits main intention to make tiny devices and distribute its
accuracy, scalability, and flexibility.

1.2.4 Active Engagement

Nowadays communication system is related technologies by passive engagement.

But IoT establishes new model for active product, or active engagement.

1.2.5 Connectivity The new technologies for networking and exclusively IoT
networking, means networks are not longer entirely united to most important
providers. System can exists much lesser and cheaper amount in practical. Small
networks are formed by IoT between its different system devices.

1.3 ADVANTAGES

The advantages of an IoT from corner to corner every area of daily life and
business are:

 Improved Consumer Engagement

 Technology Optimization
  Reducing wastage of energy

 Improved Data Collection

1.4 IoT VISION

IoT is new idea and model that consider enveloping existence in the
surroundings by miscall any of things or objects that via wired & wireless
connections and distinctive addressing systems are capable to interrelate with other
and collaborate with other objects to generate new applications or services and
achieve familiar goals. The study and improvement challenges to construct or create
smart globe are enormous.

IoT is an innovative revolution of Internet. Objects make recognizable by

themselves and achieve intelligence by enabling environment interrelated decisions
to detail that can connect in formation. Things can access information that combined
by other objects, or can be components of complex services. Conversion is
associated with an appearance of computing ability and expansion of Internet
towards IPv6 with an approximately infinite addressing capacity.

1.5 IoT FUNCTIONAL VIEW

The IoT refers to individually identify the things with virtual representations
of Internet like as construction and IoT results including number of devices such as:

 Module for interface with neighboring IoT devices those are fixed in
mobile-phone or situated in the instantaneous area of client and thus
controllable through small range wireless interface. It is reliable for
achievement of remarks and further to remote servers for analysis and
storage.

 Module for home analysis and dealing out of remarks obtained by IoT
appliances.

 Module for ASIC study and processing. It is operation on relevance

server allocation of all clients. It is receiving requests from web
clients, mobile and appropriate IoT annotations as input, performs
 proper data handing out algorithms and produces output in
information i.e., later accessible to users.

 Module for mixing of IoT issued information into the trade processes
of an endeavor. This module expand significance with increased
utilize of an IoT information by activity as an essential things in day-
to-day strategy description.

 User interface (web or mobile): visual symbol of measurements in a

given context (for example on a map) and interaction with user, i.e.
characterization of client queries.

1.6 APPLICATION AREAS

It is impracticable to imagine all probable IoT appliances are development of

apparatus and the assorted requirements of feasible users. Several important
applications and research challenges are identified follow. The IoT appliances are
addressing the social needs to enable technologies that are nano electronics and
cyber-physical systems continue to be challenged by a various technical scientific
and engineering, institutional, and economical issues.

1.6.1 CITIES

 Smart Parking: Spaces availability for parking is observing in the

various locations of city.

 Structural Strength: Material conditions and strengths are observed in

buildings & historical monuments.

 Noise: Monitor noise in central zones and bar areas at anytime.

 Traffic Congestion: Speed of motor automobiles is monitoring at

driving, pedestrian levels for walking routes are also observed.

 Smart Lightning: Adaptive lighting is arranged for street lights

depends on weather conditions.

 Waste Management: To check rubbish levels of drainages and clean

the trash.
  Intelligent Transportation: Roads and National highways with caution
symbols and diversions varying by atmosphere conditions and reduce
like traffic-jams or accidents.

1.6.2 ENVIRONMENT

 To detect ignition gases and fire in the jungle and alert relevant zones.

 Air Pollution: To check levels of CO2 and toxic gas emissions in

factories, pollution by cars and controlled.

 Landslide & Avalanche Prevention: Monitor of moisture percentage

in soil and earth to identify unsafe in the land conditions.

 Earthquake Early Detection: To detect or identify the occurring of

earthquakes and take precautions.

 Water Quality: To check water levels in rivers for drinking reason.

 Water Leakages: To detection of water leakages at outside the tanks

and variations in pressure levels along pipes.

1.6.3 E-Health

 Detection of fall patients with abnormal conditions

 To monitor Medical Fridges

 To care health conditions of Sportsmen

 Patients Surveillance

 Ultraviolet Radiation

1.6.4 RETAILS

 To supply vast amount of substances

 To pay by online

 Smart Shopping purpose

 Smart manufactured goods and Management

1.6.5 LOGISTICS

 Quality of delivery Conditions

 Item Location

 To detection of quantity storages

 Fleet Tracking

1.6.6 INDUSTRIAL CONTROL

 M2M Applications

 Interior Air Quality

 To monitoring temperature

 To check Ozone presence

 Indoor place

 Vehicle Auto analysis

1.6.7 AGRICULTURE

 Enhancing Soil Quality

 Emission of Green House gases

 Meteorological Station arrangement

 Fertilizer purpose

1.6.8 ANIMAL FARMING

 To shelter animals in Offspring season

 Tracking the animals

 To verify the Toxic Gas-levels

1.6.9 ENERGY SMART GRID

The developing Smart Grid, represented in Figure 1.2, is probable to develop

latest concept of broadcast system that able to efficiently route the energy which is
produced from both strong & circulated plants to absolute user with more security
and feature standards. Therefore Smart-Grid is implementation of one type of
“Internet”, power packet is deal with equally to data packet between routers &
gateways.

In this admiration the “Internet of Energy” is mention as communication

system depends upon standard and interrelated gateways, transceivers and protocols
that are allows real time stability between the confined and global invention.

Fig 1.2 Smart-Grid representation

This also allows a high point of consumer awareness and involvement.

Fig 1.3 Residential ecosystem

 Saving power based and improved user knowledge of transitory power
utilization is next concern of future power management concepts. Smart-meters are
capable to give information about instant energy consumption to the user, thus
allowing for identification and removal of energy killing devices and providing
suggestions for optimizing dignitary energy consumption. To observe tank levels,
Photovoltaic Installations, Water Flow and Soils Stock Calculation.

1.6.10 HOME AUTOMATION

The enhance of Wi-Fi part in automation has mainly due to interlinked nature
of set up electronics such that electronic devices are TVs, AV receivers, mobile
devices and many additional devices becomes section of home network and rate of
adoption is increase due to computing objects to see in Figure 1.4. In this
circumstance many companies were considering building platforms that integrate the
building automation with entertainment, healthcare monitoring, energy monitoring
and wireless sensor examining in home surroundings.

Fig 1.4 Smart-home platform

Table 1.2 Setting of IoT objects

Setting Description Examples
Devices (wearable and ingestible) to

Human Devices attached or check and maintain health wellness;

involves in human body illness management, improved fitness.
Home Devices in Buildings for Residence controllers and provide
people security systems

Retail The place of consumers Stores, restaurants, markets and

Environments meet in commerce anywhere consumers buy

Places that are Power management and provides security

knowledge work of in offices and includes for temporary
Offices
employees employees

Factories Consistent production Places with routine works repeatedly,

environments that are hospitals, farms

Mining, gas constructions and oil

Worksites Ritual production constructions for operating predictive

maintenance, safety and health
environments
Automatic systems in Vehicles like cars, vans, lorries, trains,
vehicles ships and aircrafts maintenance
Vehicles

Public places and infrastructure, traffic

control, environmental monitoring
Cities Urban environments

Outside uses are railroad tracks, tracking

Outside Other than all other vehicles, navigation of flights; on-time

routing, tracking shipment
settings
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY
Literature Survey discusses the details of the theme of proposed work and its
origin. It also gives information concerning to research conceded out in the region of
design and development of real product for Smart Home-Automation System and
explanation about the objectives of proposed work.

2.1 HOME AUTOMATION HISTORY

HA widely used around globally, since World War-I in 1914. In fact, in 1893,
TV remote is one type of simple automation was patented. Then onwards different
automation systems evolved across all areas with fast increase after World War-II.
Its growth has through various in formal research and designs by technology
enthusiasts who want improve of things control at home automatically. The systems
advanced from one can automatically do regular household tasks like switch-on and
switch-off security lights and more complicated ones that adjust lighting, set the TV
channel to preferred station and control doors.

2.2 HOME AUYOMATION SYSTEMS

HA systems may designate electronic systems in homes and residential

buildings that make possible the automation of household appliances. The new
stream of HA systems developed into an enormous one and the present market is
rushed with a flood of HA systems and device makers.

The several HA systems are:

2.2.1 Individual Control System

These types were the initial to enter the market in the early years, here every
device like heater or AC also have automatic control to it.

2.2.2 Distributed-Control Systems

These systems are having emergency shut-down. By these systems, alter or

preset control factors of several devices. For example, thermostat controls ON/OFF
timings in AC.

2.2.3 Central Control Systems

These are automated systems to switch all operations of several utilities like
AC system, windows and doors, cooking systems, entertainments at home and
refrigerators all at simultaneously regardless at home or away. It control the systems
via telephone/internet from anyplace around the world.

2.2.4 Power-line carrier Systems

The cost-effective type of HA system controls over the presented wiring in

homes or power-line carrier. These are X10-based lamp timers, to other complicated
systems that need setting up by a professional.

2.2.5 Wireless systems

Also available are wireless HA systems that uses radio frequency technology.
These automations frequently utilized to operating lights, sometimes used hardwired
light control arrangement in conjunction.

2.2.6 Hardwired systems

Hardwired HA systems are reliable and too expensive. These are operates
over high-grade cables such as Category5 or 5e called bus cable. So Hardwired is the
excellent plan at house is under constructed. These automations perform several
tasks at same time quickly and reliably. These also integrate several systems in
home, successfully tying in-and-outdoor lighting together, video and audio
equipment, even security control package also easy and sensitive to operate.

2.2.7 Internet Protocol control system

Internet Protocol (IP) control automation system uses the internet, provides
every device is under control IP address and creates LAN in home. Therefore, Home
interacts over internet with prospect of live video-streaming and on-time control.

2.3 HOME AUTOMATION STANDARDS

Several recognized engineering standards for HA systems and these are

developed over the different carrier modes from power-line to wireless systems. The
famous and important standards are European Home-Systems (EHS), INSTEON,
ZigBee, Z-Wave,X-10, KNX, ONE-NET, Lon Works and UPB.

2.3.1 EHS protocol

EHS protocol was designed at home devices control and commune by using
power-line communication. Developed through EHS Association, it was combined
with two extra protocols and to form KNX protocol that compiling with CENELEC
norm-EN-50090 standard and is the1st standard for controlling homes.

The application areas of EHS:

 To control HVAC

 To controlling lights by remote

2.3.2 INSTEON standard

This standard is dual-band mesh-topology using ac-power lines, RF protocol

to commune with automatic home appliances that usually work independently. HA
network technology made-up by Smart Labs Inc. It was developed upon X-10 model
for controlling and monitoring home applications.

The major appliances of INSTEON are:

 To controlling lights by remote

 To interface security alarms by sensors

 In home applicable sensors that are water, temperature and humidity

 To access and control door locks

 To control HVAC

 To control Audio-video

ZigBee, Z-Wave,X-10, KNX, ONE-NET, Lon Works and UPB are high level
protocols using digital radios with low-power based onIEEE802.15.4-2003 standard
for WPANs that are wireless headset connecting by cell phones through short-range
radio. The specifications are proposed to be easy and low-cost than remaining
WPANs that require less data speed, long battery-life and secure set of connections.

The typical applications are:

 To entertainment and control Home i.e., Smart lighting, security,

advanced temperature controlling
  In home applicable sensors that are water, temperature and humidity

 To make mobile Services m-payment, m- security and control, m-

healthcare

 For Commercial Buildings

 In Industrial Plants

Table 2.1 List of X-10bit commands

Code Function Description

Switch off all components with house code specified way of

0000 All Units are Off Message

0001 All Lights are On Switches on for all lighting components

0010 On Switch on device

0011 Off Switch off device
0100 Dim Reduces light intensity
0101 Bright Increases light intensity
0111 Extended Code Extension code
Requests response from component switch house code

1000 Hail Request specified way of message

Hail

1001 Acknowledge Response to previous command

101x Preset Dim Allows choose of two pre-defined levels of light intensity

1101 Status On Status Request specifying that device switched on

1110 Status Off Response specifying that device switched off

1111 Status Request Request for device status

2.4 HOME AUTOMATION IMPLEMENTATIONS

HA implemented over number of methods namely Power-line, RS232-serial

communication, Bluetooth, Infrared, Ethernet and GSM. Every type has own unique
application.

The technologies for IoT are sensor based networks, RFID, mobile Internet,
M2M, semantic-data integration, semantic-search; IPv6 are considered and
assembled into three categories: (i) Technologies that allow “things” to obtain
related information, (ii) Technologies that enable “things” to process contextual
information and technologies to improve security and privacy. The 1st two
categories can be jointly understood as functional building blocks required building
“intelligence” into “things”, that are certainly the characteristics differentiate IoT
from Internet. (iii) The 3rd category isn’t practical but rather an actual requirement,
without that the IoT penetration severely reduced. IoT developments that
environments, buildings, cities, vehicles, portable components and other things have
more data associated with ability to commune network and provides new
information. Also includes non-sensing objects (i.e., things having functionality but
not provide data).

Manohar. S and co in proposed the E-MAIL INTERACTIVE HA SYSTEM.

This explains Integration of HA system through IoT is designing through reading
internet of user. The advantages are Reduce error probability and human effort.
Drawback is replacing humans by computers is dangerous [1].

Satria. A, Priadi. M and co proposed the frame work of HA System by

Smartphone. In this method, enable client access to control electronic devices
through smart-phones and solve addressed problem of the author developed app that
controlled devices. The advantage is easy interfacing. Drawbacks are others use
same app and functionality depends on features of phone [2].

Anandhavalli. D, Viraganoor, and co presented the Smart HA Control Using

Bluetooth and GSM. The advantages are helps senior citizens to control distant
devices and simple to interface. Drawback is limited range and signal might be weak
sometime that cause to improper functioning [3].

Raghavan. S and Tewolde proposed the cloud based HA system. The main
advantage is it access through internet from anyplace around the world. Drawback is
sub client store does not exist for all chip sets used [4].

Sora. D proposed Home-Automation System for Renewable Energy Self-

Consumption Optimization. In this, HA for renewable self-energy consumption was
used. The advantages are reduced power-consumption and this power is utilized
further. The drawbacks are difficult to design the electrical circuit and the switch
relay [5].

Priyanka. V, and Reddy in PIR depend Security HA System with private

Video Transmission. In this method, application of remote Bluetooth system was
used. The advantages are consumer authentication is obligatory so it’s safe. The
drawbacks are developed interface was not user friendly also the idea used to
develop require in depth familiarity [6].

Tadoju. S and co. was proposed Bluetooth Remote HA System by using

Android Application. In this HA system is using android. The advantages are doesn’t
use air time rich features. The drawback is range is not that good [7].

PATEL. S.M. and co. proposed HA System by Android Mobile Phone. In

this system, surrounding environment is need for automation. The advantages are
allows increasing human work-efficiency and ease automation system. The
drawback is can’t be operated from remote area [8].

Rumana proposed Hand Gesture Based Ha for Visually Challenged. In this

problem struggled by physical conditional people are challenged in operating home
appliances. Advantage of this product is improving quality of living life of all people
with disabilities. Drawback is focused on only specific number of people [9].

Oudji. S, Courreges. S and co. Radiofrequency Interconnection of Smart-Grid

and Smart-Meters by using KNX-RF Standard Protocols for capable HA
Applications. In this system, energy crisis of resource consumption for
interconnection occurs. Advantages are continuously monitored and optimize the
smart-grid network that increases overall energy-efficiency. Drawbacks are high
expensive and fewer throughputs [10].

Kumar. M, and Shimi.S.L proposed Voice-Recognition Based HA System for

People suffers from Paralysis. In this, Problem struggled with physically challenged
in operating home appliances. Advantages are enables public suffering from module,
an adjustable board and Arduino-UNO microcontroller. The voice will command the
arduino drivers to correspond load. Drawbacks are modules requirements to be
skilled initially so that it uses to recognize commands [11].

Archana N. Shewale, Jyoti.P proposed Renewable Energy depended HA

System using ZigBee. In this Energy crisis by non-utilization of renewable-energy
sources and Advantages is efficient energy saving resulting in cost reduction.
Drawbacks are high expensive and fewer throughputs [12].

Dey, Subhajit and co. proposed "Web Based Real-Time HA and Security
System." In this system need of security mode in fully automated home devices.
Advantages are owner gets alerted that any intruder as enters, system is online.
Drawback is Lead to more energy Consumption [13].

Amrutha. S, Aravind. Sand co. Speech Recognition of Wireless HA Loads E-

Home. In this proposed system, Increasing need of components with artificial-
intelligence to improve lifestyle of people. Advantages are Increase human
technology interaction to ease our day-to-day work. Drawbacks are less signal
strength and can’t be used from distant locations [14].

Godha. R, Prateek.S proposed HA Access Control of IoT Devices. In this,

need to fulfill privacy and safety concern while building home security systems.
Advantages are formation of integrated systems consisting of various sensors
interconnected via wireless medium. Drawbacks are might interfere with working of
house appliances [15].

Kaushik Ghosh and co. proposed Wireless HA Technology Using IoT. In this
method increasing need of components with privacy requirements fulfilled.
Advantages are technology make human life simpler and more comfortable.
Drawback is High Cost factor [16].

VinaySagar and Kusuma proposed Energy-Efficient of Smart HA System.

Drawback is High wastage of power in home devices due to ineffective managing
devices. Advantages are optimizing power utilization by home appliances while
conforming comfort level and are cannot used in mass market [17].

Godha, Rahul proposed "HA Access Control of IoT Devices." In this system,
need to unify security systems to secure access over personal information.
Advantages are by applying access level code to every component connected to
sensor and thus maintaining a centralized database. Drawbacks are can word for only
devices located at distant area [18].
 CHAPTER 3

PROPOSED DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SMART

HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEM
This chapter includes summary of proposed system for HA and functionality
of hardware components used. The complete explanation about its working and
functionalities is also explained.

3.1 INTRODUCTION

In designing HA system, more suitable platforms are utilized to build a

reliable and flexible system, easily operated and adapted for new household
appliance. For the function of project is some particular premeditated selections be
made on certain platforms, hardware components and operation modes of the HA
system.

3.2 HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Each platform has different hardware apparatus over which it is implemented.

Finally, for Microcontroller, the famous and mostly used are ATMEL, ATMEGA,
Motorola, Arduino and Texas-Instruments. PIC microcontroller was selected from
all these microcontroller families due to less cost & easily available in market for
programmers, compilation and flexibility. Solid-state relays are chose for switching
purpose due to noise absence in performing operations.

3.2.1 PIC Microcontroller

Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC) created by Microchip family to identify

the single-chip microcontrollers. 8-bit microcontrollers are most successful in
market. The key factor for this is Microchip Technology upgraded constantly in
appliance architecture and adds peripherals for microcontroller to consumer
requirements. The improvement tools like assembler, simulators are liberally
available on internet.
 Widely used of PIC microcontrollers due to following major factors:

 Speed increasing by using Harvard, RISC Architectures

 For 20MHz clock, executions of all instructions perform in 0.2µs or 5

instructions per µs.

 Instruction-Set consists only 35 instructions compare with 111

instructions in 8051

 Power on reset, Power-out reset, Watch-dog timer

 RC Oscillator

 ADC chip has programmable-timer options

 12 interrupt sources

 25mA (max.) current source gives powerful-output pin control.

 More memory options that are EPROM/OTP/ROM/Flash

 Assembler & Simulator carry from microchip are readily available

 Several devices are obtainable in any family

 Widely available in market

 Less expensive

 Development tools are available at free

 Crystal oscillator is utilized for stable

 RC oscillator is utilized for accuracy

3.2.2 Basic features of Architecture

 RISC microprocessor with core Accumulator model

 8, 16, 32 bits data width

 12, 14, 16, 32-bits instruction width

 Watchdog-timer is overflow

 Interrupt

 Disabled⇒ Ignores interrupt

  Enabled ⇒Normal execution of an instruction

Fig 3.1 PIN Diagram of PIC controller

 Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter

 Serial Communication Interfacing

 PC serial port/modem

 Transmit Parallel → serial

 Data byte →8 serial bits

 Receive Serial → parallel

 Assemble → 8 bits or byte

 Modes

 Asynchronous

 Full duplex → transmit & receive simultaneously

 Synchronous

 Half duplex → either transmit/receive

  Master →synchronize data to internal-clock

 Slave→ synchronize data to external-clock

Fig 3.2 Block diagram of PIC controller

 Analog-to-Digital Converter

 Eight input channels

 An analog-multiplexer

 Sample & hold circuit for signal on the selected input

channel
  Alternative clock sources for carrying the conversion

 An adjustable autonomous sampling rate

 Chose of internal/external reference voltage

 8-bit conversion

 Interrupt response after translation is completed

3.2.3 Switching Mode Power Supply (SMPS) is utilized to convert switching

regulator into electrical energy efficiently. It transfers from A.C/DC source to DC.
Unlike linear power-supply, the transistor of SMPS continuously switches
connecting low dissipation and spends high dissipation conversions at rarely and
reduces wasted energy.

3.2.4 Wi-Fi is an interaction with smart-home system from outside, the other
alternative is to use Internet. To accomplish this, server is built to take requests from
clients. The clients can send requests to control home devices by using mobile app.
The house appliances send their conditions to display for client through server.
Mobile App is creating as an interface where instructions can be submitted by the
client to observe and control status of home devices. The Wi-Fi network was
developed by standard Wireless protocol (802.11b, 802.11g) ADSL Modem-Router,
with 4 port switches. Modem provides 2 primary functions. This provides cost
effective communication method with the home network, reduced infrastructure
costs where Wi-Fi devices are already in use. Moreover, homeowners observe and
control home devices from anyplace with familiar technology and devices.

3.2.5 Relay
Fig 3.3 Relay Basic design Fig 3.4 Permanent magnet attached
Latching relay

Relay is acts as switch which is operated electrically. Relays must be utilized

to control circuit by separate low power-signal. Long-distance telegraph networks as
amplifiers need relays for repeated signal coming from single network and again
transmitted to another network. Later relays use in telephones for exchange
information and then execute logical operations in computers.

3.2.5.1 Latching relay

Latching relay keeps contact spot for ever without external power resource
applied to coil. It is repeatedly used to manage simple switches of control system and
industrial applications. Stepping relay is multiple ways latching relay used for first
regular telephone exchanges.

3.2.5.2 Reed relay

Fig 3.5 Reed Relay

Reed-Relay is a switch with this in solenoid and has links inside an inert-gas
filled glass-tube that protects against corrosion. Reed relays switches more rapidly
than large relays and requires less power from control network.

Mercury-wetted relay, Mercury relay, Buchholz relay, vacuum relays, safety

relays, Polarized relay, Machine tool relay, Co-axial relay, Overload protection
relay, Time-delay relay and Contactor are other relays available. Of all these SSR
was chose for HA network.
 Selection of suitable relay for specific application by considering many
factors:

 Number & type of contacts: normally open/closed or both

 Contact sequence

 Contact current-rating

 Contact voltage-rating

 Operating lifetime

 Coil voltage

 Coil current

 Package

 Operating environment

 Assemble and Mounting

 Switching time

 Dry contacts

 Contact protection

 Coil protection

 Isolation between coil-contacts

 Probable mechanical loads by acceleration

 Size

3.2.5.3 Solid-State Relay (SSR) is used like switch that controls on/off when
minimum external power is applied. SSRs have a sensor responds to input, SSR
switches control to load circuitry and enables control signal without disturbing
internal parts. SSR is utilized to switch DC/A.C to load without affecting internal
parts.
Fig 3.6 Solid-state relay with no Fig 3.7 Solid-state contactors
moving parts

3.2.6 SENSOR

Sensor is module utilized to find varies in its surroundings and send data to
further electronic components often by a processor. Sensors are widely used in daily
objects like control lamps by touching; besides infinite applications are performing
by sensors. By using of advanced technologies in industries causes ease to use of
microcontrollers for machinery purpose. Sensors are used widely in different fields
that are temperature, grid, buildings and industries. Also used for manufacturing of
airplanes at aerospace, robotics, automobiles, medicine and other features of daily
life.

A high-quality sensor follows some important rules:

 Sensitive to measured material or property

 Insensitive to any other material for its appliance

 Material is not influenced by any external disturbances

In daily life, often use different sensors in various applications like operate
TV remote by IR sensor, PIR sensor for automatic door controlling-system in
shopping malls, LDR for light controlling, LM35 for temperature controlling etc.
Light, temperature, motion, magnetic fields, humidity, gravity, moisture, pressure,
vibration, sound, electrical fields and other objective features of internal and external
surroundings. Ecological molecules include nutrients and toxins. Interaction of bio-
molecules also estimated. Glucose and oxygen levels are controlled in metabolic
indicators.

Some of widely used based on their properties are:

 Radio sensors

 Humidity sensor

 Speed sensors

 Pressure sensors

 Thermal Temperature sensors

 Proximity sensors

 Optical sensors

 Position sensors

 Chemical sensor

 Environment sensor

 Magnetic switch sensor

 Bio sensor

 Touch sensor
 Fig 3.8 Different Sensors

3.2.6.1 Speed Sensor

Speed sensors utilized to identify speed of the automobiles. Some sensors to

identify speed such are Wheel-speed sensors, speedometers, ground-speed and
Doppler radar, air-speed indicators and so-on.

Fig 3.9 Speed Sensor

3.2.6.2 Temperature Sensor

It is utilized for measuring of temperature within surroundings. Some sensors

utilized for computing temperature are contact type and non-contact type sensors.
Thermocouple, Resistance-thermometer and Silicon band-gap sensors are some of
electrical temperature sensors.
 Fig 3.10 Temperature Sensor

3.2.6.3 Ultrasonic Sensor

Ultrasonic sensor used as to find or detect the range of objects by using sound
waves & evaluates the target by high-frequency or ultrasonic sound waves. It is used
in solar grass-cutter for detect the distance and direction and sever the grass by using
blades.

Fig 3.11 Ultrasonic Sensor

3.2.6.4 Insteon sensor

Fig 3.12 Insteon sensors

Insteon sensor is wireless sensor that used for open/close purpose through
magnetic contact. Immediate alerts are providing by these sensors when
unauthorized person operates the door or window. Door accessed through mobile-
app in developed system. So, insteon sensor is using to operate the door.
3.3 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

This system affords reliable security, effortless installation and anywhere

access. Sensors use communication through mobile-app for distribution information
to control sections that make the network easy to installing. Control section, i.e.,
acting as home-gateway, controls operation of an automation system.

Fig 3.13 Block-Diagram of Developed System

This system controls house appliances through mobile-app from mobile

phone. The router receives information from mobile app via internet and send to the
server. The server sends back acknowledgement to router and sensors are activated
in 4-Channel Home Controller and operate the task by user.

Fig 3.14 4-Channel Home Automation Developed System

 Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC) is utilized as Micro Controller Unit in
developed system. For program storage, flash memory is utilized and allows PIC to
reprogrammable itself. Separate memories are allocated for both data and program.
6-pin, 8-pin and 144-pin of different PICs are presented with different I/O pins and
communication ports that are universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter, integrated
circuit. 28-pin PIC 16F873 utilized for developing system.

Switching Mode Power Supply (SMPS) is utilized to convert switching

regulator into electrical energy efficiently. It transfers from A.C/DC source to DC.
Unlike linear power-supply, the transistor of SMPS continuously switches
connecting low dissipation and spends high power dissipation transitions at rarely
and reduces wasted energy.

Wi-Fi is an interaction with smart-home system from outside, the other

alternative is to use Internet. To accomplish this, server is built to take requests from
clients. The clients can send requests to control home devices by using mobile app.
The house appliances send their conditions to display for client through server.
Mobile-App is creating as an interface where instructions can be submitted by the
client to observe and control status of home devices. The Wi-Fi network was
developed by standard Wireless protocol (802.11b, 802.11g) ADSL Modem-Router,
with 4 port switches. Modem provides 2 primary functions. This provides cost
effective communication method with the home network, reduced infrastructure
costs where Wi-Fi devices are already in use. Moreover, homeowners observe and
control home devices from anyplace with familiar technology and devices.

Solid-State Relay (SSR) is used like switch that controls on/off when
minimum external power is applied. SSRs have a sensor responds to input, SSR
switches control to load circuitry and enables control signal without disturbing
internal parts. SSR is utilized to switch DC/A.C to load without affecting internal
parts.

Strategic Cell Controller (SCC) is designed to implement individual interface

to maintain manufacturing technicians, process-engineers working in semiconductor
fabrication facilities.
 VC C

1
4.7K PullUp R 71
RB6 R 22 RDY
VCC 0E
RB6 R 21 LN K
0E

1
4.7K PullUp VC C
R 70

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
U1

2 11
IN 1 3 R A 0/A N 0 R C 0 /T1O S O /T1 C K I 12 LED 3
IN 2 R2 C7 C6 C5
SW 2 4 R A 1/A N 1 R C 1/T1 O S I/C C P 2 13
IN 3 5 R A 2/A N 2/V R E F - R C 2 /C C P1 14 R1
9 IN 4 6 R A 3/A N 3/V R E F + R C 3/S C K/S C L 15 S C L 47 uF 10 uF 10 4
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
LE D 1 7 R A 4/T0C K I R C 4/S D I /S D A 16 SDA
LE D 2 R A 5/S S /AN 4 R C 5/S D O 17 LED 4
SW 3
21 R C 6/TX/C K 18 10
R4 22 R B 0/IN T R C 7/R X/D T LN K 9
IN 5 23 R B1 RDY 8
IN 6 C 1 33 pF
SW 4 24 R B2 7
IN 7 R B 3/P G M

CON10
25 6
IN 8 26 R B4 10 5
R3 Y1
27 R B5 O S C 2/C LK O U T 9 4M H z C 2 33 pF 4
R B6 28 R B 6/P G C O S C 1/C L KIN RST 3
SW 5 R LD R B 7/P G D R LD 2
1
J20
1
J 12 MC L R /V P P /TH V
CON6 20

GND
GND
VD D
VC C

8
19
P IC 1 6F 87 3
1
2
3
4
5
6

C3 U2 AT2408
10 0n F
1 5

R18

R19

R20
SW 1 2 A0 SD A

470e

470e

470e
SD A 3 A1
SC L A2
6
R3

D2 D3 D4 SC L
VC C 7
D1 LE D LE D LED WP
8

GND
VC C VC C
C4

4
RDY 0.1uF
LN K
R1
R13

R14

R15

R16

4K 7
470e

470e

470e

470e

D5 D6 D7 D8

LE D LED LE D LE D VC C

LE D 1
LE D 2
LE D 3
LE D 4

Fig 3.15 The total Circuit Operation of system

The total circuit diagram of system to see in Fig3.15. Microcontroller

commands were interoperable by probable pins. Four A.C inputs are contribute to
the controller i.e., four basic home appliances (light, fan, door and any other home
appliance). The internal circuits for A.C controlled inputs to see in Fig3.16. Four
sensors are also interlinked with microcontroller 8 inputs and their circuits are shown
in Fig3.17.

VC C

J1 J2 J3 J4
R L1 R L2 R L3 R L4
4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2
1 1 1 1
2 CON2 2 CON2 2 CON2 2 CON2
R1 R2 R3 R4

R ELAY SPST R ELAY SPST R ELAY SPST R ELAY SPST

Fig 3.16 Four AC controlled inputs

 VC C
J 13
1
2

CON3
3
VC C IN 5
J5
1
2

C ON 3
3 J 14
IN 1 1
2

CON3
J6 3
1 IN 6
2
C ON 3
3
IN 2 J 15
1
J7 2

CON3
1 3
2 IN 7
C ON 3

3
IN 3
J 16
J8 1
1 2

CON3
2 3
C ON 3

3 IN 8
IN 4

Fig 3.17 Four Sensors

PIC is connected with direct A.C supply gives to input and sensors are
attached as output. At A.C load connectors, SSRs are interlinked with
microcontroller for switching purpose. Sensors are activated when the client is
operating through mobile-app and it automatically converts analog to digital by
ADC. Lights and Fans are directly controlled by relay when the user controls via
mobile app. Temperature is displayed on mobile-app that is measured by LM35
sensor. Get instant alerts on smart phone if any unwanted/harmful gases are present
in home by using Gas sensors. Finally, Door accessed through mobile-app for
provide security of home.
The applications and features are:

 Control & Monitor from anyplace around the world.

 Control is Possible with LAN even without internet disconnection.

 Auto update

 Simple to mount

 Using Solid State Relay(SSR) so No Noise

 Higher Ampere SSR than normally used in commercial products

 Mobile App control

 Flexibility
 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS

This chapter gives the Results of proposed Smart Home-Automation system using
IoT. And also gives the screenshots of mobile-app and its functions.

4.1 RESULTS

PIC is connected with direct A.C supply gives to input and sensors are attached as
output. At A.C load connectors, SSRs are interlinked with microcontroller for switching
purpose. Sensors are activated when the client is operating through mobile-app and it
automatically converts analog to digital by ADC. Lights and Fans are directly controlled by
relay when the user controls via mobile app. Temperature is displayed on mobile-app that is
measured by LM35 sensor. Get instant alerts on smart phone if any unwanted/harmful
gases are present in home by using Gas sensors. Finally, Door accessed through mobile-app
for provide security of home. The setup of insteon sensor of door is to see in Fig 4.1.

Fig 4.1 Setup of Insteon sensor to door

 The experimental setup of proposed model is to see in Fig 4.2. A mobile-app was
created to always observe the home appliances by internet and it is enabled by Wi-Fi
module and connected with web server. After the successful association to the server, the
data of sensor are sending to web server for monitoring of system. The Fig 4.3 shows the
mobile-app page and allows monitoring and controlling the system. The web server
provides the statuses of variant home appliances like lights, fans etc can control by using
mobile app. Hence status displayed on mobile-app and user controls these variable
appliances via internet.

Fig 4.2 Experimental setup

 To enable security of everything is associated by the sensors to control system. For
example:

 Smart-home gateway and server security

 Authenticate home automation devices

 Networking devices data secured through communication

 To update software for protecting software

 Checking reliability of devices by router allowed network access

 Verifying sensors and components in automation network

 Software updates to protect IP and avoid operational interruptions

To control and monitor of the home appliances by using a Mobile-App is to see in

Fig 4.3.

Fig 4.3 Controlling Home Appliances through Mobile App

 The Fig 4.4 shows display of door status (opened/closed) and also displays time of
door access and instant temperature in surroundings.

Fig 4.4 Display Door status and Temperature

 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION
The model of combining sensors, computers, networks to control and monitor
components for decades around the world, the recent combination of major technologies
and market tendency is conducting in a new reality for the “Internet of Things”.

Home automation focus on manufacture homes better and safer through advanced
technology and providing a luxurious upgrade for less expensive. The world comes
elongated way from based on home security precautions provided by many firms operating
from distant locations. Automation system offers comprehensive power reduction solutions
to minimize energy usage. In this system evaluated a real product for proposed HA system
based on IoT. The clients can send requests by using mobile-app to server and allows that
control and monitor house appliances. Storing sensor-data in severely resource controlled
sensor nodes to a local attribute search problem. However, through architecture,
generalizing the proposed approach based on stimulate our future work.