Chapter 3

TRANSIENT STABILITY
 Transient stability refers to the ability of the power
system to remain in synchronism when the system
is subjected to large disturbances such as loss of a
major transmission line, load or generation leading
to change substantially in active power transmission
 Due to the large disturbances, the mathematical
model of the power system is combined a set of
nonlinear algebraic equations with a set of nonlinear
differential equations.
 Study stages:
 Chapter 3
TRANSIENT STABILITY

Before disturbance During dis After dis

 Generator models
 The knowledge of characteristics of synchronous machines and the
modeling of their dynamic performance are fundamental to the study of
power system stability.
 The behavior of a synchronous generator can be model by using the state
variable approach. Since the modeling of dynamics characteristics of
generator was interesting for stability study, a number of different models
in which the generator is modeled by either its sub-transient or transient
electro-motive force (emf) acting behind the appropriate reactance, have
been developed.
 A brief review of the models is presented in the following sections. Each
model consists of the group of differential equations that describe this
model. The larger the number represents the more complex model
 . . . . . .
 Model 2.2 – ( E"d , E"q , E ' d , E ' q ,  ,  )
In this model, the generator is represented by sub-transient emfs E”q
and E”d behind the sub-transient reactances X”d and X”q
corresponding to d-axis and q-axis shown in figure 3.2

(Xd – X’d) (X’d – X”d) X”d Id (Xq – X’q) (X’q – X”q) X”q Iq

Ef E’q E”q Vq E’q E”q Vq

(a) d-axis (b) q-axis

Figure 3.2 Generator equivalent circuits with resistances neglected [3]

The group of differential equations describing this model is given as

 dE"q 1
 [ E ' q  E"q  I d ( X ' d  X "d )] (3-1)
dt T "d 0

dE"d 1
 [ E ' d  E"d  I q ( X ' q  X "q )] (3-2)
dt T "q 0

dE ' q
 T ' d 0 [ E f  E ' q  I d ( X d  X ' d )] (3-3)
dt
dE ' d 1
 [ E ' d  I q ( X q  X ' q )] (3-4)
dt T 'q0

Vd   E"d   R X "q   I d 

V    E"     I  (3-5)
  
q q    X " d R  q
The swing equations are expressed as
d
    s   (3-6)
dt
d 1
 ( Pm  Pe  D ) (3-7)
dt M
Pe  ( E"d I d  E"q I q )  ( X "d  X "q ) I d I q (3-8)
Where
X”d, X’d, and Xd are direct-axis sub-transient, transient and synchronous
reactances.
X”q, X’q, and Xq are quadrature-axis sub-transient, transient and synchronous
reactances.
T’d0, T’q0, T”d0, T”q0 are the time constants for the armature of generator on open-
circuits.
δ is the rotor angle displacement with regard to a reference.
M is the inertia constant of a generator.
Pe and Pm are the air-gap electrical power and the mechanical power,
respectively.
D is the damping power coefficient.
ω and ωs are the generator rotational speed and the synchronous speed.
 . . . . .
 Model 2-1 – ( E"d , E"q , E ' q ,  ,  )
The difference between this model and model 2-2 is that the screening effect of
the rotor body eddy-currents in the q-axis in this model is neglected, so
X 'q  X q and E ' d  0 . The group of equations describing model 2-1 is

similar to the equation set of model 2-2, except that equation (3-4) is eliminated.
dE"q 1
 [ E ' q  E"q  I d ( X ' d  X "d )] (3-1)
dt T "d 0

dE"d 1
 [ E ' d  E"d  I q ( X ' q  X "q )] (3-2)
dt T "q 0

dE ' q
 T ' d 0 [ E f  E ' q  I d ( X d  X ' d )] (3-3)
dt
 Vd   E"d   R X "q   I d 
V    E"     I  (3-5)
  
q q    X " d R  q
d
    s   (3-6)
dt
d 1
 ( Pm  Pe  D ) (3-7)
dt M
Pe  ( E"d I d  E"q I q )  ( X "d  X "q ) I d I q (3-8)
. . . .
 Model 1-1 – ( E ' d , E ' q ,  ,  )
This model is considering the field coil of a synchronous machine on the d-axis
and its damper coil on the q-axis. It means that the effect of the damper windings
in model 2-2 is neglected and the generator is now represented by the transient
emfs E’q and E’d behind the transient reactance X’d and X’q. The equations
describing this model are given as:
 dE ' q
 T ' d 0 [ E f  E ' q  I d ( X d  X ' d )] (3-3)
dt
dE ' d 1
 [ E ' d  I q ( X q  X ' q )] (3-4)
dt T 'q0

d
    s   (3-6)
dt
d 1
 ( Pm  Pe  D ) (3-7)
dt M
The (d,q) components of the voltage are give by:
Vd   E ' d   R X 'q   I d 
V    E '     I  (3-9)
 q  q   X ' d R  q
And the air-gap electrical power is determined from:
Pe  ( E ' d I d  E ' q I q )  ( X ' d  X ' q ) I d I q (3-10)
 . . .
 Model 1-0 – ( E ' q ,  ,  )
In this model, the d-axis transient emf E’d is assumed to be constant. Thus, this
model is similar to model 1-1 except that the equation (2-4) is removed from the
equation set. In addition, the influence of the damper windings is also ignored, so
there is no winding in the quadrature axis and the rotor body E’d = 0, X’q = Xq.
The set of equations describing this model is given by:
dE ' q
 T ' d 0 [ E f  E ' q  I d ( X d  X ' d )]
dt (3-3)
d
    s  
dt (3-6)
d 1
 ( Pm  Pe  D )
dt M (3-7)
Vd   E ' d   R X 'q  I d 
V    E '     I 
 q  q   X ' R  q
d (3-9)
Pe  E ' q I q  ( X ' d  X ' q ) I d I q
(3-11)
 . .
 The classical model (model 0-0) – ( ,  )
The classical synchronous generator model used in the bulk of literature for a
simplified analysis of power system dynamics assumes that neither the d-axis
armature current Id nor the internal emf Ef representing the excitation voltage
change very much during the transient state. The advantage of this model is that
the mechanical rotor angle deviation with respect to the synchronous reference is
directly related to the electrical equivalent circuit represented by a constant emf
E’ behind the transient reactance X’d shown in figure 3.4.

X’d
○

E '  V V

Figure 3.4 Generator represented by the classical model

 The set of equation for this model is given as
d
    s  
dt (3-6)
d 1
 ( Pm  Pe  D )
dt M (3-7)
E 'V
Pe  sin(   V ) (3-12)
X 'd
As the subtransient period id normally very short compared to
the period of the rotor swings, the effect of the subtransient
phenomena on the electromechanical dynamics can be
neglected. This allows the classical model of the generator to
be used to study the transient stability problem.
 Chapter 3
TRANSIENT STABILITY
1. Equivalent circuit
Consider a power system that consists of one generator
connected to an infinite busbar through two parallel lines
shown in figure 3.5 with the fault occurring on one of the lines
- The generator is represented by the classical model with the
constant transient electro-motive force E’ behind the transient
reactance X’d.
- The system is represented by a constant voltage Vs behind
the equivalent reactance Xs.
- The reactance of the transformer and lines L1, L2 are XT and XL,
respectively.
 Chapter 3
TRANSIENT STABILITY
1. Equivalent circuit
Consider a power system that consists of one generator
connected to an infinite busbar through two parallel lines
shown in figure 3.5 with the fault occurring on one of the lines
- The generator is represented by the classical model with the
constant transient electro-motive force E’ behind the transient
reactance X’d.
- The system is represented by a constant voltage Vs behind
the equivalent reactance Xs.
- The reactance of the transformer and lines L1, L2 are XT and XL,
respectively.
 Chapter 3
TRANSIENT STABILITY
1. Equivalent circuit
 Chapter 3
TRANSIENT STABILITY
1. Equivalent circuit
The generator’s electrical power output is given as
E 'V S
Pe  sin  (3-3)
X

Where X∑ is the equivalent reactance of the network from generator to infinite bus
including the transient reactance Xd’ of the generator.
Determine the power angle curves of the machine for three
different cases, namely pre-fault, during-fault and after-fault
 • A power system as shown in Fig.1. Inertia constant of
generator H = 6.2 MJ/MVA, transient reactance X'd = 0.20 per
unit, Damping power coefficient D=0,140. the generator is
connected to an infinite bus system f =50 Hz, Xs = 0.25 per
unit. Reactance of transformer T1 and lines L1, L2 as: XT1 =
0.30 per unit, XL1 = XL2 = 0.25 per unit. The generator is
delivering real power of P = 0.65 per unit and Q= 0.4 to the
infinite bus at a voltage of V= 1,0 per unit.

A three phase fault occurs at the middle of the line L2, Determine
the power angle curves of the machine for three different cases,
namely pre-fault, during-fault and after-fault
3. Reactance Values During the Pre-fault, Fault and Post-fault Periods

The use of symmetrical components allows any type of fault to be represented

in the positive sequence network by a fault shunt reactance xF connected
between the point of the fault and the neutral. The value of the fault shunt
depends on the type of fault and is given in following Table, where X1, X2 and
X0 are respectively the positive-, negative- and zero-sequence Thevenin
equivalent reactances as seen from the fault terminals.
 Chapter 3
TRANSIENT STABILITY
3. Equal area criterion applies to Three-Phase Fault case
- In order to understanding the equal-area criterion, we investigate the
dynamic behaviors of one machine connected to an infinite system show
in previous. The fundamental concept and principles of transient
stability can be illustrated by analyzing the power system response to
large of disturbances with its classical model. In this model, all
resistances and the speed governor effects are neglected. The swing
equation of the generator with damping neglected is given as:
2 H d 2
 Pm  Pmax sin 
0 dt 2

- The fault is assumed to occur on line L2 at some distance k from the

sending end
- The impedance of the faulted line kXL is proportional to the fault
distance and the per-unit length reactance of the line.
 Chapter 3
TRANSIENT STABILITY
3. Equal area criterion applies to Three-Phase Fault case
- A well-known method, namely the equal-area criterion, which is based
on the graphical interpretation of the energy stored in the rotating
mass as a goal to determine whether the generator or motor remains
its stability after a disturbance, will be used to analyze the power
systems.
- This method provides physical insight to the dynamic behavior of the
power system so that it is assistance to explain the factors influencing
the transient stability of the power system.
- Applying this method, instead of solving the swing equation to find
whether the rotor angle increases infinitely or oscillates around an
equilibrium point, information regarding the maximum angle excursion
and the stability limit can be obtained graphically by using the power
angle diagram shown in following figure.
 Chapter 3
TRANSIENT STABILITY
3. Equal area criterion applies to Three-Phase Fault case

K
3. Equal area criterion applies to Three-Phase Fault case
- In the steady-state before disturbance, the electrical power output Pe is
equal to the mechanical input Pm. The operating equilibrium point is
represented by point A on the curve Pe-Prefault and the corresponding to
rotor angle is 0 (d0).
- With the fault location at F on transmission line L2, away from sending
end, the equivalent reactance between machine and infinite bus system
increases, lowering the power transfer capacity and the power-angle
curve is represented by curve Pe-During fault.
- When fault occurs at F, the rotor angle cannot change quickly due to the
inertia of the rotor. The operating point shifts immediately from the point A
on the curve Pe-Prefault to point B on the curve Pe-During fault and the
machanical power Pm is now greater than Pe.The rotor now experiences a
acceleration torque, with magnitude proportional to the length of the line
A–B, and starts to accelerate.
- As a result, the accelerating torque forces the rotor to accelerate from the
point B to point C, tracing the electrical power - angle curve Pe-During fault at a
rate determined by swing equation and the rotor acquires a kinetic energy
proportional to the shaded area ABCD.
- When the fault is cleared at cl by opening the circuit breaker, line L2 is
tripped, The operating point is suddenly shifts to point E on the curve Pe-After
fault which represents the post-fault power-angle relationship. The Pe is now
greater than Pm. The excess of the electrical output over its mechanical
inputs causes deceleration of the rotor. The rotor now experiences a
deceleration torque, with magnitude proportional to the length of the line D–
E, and starts to decelerate. However, due to its momentum, the rotor
continues to increase and the rotor angle continues to increase untill the
previously stored kinetic energy will be reduced to zero at point F. The
operating point moves from E to F, such that area Aacc(ABCD) =
Adcc(DEFG).
- At point F, the speed is equal to synchronous speed and rotor angle
reaches its maximum value m(dm).
- Since Pe is still greater than Pm, the rotor continues to decelerate, then the
operating point retraces the path from F to K passing through point E. The
rotor angle will then oscillate back and forth around E at its natural
frequency. If the damping is presenting in the machine, it will cause the
oscillations to subside and the new steady-state operation will established
at the intersection of Pm and Pe-After fault.
- If the fault is cleared with a substantially longer fault clearing time, meaning
cl1>> cl, the operating point reaches point H, the kinetic energy gained
during the accelerating period is decreased but it is still greater than zero,
the speed is excessive synchronous speed. This means that the work
performed during deceleration, proportional to the area DEH, cannot absorb
the kinetic energy acquired during acceleration and the speed deviation
does not become equal to zero before the rotor reaches point H.
3. Equal area criterion applies to Three-Phase Fault case
- After passing point H the electrical power is less than the mechanical
power and the rotor experiences a net acceleration torque which further
increases its angle. The rotor makes an asynchronous rotation and loses
synchronism with the system

- Two important points arise from this discussion. The first is that the
generator loses stability if, during one of the swings, the operating point
passes point H on the characteristic. Area deh is therefore the available
deceleration area with which to stop the swinging generator rotor. The
corresponding transient stability condition states that the available
deceleration area must be larger than the acceleration area forced by the
fault.
- The stable criterion is:
area ABCD< area EDH
 Chapter 3
TRANSIENT STABILITY
3. Equal area criterion applies to Three-Phase Fault case

K
3. Equal area criterion applies to Three-Phase Fault case
- As the generator did not use the whole available decelerating area, the
remaining area FGH, divided by the available deceleration area EDH, can
be used to define the transient stability margin

𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂

- The second important observation is that fault clearing time is a major

factor in determining the stability of the generator. The longest clearing
time for which the generator will remain in synchronism is referred to as the
critical clearing time. The relative difference between the critical clearing
time and the actual clearing time can be used to give another measure of
the transient stability margin:
𝒄𝒓 𝒄
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
𝒄𝒓
3. Equal area criterion applies to Three-Phase Fault case
- The relationship between the rotor angle and the accelerating power is:
 Chapter 3
TRANSIENT STABILITY

(2-1)
 Chapter 3
TRANSIENT STABILITY

(2-1)
 P

PI
PmI

PmIII PIII

P0

PmII PII

δ0 δc.gh π/2 δm δ

III II
P0 ( m   0 )  Pm cos m  Pm cos 0
cos c.cr 
PmIII  PmII
 CHƯƠNG 3
ỔN ĐỊNH ĐỘNG
Transient stability
 CHƯƠNG 3
ỔN ĐỊNH ĐỘNG
Transient stability
 CHƯƠNG 3
ỔN ĐỊNH ĐỘNG
Transient stability
 CHƯƠNG 3
ỔN ĐỊNH ĐỘNG
Transient stability
 CHƯƠNG 3
ỔN ĐỊNH ĐỘNG
Transient stability
 CHƯƠNG 3
ỔN ĐỊNH ĐỘNG
Transient stability
 CHƯƠNG 3
ỔN ĐỊNH ĐỘNG
Transient stability
 CHƯƠNG 3
ỔN ĐỊNH ĐỘNG
Transient stability
 CHƯƠNG 3
ỔN ĐỊNH ĐỘNG
Transient stability
 CHƯƠNG 3
ỔN ĐỊNH ĐỘNG
Transient stability
 Chapter 3
TRANSIENT STABILITY
The critical clearing time: Three-Phase Fault at the sending
end
The swing equation of the generator with damping neglected
is given as:
H d 2
 Pm  Pa
f 0 dt 2

d 2 f 0
2
 Pm
dt H

d f 0 t f 0
 Pm  dt  Pm t
dt H 0 H

f 0
 Pmt 2   0
2H
 Chapter 3
TRANSIENT STABILITY
Three-Phase Fault at the sending end
The critical clearing time is:

2 H ( c   0 )
tc 
f 0 Pm
4. Apply the Equal area criterion to sudden increase in
power input
Consider the generator in figure (a) operating at the equilibrium
point 0, corresponding to the mechanical power input Pm0=
Pe0 as shown in figure (b). Consider a sudden step increase in
input power represented by the horizontal line Pm1.
 (a) Schematic diagram

(b) Equal area criterion applied to the sudden change in power input
Kinetic energy gained by the rotor during acceleration:
1

 ( Pm1  Pe )d  S abc  Sacc

0

And the energy lost during the deceleration:

 max

 ( Pe  Pm1 )d  Sbfd  S dec

1
 CHƯƠNG 3
ỔN ĐỊNH ĐỘNG
Transient stability
 CHƯƠNG 3
ỔN ĐỊNH ĐỘNG
Transient stability
 CHƯƠNG 3
ỔN ĐỊNH ĐỘNG
Transient stability
 CHƯƠNG 3
ỔN ĐỊNH ĐỘNG
Transient stability
A power system as shown in Fig.1. Inertia constant of
generator H = 9,5 MJ/MVA, transient reactance X'd = 0.25
per unit, Damping power coefficient D=0,160. the generator
is connected to an infinite bus system f =50 Hz, Xs = 0.25
per unit. Reactance of transformer T1 and lines L1, L2 as:
XT1 = 0.25 per unit, XL1 = XL2 = 0.4 per unit. The generator
is delivering real power of P = 0.76 per unit and the bus 1 at
a voltage of V= 1,1 per unit.
 CHAPTER 3 – Part 3
Time domain method (time simulation)

Time domain method are based on numerical solutions of differential and algebraic
equations. The simulation of the power system operation in transient period also
relies on models of generators, excitation system, networks and loads. In regard
to accuracy, the more detailed models are used, the more accurate results can be
reached.
In order to understand the method, the classical
(2-1) model of generator is used to
investigate the transient stability of one machine connected to an infinite system
show in following figure.
As the sub-transient period id normally very short compared to the period of the
rotor swings, the effect of the sub-transient phenomena on the
electromechanical dynamics can be neglected.
The generator is represented by the classical model with a constant transient emf E’
behind the transient reactance X’d while the system is represented by a constant
voltage Vs behind the equivalent reactance Xs.
 CHAPTER 3
Time domain method (time simulation)

(2-1)
 CHAPTER 3
Time domain method (time simulation)

The set of equation for this model is given as:

 H d 
180 f dt  Pm  Pe  PD  Pacc

 d   
 dt (2-1)
E 'V
Pe  sin(   S )
X 'd
In normal operating condition (steady – state), neglecting losses the real
power from generator transfers to infinite bus system
 CHAPTER 3
Time domain method (time simulation)

Where X∑1 is the equivalent reactance of the network from generator to

infinite bus at steady – state and is the rotor angle of the generator.
 During fault, the equivalent reactance is X∑2 and the active power can
determine as:

(2-1)

 After fault clearing time, the rotor follows the power–angle characteristic
PE3(δ) corresponding to the equivalent reactance X∑3 given as
 CHAPTER 3
Time domain method (time simulation)

The rotor angle oscillation and the rotor angular velocity characteristic can be
approximately based on numerical solutions of the above differential and
algebraic equations. There is a number of numerical methods proposed. The
commonly used numerical integration methods will be presented. Since a high
order differential equation can be transformed
(2-1) to a set of first order
equations, only the first order differential equation is used to describe these
methods.

 Euler Method
Let us consider the first-order differential equation

dx
 f ( x, t )
dt
 CHAPTER 3
Time domain method (time simulation)

with the initial condition : 𝟎 𝟎

The principle of the Euler method is illustrated in this figure

(2-1)

The value of x at 𝟏 𝟎 can be obtained from

 CHAPTER 3
Time domain method (time simulation)

After obtaining the value of x = x1 corresponding to t = t1, we can

determine x2 corresponding to t2 = t1 + Δt by following equation

The above approximation is the Taylor series expansion of x around

(2-1)
point (t0,x0) where higher-order terms have been discarded.
 CHAPTER 3
Time domain method (time simulation)

Solutions are constructed step by step, starting from some given starting
point (t0, x0). For a given t0 each different x0 will give rise to a different
solution curve. These curves are all solutions of the differential equation,
but each corresponds to a different initial condition.
The solution curves constructed using this method are obviously not exact
solutions but only approximations to solutions, because they are only
tangential to the direction field at certain points. Between these points, the
curves are only approximately tangential to the direction field. Intuitively,
we expect that, as the distance for which we follow each straight-line
segment is reduced, the curve we are constructing will become a better
and better approximation to the exact solution. The increment t in the
independent variable t along each straight-line segment is called the step
size used in the solution.
 CHAPTER 3
Time domain method (time simulation)

As can be seen from the above graph, Euler’s method assumes that the slope is

 Modified Euler Method x Tangent

Since the results obtained from x1p
Euler method have a low x1c ••
Δx
accuracy, the modified Euler x0 • Accurate solution
method is developed to
overcome this problem. This
method uses the average of the
derivatives at the beginning and
also the end of the interval Δt
t
shown in following figure
t0 t1
 CHAPTER 3
Time domain method (time simulation)

This method consists of the following steps:

 Predictor step
Similar to Euler method, the predicted value at the end of this step is
calculated by using the derivative at the beginning of the step given as

𝒑
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
𝒙 𝒙𝟎

 Corrector step
The corrected value at the end of the interval Δt can be obtained from

𝒄
𝟏 𝟎
𝒙 𝒙𝟎 𝒙 𝒙𝟏 𝒑

This process is repeated until the total solution is obtained

 Numerical solution of swing equation
 Numerical solution of swing equation
 Numerical solution of swing equation
 Numerical solution of swing equation
A power system as shown in Fig.1. Inertia constant of
generator H = 9,5 MJ/MVA, transient reactance X'd = 0.25
per unit, Damping power coefficient D=0,160. the generator
is connected to an infinite bus system f =50 Hz, Xs = 0.25
per unit. Reactance of transformer T1 and lines L1, L2 as:
XT1 = 0.25 per unit, XL1 = XL2 = 0.4 per unit. The generator
is delivering real power of P = 0.76 per unit and the voltage
of bus 1: V1= 1,1 per unit.
 Example
 Example
 CHAPTER 3
TRANSIENT STABILITY OF MULTI-MACHINE SYSTEM
Time domain method (time simulation)
 CHAPTER 3
TRANSIENT STABILITY OF MULTI-MACHINE SYSTEM
Time domain method (time simulation)

The mathematical model of the equivalent network with all loads

converted to admittances is presented in figure
N+1
G1

N+2
G1 N-bus network with load
converted to constants
admittances
N+m
G1
 CHAPTER 3
TRANSIENT STABILITY OF MULTI-MACHINE SYSTEM
Time domain method (time simulation)

- In the figure, nodes N + 1, N + 2... N + m are the internal machine buses that
are behind the transient reactance. The matrix form of the node voltage
equation with node 0 as reference for this network is given as:

 I 1   Y11  Y1n Y1( n 1)  Y1( n  m )   V 

 I   Y   V 
1

 Y Y   Y  
 2   21 2n 2 ( n 1) 2 ( n m )
 2 
 .           
    
I
 n  Y n1  Y nn
Y n ( n 1)  Y n( nm)  V
 n 
 I n 1   Y( n 1)1  Y( n 1) n Y( n 1)( n 1)  Y( n 1)( n  m )   E ' n 1 
    
          
 I  Y  
 Y Y  Y  E '
 nm
  ( n  m )1 ( n  m ) n ( n  m )( n 1) ( n  m )( n  m )  n  m

     

 CHAPTER 3
TRANSIENT STABILITY OF MULTI-MACHINE SYSTEM
Time domain method (time simulation)

- In the figure, nodes N + 1, N + 2... N + m are the internal machine buses that
are behind the transient reactance. The matrix form of the node voltage
equation with node 0 as reference for this network is given as:
Or I bus  Ybus Vbus

Where Ibus is the vector of the injected bus currents and Vbus is the vector of bus
voltages measured from the reference node. The diagonal elements of the bus
admittance matrix are the sum of admittances connected to it, and the off-diagonal
elements are equal to the negative of the admittances between the nodes.
The previous matrix is presented in terms of submatrices as:
 CHAPTER 3
TRANSIENT STABILITY OF MULTI-MACHINE SYSTEM
Time domain method (time simulation)

From the first equation, we have:

Then, substituting into the second one, we have:

 CHAPTER 3
TRANSIENT STABILITY OF MULTI-MACHINE SYSTEM
Time domain method (time simulation)

Active power:
Where:

𝒆
Prior to the disturbance, there is equilibrium between the mechanical power input
and the electrical power output:

𝒎
 CHAPTER 3
TRANSIENT STABILITY OF MULTI-MACHINE SYSTEM
Time domain method (time simulation)
The set of swing equations in this case can be expressed as:
.. . 𝟎
𝒊 𝒊 𝒎𝒊 𝒆𝒊
. 𝒊
and 𝒊 𝒊
Where Pmi is the mechanical power input of machine i that can be determine
from the prior disturbance as

Pei is the electrical power output of machine i during the transient period which
can be found from
 CHAPTER 3
TRANSIENT STABILITY OF MULTI-MACHINE SYSTEM
Time domain method (time simulation)
 CHAPTER 3
TRANSIENT STABILITY OF MULTI-MACHINE SYSTEM
Time domain method (time simulation)
 CHAPTER 3
TRANSIENT STABILITY OF MULTI-MACHINE SYSTEM
Time domain method (time simulation)
 CHAPTER 3
TRANSIENT STABILITY OF MULTI-MACHINE SYSTEM
Time domain method (time simulation)
 CHAPTER 3
TRANSIENT STABILITY OF MULTI-MACHINE SYSTEM
Time domain method (time simulation)
 CHAPTER 3
TRANSIENT STABILITY OF MULTI-MACHINE SYSTEM
Time domain method (time simulation)
 CHAPTER 3
TRANSIENT STABILITY OF MULTI-MACHINE SYSTEM
Time domain method (time simulation)

Dao động góc lệch roto tương đối của các máy phát khi cắt NM trên đường dây Phú
Lâm - Pleiku với tcth =0,69 s
 CHAPTER 3
TRANSIENT STABILITY OF MULTI-MACHINE SYSTEM
Time domain method (time simulation)

Dao động tần số góc của các máy phát khi cắt NM trên đường dây Phú Lâm - Pleiku với tcth
=0,69 s
 CHAPTER 3
TRANSIENT STABILITY OF MULTI-MACHINE SYSTEM
Time domain method (time simulation)

Dao động góc lệch roto tương đối của các máy phát khi cắt NM trên
đường dây Phú Lâm - Pleiku với t=0,7s
 CHAPTER 3
TRANSIENT STABILITY OF MULTI-MACHINE SYSTEM
Time domain method (time simulation)

Dao động tần số góc của các máy phát khi cắt NM trên đường dây Phú
Lâm - Pleiku với t=0,7s