TA B L E 8 .

1
Equivalent Roughness for New Pipes [From Moody
(Ref. 7) and Colebrook (Ref. 8)]

Equivalent Roughness, E
Pipe Feet Millimeters
Riveted steel 0.003–0.03 0.9–9.0
Concrete 0.001–0.01 0.3–3.0
a b Wood stave 0.0006–0.003 0.18–0.9
Cast iron 0.00085 0.26
Galvanized iron 0.0005 0.15
Commercial steel
or wrought iron 0.00015 0.045
Drawn tubing 0.000005 0.0015
Plastic, glass 0.0 1smooth2 0.0 1smooth2

c d
F I G U R E 8.22 Entrance flow conditions and loss coefficient
(Refs. 28, 29). (a) Reentrant, KL ⴝ 0.8, (b) sharp-edged, KL ⴝ 0.5, (c) slightly TA B L E 8 . 2
rounded, KL ⴝ 0.2 (see Fig. 8.24), (d) well-rounded, KL ⴝ 0.04 (see Fig. 8.24).
Loss Coefficients for Pipe Components ahL ⴝ KL b
V2
2g

(2) Component KL
a. Elbows
Regular 90°, flanged 0.3
(1)
Regular 90°, threaded 1.5
Long radius 90°, flanged 0.2
Long radius 90°, threaded 0.7
Long radius 45°, flanged 0.2
Regular 45°, threaded 0.4
(a) (b)

b. 180ⴗ return bends

180° return bend, flanged 0.2
180° return bend, threaded 1.5

d. Union, threaded 0.08

*e. Valves
(c) (d) Globe, fully open 10
F I G U R E 8.25 Exit flow conditions and loss coefficient. Angle, fully open 2
(a) Reentrant, KL ⴝ 1.0, (b) sharp-edged, KL ⴝ 1.0, (c) slightly rounded, KL ⴝ 1.0, Gate, fully open 0.15
(d) well-rounded, KL ⴝ 1.0. Gate, 14 closed 0.26
Gate, 12 closed 2.1
Gate, 34 closed 17
Swing check, forward flow 2
Swing check, backward flow 
Ball valve, fully open 0.05
Ball valve, 13 closed 5.5
Ball valve, 23 closed 210
 0.1
0.09 Wholly turbulent flow
0.08

0.07 0.05
0.04
0.06
0.03

0.05
0.02
0.015
0.04
0.01
0.008
0.006
f 0.03 ∋
__
0.004 D
0.025
0.002

0.02 0.001
0.0008
Laminar 0.0006
flow
0.0004
0.015

Smooth 0.0002

Transition range 0.0001

0.00005
0.01
0.009

0.008 0.00001
2(103) 4 6 8 2(104) 4 6 8 2(105) 4 6 8 2(106) 4 6 8 2(107) 4 6 8

103 104 105 106 107

ρ VD
Re = _____
μ