Unit weight (γ), angle of friction (ø) and allowable bearing pressure for different soil types

Choose the Soil Type

Unit Weight, γ Allowable Bearing
S. N. Soil Type Friction Angle, ø°
(kN/m3) Pressure (kN/m2)

1 Soft clays and silts 16 22 50

2 Firm clays and firm sandy clays 17 25 100
3 Stiff clays and stiff sandy clays 20 30 200
4 Very stiff boulder clays 20 32 350
5 Stiff Rock Mass 25 32 400 4
Physical Characteristics of Common Materials

Choose the Material

Young's Modulus Coefficient of Linear Ultimate Tensile Unit Weight (γ)
S. N. Material
(E) N/mm2 Expansion (α1) /°C Strength (S) N/mm2 kN/m2

Type
1 Steel (ungraded) 2.00E+05 1.25E-05 320 77
2 Steel to IS 226/75 or IS 2062/84 2.00E+05 1.25E-05 410 77
3 PVC 2750 3.00E-05 45.00 14
4 HDPE 1000 1.50E-04 30.00 9.3
If the steel quality is uncertain it is best to ask for samples and have them independently tested at laboratories. Properties of PVC and
HDPE vary considerably; they should be confirmed from manufactures' catalogues or by laboratory tests. 2
Friction Coefficient, f, Depends on the material against which the penstock slides
1 Steel on Concrete 0.6 Choose
2 Steel on steel, rusty plates 0.5 Type
3 Steel on steel, greased plates or tar paper 0.25 1
 DESIGN OF A TYPICAL ANCHOR BLOCK
Definition Sketch of Different Dimensions of Anchor Block

L1 L2

α1˚ α˚ X β˚ a
Z1

H1
H2

H3
Y
h Z2
X1
h1 Y1
X2

X3
Y2

Y3 X4 h2
Y4

Input Parameters for Design:

Maximum Temperature, Thot in °C 35
Minimum Temperature, Tcold in °C 10
Young's Modulus (E), in N/mm2 200000
Coefficient of Linear Expansion, α in /°C 1.25E-05
Installed Power Capacity in KW 22000
Design Discharge, Q in m3/sec 12.4
Gross head, hgross, in m 42.75
Surge head, hsurge, in m (as ?% of Gross head) 30%
Total Head, htotal, in m 55.58

Penstock Details:
Horizontal bend angle of Penstock in degree, θ˚ 52
Upstream penstock inclination in Degree, α° 0
Downstream penstock inclination in Degree, β° 44
Internal Diameter of Penstock, d in mm 2200
Is there change in Diameter of Penstock, Put 'Y' or 'N' N
If Yes, then Changes Diameter of Penstock is, in mm 0
Change Internal Diameter of Penstock, dchange in mm 2200
Penstock pipe thickness, t in mm 20
Distance to upstream support pier, (m) 5
Distance to downstream support pier, (m) 5
Distance to upstream expansion joint, L4u (m) 5
Distance to downstream expansion joint, L4d (m) 1
Coeff. Of friction between pipe & support piers, f 0.6
Number of Piers at Upstream 0
Number of Piers at Downstream 0
Materials Properties
Uphill ground slope in Degree, i° 0
Unit weight of soil, γsoil (kN/m3) 20
Friction Angle in Degree, ø° 32
Allowable Bearing Pressure, (kN/m ) 2
350
Coefficient of Limiting Friction at Base of Block, µ 0.5
Unit weight of concrete, γconcrete (kN/m3) 24
Unit weight of pipe material, γpipe material (kN/m3) 77
Unit weight of water, γwater (kN/m3) 9.81
 ANCHOR BLOCK NO. 1
Considered Shape of the Anchor Block
Upstream height of block, H1 in m 6.00
Upstream Height from which cut is made at U/S face, h m 6.00
height of the block above the penstock, a in m 2.00
Height of block at the penstock bent position, H2 in m 6.00
Down stream height of the block, H3 in m 6.00
Length of block, L in m 7.00
Distance of H1 from upstream face, L1 in m 3.00
Distance between H1 and H2, L2 in m 2.00
Projection of anchor block beyond penstock along width dir n, b in m 2.38
Width of block, w in m 7.00
Penstock bend position from upstream face of block, x in m 5.00
Penstock bend position from base of block, y in m 2.90
Upstream height of Penstock above ground level, z1 in m 1.00
Buried depth of block at the upstream face, h1 in m 3.00
Downstream height of Penstock above ground level, z 2 in m 0.00
Buried depth of block at the downstream face, h2 in m 2.00
Is there cut at the base of the upstream part, (Put Y/N) N
If Yes, then number of cut segments = 0

Checking for Stability of the Structure

Checking Against Overturning Safe
Checking for Bearing Capacity Safe
Checking Against Sliding Safe

Output of for Load Calculation

Combined angle ξ˚ 63.71
Block volume excluding volume of the pipe, in m3 269.52
Weight of the Block, WB (kN) 6,468.59
Weight of Pipe, WP (kN/m) 10.74
Weight of Water, WW (kN/m) 37.29
Sum, (WP + WW), (kN/m) 48.03

Calculation of Relevent Forces

F1u (kN) 120.08
Component of the weight of pipe and enclosed water perpendicular to the pipe alignment.
F1d (kN) 86.38
Frictional force per upstream support pier (kN) 144.09
Frictional force per downstream support pier (kN) 103.65
F2u (kN) 0.00
Frictional force of pipe on support piers.
F2d (kN) 0.00
F3 (kN) Force due to hydrostatic pressure within a bend. 2,186.30
F4u (kN) 0.00
Force due to the component of the weight of pipe parallel to the pipe alignment.
F4d (kN) 7.46
F5u (kN) 0.00
Force due to the thermally induced stresses in the absence of an expansion joint.
F5d (kN) 0.00
F6 (kN) Force due to friction within the expansion joint. 220.00
F7u (kN) 76.49
Hydrostatic force on exposed ends of pipe in expansion joints.
F7d (kN) 76.49
F8 (kN) Dynamic force at the pipe bend. i.e. Centrifugal Force 29.75
F9 (kN) Force due to the reduction of pipe diameter. 0.00
Active soil pressure coefficient, Ka 0.307
F10 (kN) Force due to earth pressure on upstream face. 193.57

Calculation for centre of gravity of the block

From upstream face of the block, in m 3.50
Angles of Inclination Checking Against Overturning for Seismic for no Seismic
Upstream Penstock Inclination in Degree, α° 0.00 Expansion Case Case Case
Downstream Penstock Inclination in Degree, β° 44.00 Moments about U/S bottom face, (kN-m) 18,830.15 16,485.93
Uphill ground inclinationin degree, i° 0.00 Ratio (Sum of M / Sum of V), in m 4.01 3.51
Eccentricity, e in m 0.51 0.01
Resolution of Forces Allowable Eccentricity, eallowable in m 1.17 1.17
Forces (kN) X- Component (kN), → '+' Y- Component (kN), ↓ '+' Check for Eccentricity (e < eallowable) Ok Ok
F1u 120.08 0.00 120.08 Contraction Case
F1d 86.38 -60.00 62.13 Moments about U/S bottom face, (kN-m) 16,943.78 13,854.56
F2u 0.00 0.00 0.00 Ratio (Sum of M / Sum of V), in m 3.85 3.15
F2d 0.00 0.00 0.00 Eccentricity, e in m 0.35 0.35
F3 2,186.30 819.00 -2,027.10 Allowable Eccentricity, eallowable in m 1.17 1.17
F4u 0.00 0.00 0.00 Check for Eccentricity (e < eallowable) Ok Ok
F4d 7.46 5.37 5.18 Checking for Bearing Capacity
F5u 0.00 0.00 0.00 Allowable Bearing Pressure, (kN/m2) 350.00
F5d 0.00 0.00 0.00 Expansion Case
F6 220.00 61.75 152.82 Pbase 137.51 96.51
F7u 76.49 76.49 0.00 Check for Bearing Capacity (Pbase < Pallowable) Ok Ok
F7d 76.49 -55.02 -53.14 Contraction Case
F8 29.75 11.15 -27.59 Pbase 116.99 116.45
F9 0.00 0.00 0.00 Check for Bearing Capacity (Pbase < Pallowable) Ok Ok
F10 193.57 193.57 0.00 Checking Against Sliding
WB(KN) 6,468.59 0.00 6,468.59 Expansion Case
Expansion Case 1,052.30 4,700.99 (µ x Σ V)/(ΣH) 1.29 2.23
SUM
Contraction Case 928.81 4,395.34 Allowable FOS for Sliding Stability =1.20 Ok Ok
Calculation for Acting Forces at the Bend of Penstock Contraction Case
Expansion Case 858.72 (µ x Σ V)/(ΣH) 1.29 2.37
Horizontal Forces (ΣPix)
Contraction Case 735.23 Allowable FOS for Sliding Stability =1.20 Ok Ok
Expansion Case -1,767.60
Vertical Forces (ΣPiy)
Contraction Case -2,073.25
Centroid Location from U/S bottom corner
Total Weight of the Block (W), KN 6,468.59 X- Co-ordinate,in m 3.50
Seismic Coeff. 0.12 Y- Co-ordinate, in m 3.02
Seismic Force (F), KN 776.23
Expansion Case 1,828.53
Total Horizontal Forces (KN)
Contraction Case 1,705.04
Expansion Case 4,700.99
Total Vertical Forces (KN)
Contraction Case 4,395.34
 Force Diagram of the Anchor Block

Final Dimension of the Anchor Block ΣPiy =2073.25KN contraction

ΣPiy =1767.6KN expansion
Y
ΣPix =735.23KN contraction
ΣPix =858.72KN expansion
x =5m
α =0˚ F =776.23KN X
Xbar =3.5m
β =44˚
α1 =0˚ WB =6468.59KN
y =2.9m
α =0˚ F10x =193.57KN Ybar =3.02m

H2 =6m
β =44˚
i =0˚ x =5m h1/3 = 1m

H1 =6m O

H3 =6m
y =2.9m
h =6m h1 =3m y1 =0m
x1 =0m
y2 =0m
x2 =0m y3 =0m
x3 =0m

L =7m

Design By: