Marriage and Family

Marriage and family
1. 1. MARRIAGE AND FAMILY 

2. 2. MARRIAGE NATURE AND DEFINITION OF MARRIAGE <ul><li>Humankind’s most basic and oldest
social unit is the family. It is a social institution primarily established by society to ensure its continuity and to regulate
the sexual behavior of its members.
3. 3. The family is the primary group where the child is initially socialized and initiated in the ways of life of his group. The
family provides the child’s social, psychological, and emotional needs – warmth, intimacy, affection, love, nurturance,
care and security.</li></li></ul><li><ul><li>Marriage is another human construction to insure the continuity of the family
and the eventual perpetuation of the human specie.
4. 4. The New Family Code of the Philippines, which became effective on August 3,1998, defines Marriage as a special
contract of permanent union between a man and a woman entered into in accordance with law for the establishment of
conjugal and the family life.</li></li></ul><li><ul><li>Light and Keller (1985)
5. 5. defines marriage as a socially recognized union between two or more individuals that typically involves sexual and
economic rights and duties.</li></ul>They further elucidated their view of marriage. “Marriage is a business
partnership as much as a romantic fairytale; it involves compromises, division of labor, specialization, financial
arrangement, and communication systems.” 
6. 6. Aspects of Marriage: First, the legal point of view <ul><li>posits that marriage is a contract.</li></ul>
Second, religious point of view <ul><li>posits that marriages a sacrament.</li></ul>“What God has put together let
no man put asunder.” 
7. 7. The meaning of Marriage and the Family Issue a. The most traditional socialnorm <ul><li>views marriage
as a sacred phenomenon; </li></ul>that is, the family and the marriage are divine and holly institutions created
and maintained by God or some supreme being greater than human beings. 
8. 8.
9. 9.
10. 10. b. Asecond traditional norm <ul><li>views the meaning of marriage and family as centering primarily on social
obligations.</li></ul>A third <ul><li>meaning of marriage suggest that families and the marital relationship exist for
the individual.</li></li></ul><li>Important Legal Matters On Marriage A. ESSENTIAL REQUISITES FOR
MARRIAGE Family Code of the Philippines provides: Art. 2: No marriage shall be valid, unless these
essential requisites are present: Legal capacity of the contracting parties (18 yrs. or upwards), who must be a male
and female; and Consent freely given in the presence of the solemnizing officer. 
11. 11. B. FORMAL REQUISITES OF MARRIAGE Art.3. the formal requisites of marriage are: Authority of
solemnizing officer; A valid marriage license except in cases provided in chapter 2 of this title; and A marriage
ceremony which takes place with the appearance of the contracting parties before the solemnizing officer and their
personal declaration that they take each other as husband and wife in the presence of not less than two witnesses of
legal age: Art.4.The absence of any of the essential or formal requisites shall render the marriage “void ab initio”
(void from the beginning) except as stated in Article 35(a). 
12. 12. C. ANNULMENT OF A MARRIAGE ANNULMENT <ul><li> refers to hr legal process of filing a petition in
the appropriate court seeking a judicial declaration of making a marriage null and void ab initio or from the beginning as
if no marriage took place.</li></li></ul><li>Art.45.Enumerates the grounds for annulmentof marriage, as follows: One of the contracting parties is 18 yrs. of age or over but bellow 21 and without parental consent; Either party
was of unsound mind; Consent of either party was obtained by fraud, force and intimidation; Either party was
physically incapable of consummating the marriage with the other; and Either party was afflicted with a sexually
transmissible disease found to be serious and incurable. 
13. 13. D. LEGAL SEPARATION Legal Separation- refers to the legal process of filling a petition in the appropriate
court seeking a judicial declaration of legal separation for married couples. Art.55. A petition for legal separation
may be filed on any of the following grounds: Repeated physically violence or grossly abusive conduct directed
against the petitioner; Physical violence or moral pressure to compel the petitioner, apolitical affiliation; Attempt of respondent to corrupt r induce the petitioner, a common child, or a child of the petitioner, to engage in
prostitution, or connivance in such corruption or inducement; 
14. 14. 4. Final judgment sentencing the respondent to imprisonment of more than six yrs; even if pardoned; Drug
addiction or habitual alcoholism of the respondent; Lesbianism or homosexuality of the respondent; Contracting by the respondent of a subsequent bigamous marriage, whether in the Philippines or abroad; Sexual
infidelity or perversion; Attempt by the respondent against the life of the petitioner; or Abandonment of
petitioner by respondent without justifiable cause for more that one year.****************************** 
15. 15. NORMS OF MARRIAGE ON THE SELECTION OF POTENTIAL MARRIAGE PARTNERS Endogamy-is a rule
that requires a person to marry someone from within his or her own group—tribe, nationality, religion, race community,
or any other social grouping. Exogamy-is a rule that requires a person to marry someone from outside his her own
group. Sororate-prescribes that a widower marry the sister or nearest kin of the decease wife. Levirate-
prescribes that widows marry the brother nearest kin of the deceased husband. 
16. 16. FORMS OF MARRIAGE Monogamy <ul><li>marriage between one man and one woman.</li></ul>2.
Polygamy or plural marriage <ul><li>has three forms:</li></ul>Polygyny- one husband and two or more
wives Polyandry- one wife and two or more husbands Group marriage- two or more husbands and two or
more wives. 
17. 17. BASIS ON CHOOSING A MARRIAGE PARTNER Parental Selection or Arranged Marriages <ul><li>Families that have important stake in the type of spouse their son or daughter will take usually
practice.</li></ul>2. Romantic Love <ul><li>Romantic love has become an important basis for marriage in our
society. It is the theme of most of our popular songs, the subject of many of our movies and television shows, and made
active in scores of popular books and magazine articles.</li></li></ul><li>WHY PEOPLE MARRY 1. Love
11. Unhappy home situation 2. Economic security 12. Money 3. Emotional security 13. Companionship 
4. Parent’s wishes 14. Protection 5. Escape from loneliness 15. Adventure 6. Common interest 16. Sex and
sexual attraction 7. Parenthood 17. Begetting and rearing of 8. Physical attraction children 9. Compatibility
18. Acceptance responsibility 10. Martial bliss and 19. Death of a former spouse happiness 20.Care and
nurturance happiness 
18. 18. DEFINITION AND NATURE OF FAMILY The family is the basis social institution and the primary group in
society. Burgess and Locke (1963) <ul><li>define the family as a group of persons united by ties of
marriage, blood or adoption, constituting a single household, interacting and communicating with each other in their
respective social roles of husband and wife, mother and father, son daughter, brother and sister, creating and a
common culture.</li></li></ul><li>Light (1985) - defines the family as a group of people who are united by ties of
marriage, ancestry, or adoption and who are recognized by the community as constituting a single household and as
having the responsibility for rearing children. Murdock (1949)–defines the family as a social group characterized by
common residence, economic cooperation and reproduction. 
19. 19. THEORIES OR PERSPECTIVE ON THE FAMILY Three Theories: 1. The functionalist Perspective Functionalist says that if a society is to survive and maintain itself across time, certain essential functions must be
performed. Functions: Regulation and sexual behavior; Reproduction; Biological
maintenance; Socialization; Care and protection function; Social placement or group status; Social
control. 
20. 20. 2. The Conflict Perspective Jetse Sprey (1979), agree with the functionalists’ position that the family institution
and other groups in society are organized systems of species survival. 3. The Symbolic Interactionist
Perspective The symbolic interationist direct considerable attention to the symbolic environment in which people
carry out their daily activities. 
21. 21. PATTERNS OF FAMILY ORGAIZATION BASED ON INTERNAL ORGANIZATION OR MEMBERSHIP Nuclear Family <ul><li>is composed of a husband and his wife and their children in a union recognized by the
other members of the society.</li></ul>The family of the orientation– is the family into which a person is born and where
he is reared or socialized. The family of procreation– is the family that such person established through marriage
and consists of a husband, a wife, a sons and daughter. 
22. 22. 2. Extended Family – is composed of two or more nuclear families, economically and socially related to each
other. Linton (Murdock 1949) Two types of family: Conjugal family <ul><li>corresponds to the
nuclear family where priority is given to marital ties.</li></ul>Consanguineal family <ul><li>corresponds to the
extended family where priority is given to blood ties.</li></li></ul><li>B. BASED ON DESCENT Descent <ul><li> implies family genealogical ties of a person with a particular group of kinsfolk.</li></ul>Bilateral descent-
involves the reckoning of descent through both the father’s and mother’s families Patrilineal descent- involves the
reckoning of descent through the father’s family only. Matrilineal descent- involves the reckoning of descent
through the mother’s family only. 
23. 23. C. BASE ON RESIDENCE Patrilocal -the married couple live with or near the husband’s family. Matrilocal–the husband leaves his family and sets up housekeeping with or near his wife’s family. Neolocal-the
married couple establish a new home; they reside independently of the parents of either groom or bride. Bilocal- it
gives the couple a choice of staying with either the groom’s parents or the bride’s parents. 
24. 24.
25. 25. FAMILY PLANNING 
26. 26. Concepts to Master: 1. Family Planning 2. Responsible Parenthood 3. Population Education 
4. Sex Education 5. Contraception 6. Contraceptive devices 
27. 27. FAMILY PLANNING Family planning experts define family planning as the process by which responsible and
mature couples, if they wish, determine by themselves the timing, proper spacing and number of the children born to
them. Family planning involves three main aspects: 1. Responsible parenthood 2. Proper spacing of
children 3. Birth control 
28. 28. Family planning involves the rational utilization of effective contraceptive methods by married couples so they space
and limit their children to a desirable size in order for them to attain quality life. Contraceptive means prevention of
unwanted pregnancy, while responsible parenthoodmeans responsible pro-creation and socialization of children. As
responsible parents, married couples are prepared for the responsibility of rearing a child who can be properly fed,
clothed and educated. 
29. 29. NORMS ON FAMILY PLANNING 1. Sociological Norms Family planning is the process whereby, through
interaction, married couples arrive at an intelligent decision in the number of children they could provide with quality
life. 2. Medical Norms Family planning through the use of contraceptives provides protection against
unwanted pregnancies. Contraceptives work to prevent the meeting of the egg sperm. Family planning is concerned
with the regulation of human reproductive capacity. It involves the prevention of unwanted births by contraceptive
techniques, or by reducing the length of exposure to pregnancy in order to protect the well-being of the mother, of the
family, or of the larger population. 
30. 30. 3. Legal-Juridical Norms Government support of family planning is reflected in Article XV, Sec. 10 of the
Philippines Constitution to achieve and maintain population levels most conducive to the national welfare. Measures to
assure its implementation have been made in law and practice. The Labor Code of the Philippines requires the
employer of more than 200 workers to provide for family planning services to their employees and their spouses ( Sec.
11, Rule VII, Book III of the Implementing Rules ). 
31. 31. 4. Ecclesiastical Norms All the major religions of the world believe in the guiding principle that a couple has a
right to limit family size. The Roman Catholic Church is not against family planning but categorically condemns the
use of artificial methods as they are against the natural laws. The Catholic Church only accepts the withdrawal,
abstinence, and rhythm or calendar method. 5. Psychological Norms Family planning has psychological
bearing on problems which confront the young today brought about by their development stage and the sexual
revolution in the present times. Marlyn Benoit, Executive Director of the Devereux Children’s Center in Washington, D.C.
agrees that changes in society and family structure have led to more sexual activity among teenagers. 
32. 32. POPULATION POLICY AND PORGRAMS Congress, through R.A. 6365, created, the Population Commission
(POPCOM) in 1971. Main Goal: To enhance national development by meeting the social challenge of a high rate
of population growth. The Department Of Education and the United Nations Fund for Population Activities create
programs for population education. Population educationis the process of developing awareness and
understanding of population situations as well as rational attitude and behavior toward those situations for the
attainment of high quality of life for the individual, the family, the community, the nation, and the world. 
33. 33. CONTRACEPTION (BIRTH CONTROL METHODS AND TECHNIQUES) <ul><li>Reproduction is the basic
biological reason for sexual intercourse. However, most people enjoy sex and do not want to conceive every time they
have sex. There are many reasons. they may wish to concentrate on a career, they may already have too many children
in the family, or suffer from certain health problems, or dislike babies, or fell too young or old, and so on.
34. 34. Contraception is not a new idea. Over thousands of years all kinds of devices have been tried to prevent pregnancy.
Almost 4,000 years ago some Egyptian women put a contraceptive paste into their vaginas, made form honey, sodium
carbonate and crocodile dung!</li></li></ul><li>Literature on contraception and birth control gives the following methods
and techniques: A. Chemical Methods 1. Pill or Oral Contraceptive The pill is a tablet made of man-
made hormones (estrogen and progesterone) mimicking the ones your body produces monthly on its own. It’s is of two
kinds: COCs or combined oral contraceptives and POPs or progesterone only pills (mini pills). These are available in
over-the counter or prescription forms. Estrogen prevents the egg from maturing and being released from the
ovary. Progesterone changes the lining of the uterus and the consistency of cervical mucus, making them inhospitable
to sperm and the implantation of fertilized egg. The pill has to be taken for a certain number of days in the
menstrual cycle, usually 21. Its effectiveness is 96% to 99%, if used properly. ` 
35. 35. 2. “Morning-After Pill” The so-called “morning-after pill” is a form of emergency birth control. Emergency
contraception can prevent a woman from getting pregnant even after unprotected sex. This method is especially helpful
for those who have been raped or whose main birth control methods have failed. Prescribed by a health care
professional, these pills are similar to birth control pills but contain a higher dose of hormones. The pills will either inhibit
or delay ovulation, or they may alter the uterine lining, preventing the implantation of a fertilized egg. After sexual assault
or consensual sex, two of these pills are taken within 72 hours, and then two more are taken 12 hours later. 
36. 36. In the Philippines, anti-abortion and pro-life groups insist that the pill previously marketed here under the brand
Postinor- is an abortifacient because, as many of them believe, a fertilized egg is already considered a life form. Thus,
preventing it from being implanted into the uterus is tantamount to aborting, or killing it. After much pressure from
these groups, the government relented and pulled Postinor out of the local market. The Bureau of Food and drug
(BFAD) likewise delisted the product from its registry of drugs. It is injected by a health care professional every
three months. its effectiveness is 99% of preventing pregnancy. 
37. 37. 3. Implants Implants are six matchstick-size rubber silicone rods, tubes or capsules containing progestin or
progesterone. A physician surgically implants them under the skin, usually on the upper arm . The rods released low
doses of hormones to suppress ovulation and cause a thickening of the cervical mucus so that sperm cannot penetrate.
They are locally available as Norplant and close to 100% effectiveness for up to five years, and they can be removed by
a doctor at any time. 
38. 38. B. Sterilization or Surgical Method In sterilization, the eggs or sperm are prevented from going anywhere by
cutting, knotting or blocking the tubes along which they normally travel. This is done by a small surgical operation in the
hospital or clinic. Its effectiveness is 99% to 100%. 1. Tubal Ligation Female sterilization involves tying,
cutting or searing the two fallopian tubes or oviducts via survey so that the passageway to the uterus is blocked. It is a
more or less permanent surgical method for women. The operation is minor, leaving a small scar on the lower abdomen.
Most women can leave the hospital on the same day, or a day or two later. 
39. 39. 2. Vasectomy Male sterilization involves tying, cutting or searing the two vasdeferens, the tubes which carry
sperm from the testes to the penis, to prevent the sperm from mixing with the seminal fluid. It is a more or less
permanent or irreversible surgical method for men. 3. Mechanical or Barrier Methods The barrier methods of
contraception put a physical barrier between sperm and egg, so that two cannot meet. 
40. 40. a. Male condom or prophylactic latex <ul><li>The condom is a synthetic latex sheath worn over the penis
during copulation to prevent the sperm from entering the woman’s womb. It has a sealed end the caches the
sperm0containing fluid at ejaculation (enlarge and rigid) penis before intercourse and unrolled and disposed of
afterwards. It is advised to withdraw the penis immediately after intercourse, and while still erect. Delaying may cause
sperm to spill out into the cervix.</li></ul>b. Female Condom <ul><li>Female condom is elongated as
polyurethane sheath about 6.5 inches long, with a flexible ring at each end. It is used to line the inside of the vagina
covers the cervix. It prevents the sperm from reaching the cervix. It is inserted into the vagina before intercourse. Its
effectiveness is more or less 75% to 80% in preventing pregnancy.</li></li></ul><li>c. Diaphragm/Cervical Cap <ul><li>This device is a thin rubber cap or bowl-shaped rubber disk with flexible rim that fits into the top of the vagina
and covers the cervix, the neck or entrance to womb. It prevents the sperm in the vagina from entering the uterus and
reaching the egg beyond. It is usually fitted 2 or 3 hours before intercourse and removed several hours afterwards.
</li></ul>d. Sponge <ul><li>The sponge is a soft, donut-shaped devise, which is made of spongy materials that
contains spermicidal. It must be moistened and inserted before intercourse, and left in place from up to six hours
afterward (although it can be worn up to 24 hours with repeated intercourse). It works like the diaphragm and the
cervical cap. Its function is to block the entry of the sperm into the womb. The sponge is available without a prescription
and is about 85% effectiveness on preventing pregnancy.</li></li></ul><li>4. Natural Family Planning Methods <ul><li>Natural Family Planning, also called fertility awareness, refers to methods for planning and preventing
pregnancies by observation of the naturally occurring signs and symptoms of the fertile and infertile phases of the
menstrual cycle. Intercourse is avoided during the fertile phase if pregnancy is not desired. The natural methods rely on
timing rather that artificial aids or surgery.</li></li></ul><li>The eight techniques of nfp are: a. The Rhythm (or
Calendar) Method <ul><li>The rhythm method is also known as the safe period. It is a fertility tracking method
using a calendar. The woman must observe and record her reproductive cycle (I.e., ovulation and menstruation).
Ovulation occurs about 12 to 16 days before menstruation (which is the end of your ovulation period or 14 days before
the next period is due.) An egg has a natural life of two days in the womb waiting to be fertilized. A sperm can last for
four or five days.</li></ul>b. Cervical Mucus Method <ul><li>It is an NFP method relying on a woman’s familiarity
with her body and its processes. The vagina discharge after a woman’s period is used as indicators of fertility. It is also
known as the Billing’s method, named after an Australian doctor who discovered it. Observe that the vagina discharge
which appears after menstruation will first be cloudy and sticky.</li></li></ul><li>c. Basal Body Temperature <ul><li>The NFP method involves the daily recording of the temperature changes in the woman’s body with a special
thermometer. She records her temperature at the same time every day before getting up or doing anything in the
morning. A rise in the BBT of about half a degree Celsius may mean ovulation, and the couple should abstain from
intercourse if pregnancy is not desired. Effectiveness is more or less 95% but only for couples with normal fertility who
follow and use the method perfectly.</li></ul>d. Sympto-thermal Method <ul><li>This is a combination of the BBT
and the cervical mucus methods and other physiological indicators of ovulation, such as tenderness of the breast and
mid-cycle pain. This involves recording. If pregnancy is not desired, couples should abstain from intercourse until the 3rd
day of elevated temperature or the fourth day after the peak day of mucus, whichever comes first. Its effectiveness is
98% but only for couples with normal fertility who follow and use the method perfectly.</li></li></ul><li>5. Withdrawal or
coitus Interruptus <ul><li>During sex, the man withdraws his penis from the woman’s vagina just before the sperm-
containing fluid ejaculates. However, this method is not very reliable. It is difficult to predict the exact timing of
ejaculation and some sperm may be released before the full ejaculation. Even before the ejaculation. Even before the
ejaculation, the man releases “pre-ejaculation fluid” which already contains enough sperm to get a woman pregnant. It
may also lead to frustration for one or both partners. Its effectiveness is more or less 30% to 40%.</li></ul>6. Prolonged
Lactation or Lactation Amenorrhea (LAM) <ul><li>This is considered a natural contraceptive and is known to
protect a woman from pregnancy for the first six months after giving birth, depending on certain factors.
41. 41. Breastfeeding is the main factor for delaying menstruation (lactaional amenorrhea). As the baby sucks, the nipples
are stimulated, causing the woman’s body to produceprolactin, the hormone that includes milk
flow.</li></li></ul><li>Prolactin is also believed to suppress ovulation on the nursing mother, in addition to its main
function of increasing the supply of breast milk; thus, the more frequent and the longer the breast feeding, the longer the
delay of menstrual period. Breastfeeding provides 98% protection against another pregnancy only as long
as: a .The baby is under six months old b. The mother is fully breastfeeding, a minimum old six feedings
during the daytime and two at night, and completes emptying of the breast during every feeding episode. c. The
mother is amenorrheic or has not experienced menstrual bleeding 56 days after delivery. 
42. 42. CURRENT RESEARCH ON BIRTH CONTROL A new male condom made of polyurethane is one type of birth
control currently under development. Diaphragms may one day include a one-size-fits-all device and disposable,
spermicide –releasing diaphragms may also be developed. A contraceptive vaccine for men currently in
development contains a hormone that appears to interfere with the production of both sperm and the male sex hormone
testosterone. Vaginal rings that deliver female sex hormones are another potential method for preventing pregnancy.
These silicone rubber rings fit in the vagina and release a steady supply of hormones progestin-only vaginal rings would
be worn continuously while those containing both estrogen and progestin would be worn for three weeks and then
removed for one week to allow menstrual bleeding in the same pattern as combined oral contraceptives. 
43. 43. SUMMARY Family planning is the process by which responsible couples determine by themselves the timing,
proper spacing and number of children born to them with the aim of giving them quality life. It involves three aspects:
responsible parenthood, proper spacing of children, and birth control. There are several norms on family planning:
the sociological norms, the medical norms, legal-juridical norms, the ecclesiastical norms and the psychological norms.
These norms provide various views and perspectives on family planning. 
44. 44. Another aspect of family planning is birth control. Various methods and techniques of contraception are available
today. These include: Chemical Method, Sterilization or Surgical Method, Mechanical or Barrier Methods, Natural Family
Planning Methods, and the Intra-Uterine Devices. Current research on birth control focuses on contraceptives for
men, such as contraceptive vaccines, hormonal contraceptive injections, biodegradable implants, and male
polyurethane condom. Advance in birth control are limited by legal, religious, and financial concerns

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1. 1. MARRIAGE AND FAMILY<br />

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