CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Marriage is a sacred and legal transaction of couple. According to

Havailand (1996), marriage is a transaction and resulting contract in which a

man and a woman are recognized by society as having a continuing claim to right

of sexual access to one another, and in which the woman involved is eligible to

bear a child. However, there are cultures where children, especially girls are

forced to engage in early marriage because of cultural traditions and practices

even if they are still at their adolescent or below the age of 18 years. Girls are

forced to be married at a very early age due to various reasons such as getting

dowry, the fear of some parents that their daughters would get pregnant while at

home, among others. (Dhital, 2000).

Furthermore, Child, Early, Forced Marriage (CEFM) is a term that is

internationally known to describe some similar conditions relating to under age

marriage. Child-age marriage is known to be a cause for various problems,

especially for girls as a much-affected party. In terms of health in general, early

marriage is associated with poor reproductive health status such as the high

probability of severe anemia and severe Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH)

in pregnant women, premature birth, unwanted pregnancies, pregnancy

terminations (including miscarriage, stillbirth, and abortion), and low birth

weight (LBW).

According to (UNICEF) child marriage robs girls of their childhood and

threatens their lives and health. Girls who marry before 18 are more likely to

1
experience domestic violence and less likely to remain in school. They have worse

economic and health outcomes than their unmarried peers, which are eventually

passed down to their own children, further straining a country’s capacity to

provide quality health and education services.

In the Philippines, 2% of the total population were already married at the

early age of 15 and 15% were married at the age of 18. Many early marriages in

rural areas takes place because of the poverty where one or both partners are

below 18 years (Hotchkiss et al., 2013). Early and arranged marriages are

common practice in Muslim culture in the Philippines where about 5 percent of

the country’s 97 million inhabitants are Muslim. It is estimated that 80 percent of

Filipino Muslims live on the southern island of Mindanao. Muslims have

different set of rules governing marriage, divorce, custody of children, among

others. (Reliefweb, 2010).

The province of Palawan is home to many indigenous people, including the

Badjaos that is belong to the Filipino Muslims. Like other Muslim ethnic groups,

Badjaos have their own culture of early marriage. Parents prearranged a marriage

for their sons and daughters at an early age. Similar to the other ethnic groups

around the country, a dowry is presented to the parents of the woman that a man

wishes to marry.

Badjao are known as the man of the seas and may be found in numerous

coastal communities as well as on the waterways and coastlines. In Inogbong,

Badjao called Sama Badjao which considered as the dominant ethnic group.

2
Therefore, this study aims to describe the practices and perceptions on early

marriage of Badjaos in Barangay Inogbong, Bataraza, Palawan.

Statement of the Problem

The researcher will conduct this study to determine the early marriage

practices and perceptions of Badjaos in Brgy. Inogbong, Bataraza, Palawan.

Specifically, the study aims to provide answer to the following questions:

1. What is the socio-demographic profile of the participants in terms of:

a. age;

b. civil status;

c. highest educational attainment;

d. livelihood;

e. monthly income; and

f. religion?

2. What are the early marriage practices of Badjaos in terms of:

a. belief; and

b. methods?

3. What are the perceptions of the respondents regarding early marriage in terms

of:

a. social benefits; and

b. economics benefits?

3
4. Is there a significant relationship between the respondents’ profile and their

perceptions on early marriage?

Research Assumption

1. The Badjaos in Barangay Inogbong, Bataraza, Palawan has their own marriage

practices and perceptions on early marriage.

2. There are various factors affecting the participants’ perceptions on early

marriage.

Hypothesis

There is no significant relationship between the participants’ profile and

their percentage on early marriage.

Significance of the Study

This study will be undertaken to determine the early marriage practices

and perceptions of Badjaos in Barangay Inogbong, Bataraza, Palawan. This study

will be beneficial to the following;

To the Participants, to give an awareness regarding the legal marital age and

possible consequences of early marriage specially for the girls’ families and the

community as a whole.

4
To the Community, this research has a benefit to the community of Barangay

Inogbong, Bataraza, Palawan, to spread an awareness on recognizing early

marriage practices to avoid misconception.

To the College of Arts in Sciences this study will provide information on the

early marriage practices of Badjaos in the identified locality, it will guide them

who want to propose the programs and activities, especially raising an awareness

of early marriage practices and perceptions of Badjaos in Barangay Inogbong,

Bataraza, Palawan.

To the Future Researchers, the researchers believed that the result of this

study will be beneficial to the other future researchers because it will provide

them with knowledge and information on what are the early marriage practices of

Badjaos in Barangay Inogbong, Bataraza, Palawan.

To the Students, it will be a reference material for other students in Western

Philippines University who are conducting programs and studies in line with

indigenous peoples, specifically the Badjaos early marriage practices.

Scope and Delimitation

The general intent of this study is to describe the practices and perceptions

on early marriage of Badjaos in Barangay Inogbong, Bataraza, Palawan. Hence,

the researchers will choose participants from a total population of 544 Badjaos in

Barangay Inogbong, Bataraza, Palawan, who are the heads of families with

children who married early five (5) years ago.

5
Technical Definition of Terms

Facilitate the understanding of ideas in this study, the term is defined

operationally and technically.

Sama Badjao. Refers to a population of badjao who live near the sea at

Barangay Inogbong, Bataraza, Palawan. This refers to the participants of this

study who practice early marriage.

Community. It refers to the of Badjao living in Barangay Inogbong, Bataraza,

Palawan.

Cultural Practice. Is the ability of members of a society of communicate value

and ways of life through psychological, social, and symbolic interactions. In this

study, it refers to the early marriage practices in Barangay Inogbong, Bataraza,

Palawan.

Dowry. Refers to the bride’s family that receive money from the groom it’s

called ungsod in samal to use for the coming wedding in the case of the Barangay

Inogbong, Bataraza, Palawan, the dowry usually consists of cash and rice.

Early Marriage. Refers to people who married when they were under the age of

18. Specifically, the Badjaos in Barangay Inogbong, Bataraza, Palawan.

Perception. This describes how the participants view, value, and acknowledge

the early marriage practices.

Practice. It refers to something that is usually or regularly done, often as a habit,

tradition, or custom. It refers to the tradition of Badjaos in Barangay Inogbong,

Bataraza, Palawan.

6
Tradition. It is a belief, principle, or a way of acting that people in a particular

society or group have continued to follow for a long time. It refers to the early

marriage practices that the Badjaos needs follow.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the literature consulted by the researchers that

served as a basis and foundation of this study.

Foreign Literature

According to United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA, 2022), a United

Nations’ sexual and reproductive health agency, child marriage rates rise

gradually until age 14 and then sharply from ages 15 to 17. Thus, most child

marriages take place in the midst of adolescence. Marriages have been

documented among girls as young as 11 or 12 because girls are perceived as both

being ready for marriage and at risk of sexual violence in situations when parents

are under great pressure to marry off their daughters, such as for those living in

extreme poverty or in conflict settings.

Moreover, Kibret et al. (2014), also believed, that child marriage is defined

as any marriage performed before the girl is physically, physiologically, and

7
psychologically ready to shoulder the responsibilities of marriage and

childbearing. As a result, it has significant implications for public health, national

security, social development, human rights, economic development, and gender

equality. Female child marriage is a public health issue that violates international

human rights laws and jeopardizes the development and health of individuals,

households, communities, and countries. Female child marriage has a direct

impact on achieving at least six of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

including poverty causes, access to education, gender equality and

empowerment, increased child mortality, and maternal health problems.

Therefore, perceived social and economic benefits, as well as a lack of

knowledge about the consequences of early marriage, are the main reasons for

early marriage practices. The legal minimum marriage age is not widely known.

The community must be informed about the legal marital age and the potentially

disastrous consequences of early marriage for the girl, family, and community as

a whole.

Furthermore, Mahmoud (2015), finds a large portion of the female

population worldwide, particularly in developing countries, suffers from Gender-

Based Violence (GBV) at some point in their lives, and these incidents are

frequently under-reported due to practice of early marriage. Early marriage of

girls has been identified as a form of domestic GBV that violates the fundamental

rights to life, liberty, security, and dignity, as well as equality between men and

women and non-discrimination as well as physical and mental health. In

addition, Early adolescent marriage and pregnancy have been linked to a variety

8
of social and health risks, particularly obstetric complications such as an

increased risk of miscarriage. Pregnancy complications such as eclampsia,

puerperal endometriosis, systemic infections, and neonatal complications are

linked to an increased risk of low birth weight, preterm delivery, and severe

neonatal conditions.

Additionally, based on Elizabeth (2018), there are two causes of early

marriage; the marriage due to self-will and the marriage due to the "accident" of

pregnancy before marriage. Early marriage done on the basis of self-initiative

occur due to parental concerns about the possibility of undesirable outcomes, as

well as a number of other factors, including a lack of education and support from

traditional marriage values. The marriage due to the "accident" of pregnancy

before marriage and marriage due to the consideration for preventing sinful acts

because the girls had grown up and were vulnerable to moral deeds with her male

friends. Early marriage as a result of an unmarried pregnancy should be done

because it is the only way to socially and culturally cover up the shame. The

findings of this study revealed that, in general, the practice of early marriage

greatly influenced by the people's traditions.

In addition, Henry et al. (2014), researchers from the University of Sylhet,

Bangladesh, discovered that, women who had not yet given birth or delaying the

first child after marriage can lead to rumors of infertility, bring shame on the

family, may be viewed as a huge disappointment by extended family members,

and in some cases lead the husband's family to seek another wife for their son.

Furthermore, social stigma for childless women, husband emigration, and the

9
belief that using modern contraception prior to the birth of the first child results

in infertility all discourage couples from delaying their first pregnancy.

However, Palupi et al. (2019), a faculty of public health at the University of

Indonesia, believed that implementing public health policy for early marriage is

capable to reduce early marriage. In Indonesia, Gunungkidul Regency, the

Regent Regulation No. 36/2015 concerning on marriage prevention at the age of

children, has shown success in reducing the prevalence of child marriage. Since

2012, and believed to be a result of efforts that emerged in the sub-district after

the Public Policy and Urban Affairs (PPUA) Regulation was enacted and enacted

in 2015, the achievement of several indicators such as the number of underage

marriages, the number of marriage dispensation requests, and the number of

teen births has shown a significant decrease. The Public Policy and Urban Affairs

(PPUA) regulation is a successful package that appears to have a positive

externalize by inspiring other regions to take similar steps.

Local Literature

According to Plan International, Gender and socioeconomic disparity,

which restricts adolescent girls’ ability to participate in making their own life

decisions, serve as the foundation for child marriage. Due to pressure from their

parents, their peers, and their environment, they are compelled to agree and

sacrifice their own goals out of a sense of responsibility to their parents and

family. The majority of adolescent females feel responsible for their choices about

child marriage, with some even starting their own unions because they see it as a

viable alternative to poverty, child labor, or social stigma and because they think

10
it is a widespread and legal practice in Islam. Child marriage is a common

practice in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao

(BARMM), despite the high levels of shame and humiliation experienced by girls

who get married as teenagers. Additionally, it implied that BARMM’s.

Moreover, Mangarun, et al. found that even while the participants weren't

ready to take on the tasks and obligations of husband and wife, they still saw

marriage as a common and cultural occurrence. The causes of early marriage

differ from nation to nation. The majority of studies have indicated that culture is

the main factor. One of the things that drove the girls to get married young was

culture. The practices of those in the society to which the Badjao belonged did not

have an impact on them. They weren't motivated to mingle in the manner that

people did. On the other hand, education has altered how one Badjaos woman

views marriage. She believed that getting married young is challenging,

particularly if it is required by a certain situation.

However, Macapundang, F.B. et al (2016), justify that age is not a major

factor to be considered because maturity is not in the age, it in the mental and

physical capabilities of the person. Marriage is not even a question of whether it

is a personal choice of the girl or the parents. In the Meranao society it is both a

decision of the parents and girls. The parent does not decide without the consent

of their daughters, and the girls do not decide without the consent of their

parents.

11
 In addition, Meranao society also allow divorce when the relationship

becomes worst and cannot patched up anymore. Why keep couple stay together

when they could not see each other eye to eye? And when divorce is done, couple

became very happy. The girl can ask divorce also; it is not only the boys who has

the right to do so.

Lastly, the surveyed literature show that early marriage has social and

economic benefits to the bride’s family. It is also show that early marriage is the

strong foundation of their clan. However, studies shows that early marriage does

more harm than good especially to girls because of health-related complications

during and after pregnancy and weren't ready to take on the tasks and obligations

of husband and wife.

Theoretical Framework

Sociocultural theory is psychological and sociological theory. The theory

was developed by Lev Vygosky, a Russian psychologist, in 1934. The theory talks

about the importance of society and culture to shape and develop an individual. It

shows how parents, friends, teachers, and society develop the individual’s

sociocultural, learning and cognitive functions. Similarly, the theory highlights

the importance of sociocultural values and beliefs in developing these functions.

Other time, we develop our values and beliefs through our interactions within

social group or participating in cultural events.

12
 In addition, the concept of sociocultural theory views human development

as a socially mediated process in which children acquire their culture values,

beliefs, and problem-solving strategies through collaboration dialogues with

more knowledgeable members of society.

Using this theory, the researchers believe that the issue of the early

marriage practices of the Badjaos in Bgy. Inogbong, Bataraza, Palawan is not

about nothing. It is deeply rooted in their culture, especially in the Muslim

community, which they should keep by practicing it continuously. Though some

of them today disagree with this act because it is common to the practices of their

group, especially in terms of marriage, this practice has been embraced and

continued until now.

In relation to this study, early marriage is a social issue that young

couples are involved in. In Inogbong, Bataraza, Palawan, many residents of

Badjaos experienced so called early marriage. Though some of them do not agree

with this kind of practice because it belongs to their cultural practices that were

inherited by their ancestors, their community taught that the idea of early

marriage is not totally a negative issue because it demonstrates their respect and

love for their culture. It’s obviously a common reason and issue we heard from

the other ethnolinguistic group which they preserve some cultural practices like

this, so we must recognize their faithfulness to their beloved culture, despite the

fact that the majority of people in our society today oppose them continuing to

13
engage in this type of cultural activity, it did not stop them; instead, they showed

their resilience.

Aside from socio-cultural theory, George Murdock (1949), an American

sociologist and a Functionalist thinker introduced functionalist theory who’s

conducted a survey on two hundred fifty (250) societies and determined that

there are four (4) universal functions of the family that remains effective for some

time: sexual, reproductive, educational and economic. The overview of these

functions are as follows:

a. Sexual. The family regulates sexual relations between individuals and offers a

legitimate sexual outlet for adults in a form of marriage.

b. Reproductive. A sexual outlet within a family that is necessary in ensuring the

survival of the society.

c. Educational. The family as the primary agent of socialization and enculturation

plays a vital role in training children for adult life in thinking and behaving

according to the social and cultural norms, values, beliefs, attitudes and gender

roles.

d. Economic, Within the family are physical and psychological differences

between social and cultural norms, values, beliefs, attitudes and gender roles.

males and females. Males assumed instrumental roles that usually involve work

outside the homes to provide financial support that will establish family status.

14
 Females are involved in expressive roles and engage in domestic work providing

emotional support and physical care for children.

In fulfilling its tasks to serve its functions, inequalities may arise in every

social institution. Conflict theorists are looking into the mechanisms of social

institutions reproducing systems of inequalities. Within the family, conflict

theorists highlight the role of power in family life and contend that the family is

not always a haven but an arena where power struggles occur. Conflicts that arise

start from the simple enforcement of rules from parent to child and marital

power.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework shows that the early marriage practices and

perceptions of Badjaos in Barangay Inogbong, Bataraza, Palawan are shaped by

some variables. The input is the socio-demographic profile of the participants,

the practices of Badjaos, and the perceptions of the participants; the process,

involved collection of qualitative and quantitative data from badjaos in

barangay Inogbong, Bataraza, Palawan about the problem statement. The

survey questionnaire and in-person interviews will be used to collect the data

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Socio-demographic profile
of the participants in
terms of:

a. age;
b. civil status; 15
c. highest educational
attainment;
d. livelihood;  Conduct surveys Practices and
e. monthly income; and  Conduct perceptions of
II

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design, locale of study, participants of

the study, sampling procedure, research instrument, data gathering procedure.

Research Design

This study will employ a mixed method research design, combining

quantitative and qualitative methods to determine the early marriage practices

and perceptions of Badjaos in Barangay Inogbong, Bataraza, Palawan. This study

16
will utilize the descriptive- narrative method. It is concerned with the conditions

or relationships that exist, opinions that are held, processes that are going on,

practices that are evident, or trends that are developing.

Locale of Study

This research will be conducted in Barangay Inobong, Bataraza, Palawan.

Bataraza is located on the southernmost tip of Palawan Island, approximately

225 kilometers from Puerto Princesa City and about 5 to 6 hours by land.

Bataraza has 22 barangays and one of them is Barangay Inogbong. This location

was chosen in order to understand the early marriage practices and perceptions

of Badjaos.

17
 Figure 2. Map of Bataraza, Palawan showing the study area

Participants of the Study

The participants of this study will be Badjaos, that experience or engaged

in early marriage in Barangay Inogbong, Bataraza, Palawan. Based on the profile

of Barangay Inogbong Bataraza Palawan the total population of Badjaos is 454 as

of 2021 with 46 household and 49 families.

Sampling Procedure

This research will use purposive sampling under non-probability. This

sampling strategy, often referred to as judgmental sampling, relies on the

researcher's judgment in identifying and selecting the individuals, situations, or

events that can provide the most information to suit the study's objectives.

The person who previously engaged in early marriage will be identified by

researchers using this sampling.

18
Research Instrument

The researchers will use a semi-structured interview questionnaire. The

questionnaire is divided into three sections. The first part will cover the

participants' socio-demographic profile; age, sex, civil status, highest educational

attainment religion, number of children, source of income, and monthly income;

The second part will discuss early marriage practices in terms of beliefs and

methods; and the last part will ask participants about their perceptions in early

marriage in terms of social benefits and economic benefits.

Data gathering Procedure

The researchers will follow the University ISO Procedure in conducting a

thesis. After securing the College approval, a request letter will be sent to the

Chieftain of Badjaos in Inogbong, Bataraza, Palawan, seeking permission to

conduct the study.

As part of validation process of the research instrument, 10 Badjaos

households who will not qualify to become part of the study based on the

description given in the previous section will be requested to answer the

questionnaire. Necessary changes will be made for the items that are found

difficult to understand by the pre-test group. After finalizing the questionnaire, it

will be translated to Samal (local) version, and the local version will be used to

collect data. To deepen the interpretation of the quantitative data, the researchers

will conduct random interviews with 10 respondents to expound and make sense

of the data. Tabulate, code the data and submit to a statistician for proper

treatment of the data.

19
Procedure for Data Analysis

The researchers will use Thematic analysis. Thematic analysis is a method for

analyzing qualitative data that entails searching across a data set to identify,

analyze, and report repeated patterns. It is a method for describing data, but it

also involves interpretation in the processes of selecting codes and constructing

themes. The researchers will use this analysis to identify the practices and

perceptions of the participants, summarize the data, and understand the issues

relating to the study using theme.

20
References

Abdullah, M. (2019). Legal and Ethical Aspects beyond Commercial Surrogacy:

Modern Form of Human Trafficking. Legal and Ethical Aspects Beyond

Commercial Surrogacy: Modern Form of Human Trafficking. Retrieved
November 2, 2022, from https://www.abacademies.org/articles/legal-
and-ethical-aspects-beyond-commercial-surrogacy-modern-form-of-
human-trafficking-7858.html

Elizabeth, M. Z. (2018, January 1). Domination of Local Tradition: In the Practice

of Earl y-Marriage. Advanced Science Letters, 24(1), 506–508.

https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2018.12052

Henry, E. G., Lehnertz, N. B., Alam, A., Ali, N. A., Williams, E. K., Rahman, S. M.,

Ahmed, S., El Arifeen, S., Baqui, A. H., & Winch, P. J. (2014, October 7).
Sociocultural factors perpetuating the practices of early marriage and
childbirth in Sylhet District, Bangladesh. International Health, 7(3), 212–
217. https://doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihu074

Kibret, Mengestie, & Degu. (2014). International Journal of Biomedical and

Advance Research. https://doi.org/10.7439/ijbar

Mahmoud, A. E. D. H. (2015, September). Knowledge, attitudes and practices of

adolescents in Upper Egypt on gender-based violence, with a focus on

early girls’ marriage. Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association,
90(3), 109–114. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.epx.0000471203.34165.bd

Mcleod, S. (2022). Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory - Simply Psychology. Lev

21
 Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory - Simply Psychology. Retrieved November
2, 2022, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/vygotsky.html

Palupi, R. A., Sulistiadi, W., & Asyary, A. (2019). Public Health Policy Practice for

Early-Age Marriage in Gunung Kidul, Indonesia: An Evaluation of

Regent Regulation Practice on Child Health. E3S Web of Conferences, 125,
17002. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912517002

Philippines: Early marriage puts girls at risk - Philippines. (2010, January 26).

ReliefWeb. Retrieved October 31, 2022, from

https://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/philippines-early-marriage-puts-
girls-risk

S. Mangarun, A. J., A. Agao-Agao, L. A., A. Gimena, D. R., & T. Tumanda,A.

(2018,

January 10). Live Experiences of Badjao Female who entered Early

Marriage: A Phenomenological Study. Malaysian Journal of Medical
Research, 02(04), 39–44.
https://doi.org/10.31674/mjmr.2018.v02i04.005

UNICEF. (2022, June 28). Child marriage. Child Marriage | UNICEF. Retrieved

November 2, 2022, from https://www.unicef.org/protection/child-

marriage

United Nations Population Fund. (2022). Child marriage - Frequently Asked

Questions. United Nations Population Fund. Retrieved December 9, 2022,

from https://www.unfpa.org/child-marriage-frequently-asked-questions

22
 Appendix A – Research Instrument

Dear Respondents,

We are Bachelor of Science in Social Work third year students at the College

of Arts and Sciences of Western Philippines University. We are conducting our

study titled Early Marriage Practices and Perceptions of Badjaos in Barangay

Inogbong, Bataraza, Palawan.

We are sincerely asking for your full cooperation as participants of our study.

Rest assured that all your personal information and response will remain

confidential and anonymous.

Thank you!

The Researchers

A. M. J. G

C. K. O

D. J. A

F. C. M

23
Part I. Demographic Profile.

Direction: Put check (✓) with necessary information needed.

Name (optional): ______________

Age of participants: _____

Civil status of participants:

☐Married

☐Separated

☐Widowed

Educational Status:

☐No education

☐Elementary Level

☐Elementary Graduate

☐High School level

☐High School Graduate

☐C0llege Level

☐College Graduate

livelihood:

☐Farmer

☐Fishermen

☐Daily laborer

☐Merchant

24
 Other: (please specify) ___________

Monthly income of the family:

☐Less than 5,000

☐between 5,001- 10,000

☐between 10,001-15,000

☐between 15,001-20,000

☐More than 20,000

Religion:

 Christian

 Muslim

25
Part II Early Marriage Practices

Direction: Answer the following questions.

A. Beliefs of early marriage practice

1. What kinds of marriage practices you’ve been experienced?

Buwat tingga kam bay mag a’ maka h’lla or maka h’nda nuh
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________
2. What is the traditional meaning of that kind marriage practice?
Para makaa ai kahulugan na iya pag kawin masi onde onde ataw maaga
m,ag he’nda
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
3. What is your perception to that practices you’ve been experienced?
Para maka ai kahulugan na iya bay pag labayan nu bay ka kinawin I
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________

26
4. What offering would be given to the girls’ family?
Bang mag ungsod ai na pain ni’endean sambeya ungsod i maka pila bay
pangongsud?
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
5. Why offering is important before married?
Angay ahalga mag buwan regalo sambeya ungsod bago mag kawin?
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
6. Why this practice is sentiment to your community?
Angay ahalga ma saga kasamahan iya practices ito ataw iya pag palkala
ito?
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

27
B. Methods of early marriage practice

1. What are the processes of that marriage’s practices

Buwattinga or ai ai na pain step bang aniya kinawin buwattinga pag
kawin i?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
2. What is the age of women/men before they are allowed to get married?
pilan tahon boh manjari mag h’enda maka mag h’ella?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

3. How would you start as a couple?

Buwattinga kam bay mag tagna mag tunang?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
4. How does the marriage agreement happen?

28
 Buwattinga or ai ai napain bay pag sulihan atawah pag kasunduan
pasal pag kawin?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

5. How does the dowry is given?

Buwattinga ni ndean ungsud i?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
6. Who is primarily responsible for arranging the marriage?
Sai mag pene atawah pag disisyon ma pag kawin ?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
7. What role does the community play on the wedding day itself?
Ai role saga kasamahan bang e’llaw kawin atawah bang aniya kinawin?

___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
______________________________________________
8. What does a couple do before the wedding day?
Ai ai na pain ni hinang ni pangantin babah halam gi i’llaw kawin

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 ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

9. What are the events during an actual wedding day?

Ma e’llaw Palkala ai ai na pain ni hinang ?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

10. Who’s responsible for execution of the wedding?

Sai angawin pangantin?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
11. What is the event after wedding?
Pag katis kawin magay na ataw ai na nihinang ih’?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

Part III Perception on Early Marriage

Direction: Put a check (✓) on the corresponding column that identify

your answer.

Legend: Strongly Agree-4 Agree-3 Strongly Disagree -2 Disagree – 1

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Part A. SOCIAL BENEFITS

Statement 4 3 2 1

I KNOW THAT…
1. Early marriages is a part of a
culture entail to preserved.

pag kawin masi onde 0nde

ataw a kiniwinn saga anak
masi areyo umul na
bowahan saga kamatoahan
buh mbal alungay ai nai bay
pagt pandu.

2. Early marriages is a sacred

tradition towards badjao
people.

Iya pag kawin ito minsan

masi areyo umul na pinag
kawin or pinag ah na pasal
ituy Sussi bowahan saga
kamattoahan
3. Early marriages are unequal
wonted for young badjao
people.

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Iya pag kawin itu pasan mbal
pantay iya ma saga kaanakan
pasal mbal sigam pinapene or
mag disisyon para mabaran
sigam.

4. Early marriages increases the

growth of population.

Pag h’ella/pag h’enda masi

abata maka konnop aa paheka
paheke aa madunya.
5. Early marriages abused the
rights of a young badjao people.

Pag h’ella/pag h’enda

6. Early marriages arise conflict
to both side family of a young
badjao people.

Iya Pag h’ella/pag h’enda masi

abata ito pasaan iya na
makapag bowah makapag
bono kamatoahan saga
pangantin

7.Early marriages drive to

forbid education.

Pag h’ella/pag h’enda masi

32
abata angkan mbal na maka
pag iskul saga makannak .
8.Early marriages practice
helps to maintain the good
relationship of people inside
the community.

Pag h’ella/pag h’enda masi

abata (Early marriages
practice) makatabang boh ahap
napain pag beya ataw mag
kasunduh na pain saga
kasamahan.

Part B. ECONOMIC BENEFITS

Legend: Strongly Agree-4 Agree-3 Strongly Disagree -2 Disagree – 1

Statement 4 3 2 1

I KNOW THAT…

KATAUWAN KO….
1. Dowry helps for
concentrating economic start.

Unsod I maka tabang ma pag

simula duwangan bahau mag

33
lakibini.
2. Early marriages caused of
low economic income for the
young badjao couple.

Iya pag h’enda/ pag h’ella ito

iya na maka bowa bowa
angan aheka ahirap mga
bahau kinawin
3. Early marriages leads to
unemployment status.

Pag h’ella / h’enda masi onde

onde angkan sigam halam
aniya ahap hinang?
4. Early marriages leading to
child labor state.

Pag h’ella / h’enda masi onde

onde ankan sigam subay mag
hinang na
5. Early marriages reduces a
household’s ability to pay for
food, education, and healthcare

Pag h’ella / h’enda masi onde

onde maka buwan kahirapan
angkan mbal sigam mbal
maka pag iskul ahap patuntul,
mbal maka belli pag kakan
ahap bang sumaan.

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6. Early marriages victims often
live in poverty, hold jobs less
frequently, and are less
productive.

Pag h’ella / h’enda masi onde

onde
7. Early marriages lead their
children accumulating
money/Alms at street due to
unstable income.

Pag h’ella / h’enda masi onde

onde (early marriage) angkan
kasehean kamakantanakan
sinoho mag amuh sin ataw
sigam mag amuh
8. Early marriages for badjao
couple are less to privilege and
opportunity due to illiteracy.

Kasehean bay mag

h’enda/h’ella mag lakibini i

9. Early marriages afflicting

child forsake due to worse
economic condition.

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Part C.

1. Do you allow your children to experience these practices at a young age?

Bilahi ka kalabayan saga anak nuh? Iya bay kalabayan nuh pasal pag h’enda
ataw pag he’lla masi abata?

 Yes
 Aho
 No
 Mbal

Why? Angay?

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

2. Does your family support early/child marriage?

Ma pamilya bi I masi kam mag suporta ma (early marriage) iya pag h’enda/
h’ella masi abata?

 Yes
 Aho
 No
 Mbal

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 Why? Angay?

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

3. Do you think the early marriage practice helps to grow the economy?

Bang makaa iya pag Kawin masi onde onde ataw a masi areyo umul na
makatabang ba ito maka hap palasahan saka aa bat na sili kasmahan ?

 Yes
 Aho
 No
 Mbal

Why? Angay?

_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

5. Are you aware that there is some regulation about prohibiting the practice of
early marriage?

Katauhan nuh ba na aniya batas tam na mbal na makajari iya pag pa h’ella
ataw pag pa h’enda bang 18 pareyo ?

 Yes
 Aho

37
  No
 Mbal

Why? Angay?

_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

6. If there is any regulation pertaining the prohibition the practice of early

marriage? do you agree onto it?

Bang aniya saga batas pasalan pag kawin ma saga makannak areyo umul na.
mag agree du isab kam ? ataw biliham buwatte i?

 Yes
 Aho
 No
 Mbal

Why? Angay?

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

38