Answer

Q.1
Today, we are on the verge of several potentially disastrous long-term challenges:
climate change, diseases, and rising inequality. For example, the Covid-19 epidemic
was not only a health problem but also an economic and political one. In this situation,
integration and linking of national economics are essential for this uncertain world due
to the following reasons. Firstly, adaptable supply chains and worldwide market
access are assisting us in mitigating the economic effect. For example, in spite of
Covid 19, we still got a huge growth in cross borders e-commerce and the logistics &
supply chains firm which support nations ‘ economics to recover. The more national
economies linked, the more they develop. Secondly, thanks to national economies'
interdependence, countries can utilize their advantage and call for support from other
countries through negotiation in order to reach the agreements about trading or win-
win partnerships which bring benefits for both of them to increase GDP rates,
profits,...Moreover, the labor market is expanding leading to chances for laborers to
find suitable jobs which decreases unemployed rates in nations. Lastly, when national
economies link so closely together, it is easy for capital flow between countries to
invest and gain profit from the investment. The global recession has negative effects
on both transitional economies and developed countries. However, the impact of the
global recession on developed countries is more serious than the impact on transitional
economies. The economies of advanced countries have been influenced significantly
base on the evidence from Global Recession in 2008 (1):

Pre-crisis Crisis
(2007) (2008)

5.1 3.1
World Output

Advanced Economies 2.7 0.8

 US 2 1.1

Euro area 2.7 0.8

Germany 2.5 1.3

France 2.3 0.3

Italia 1.6 -1

Spain 3.7 1.2

Japan 2.3 -0.7

UK 2.6 0.7

Canada 2.5 0.4

Other advanced economies 4.7 1.6

Economies 5.7 1.5

8.3 6
Emerging and developing economies

Africa 6.2 5.2

States 8.6 5.5

Russia 8.1 5.6

Excluding Russia 9.8 5.4

China 13 9

India 9.4 7.3

Brazil 5.7 5.1

Mexico 3.3 1.3

 ASEAN - 5 6.3 4.8

Middle East 6.3 5.2

From (1) & (2), it is easy to see that the growth rates of developed countries rapidly
decreased more than transitional economies and the recovery from it is slower. The
main reason why transitional economies can recover faster is they are more flexible
and adaptable than developed countries. . At the same time, although the global
recession still has negative impacts on transitional economies, some countries such as
the Philippines consider it as a motivation and chance to change. Despite all the
negative and positive effects of adverse global economic events, the developing
country should protect itself from them. Therefore, here are some recommendations.
Firstly, developing countries should follow the direction of sustainable growth to be
ready in any situation. Moreover, improving the economic capacity and integration are
essential to minimize the effect of adverse economic events.
Last but not least, the developing countries should be adaptable and manage risks
better to forecast and have a better plan to deal with problems when something occurs.
In closing, globalization comes with lots of advantages and disadvantages and
imbalance between countries as well as adverse economic events that are able to affect
all nations.
Q.2
Nowadays, globalization and international trade are more and more developed. Going
with the world's trend, Vietnam is a country with a high level of international
economic integration, which enabled Vietnamese enterprises to expand their markets,
gaining access to regional and global markets. However, Vietnamese agricultural
products still often face lots of challenges because the importing nations strengthen
non tariff barriers. Due to them, there are several positive and negative effects on
importing & exporting countries.
The barriers we often face are technological barriers, standards for traceability,
providing export certifications, formal quotas, quality inspection, quality standards,
food safety, and phytosanitary measures (SPS and TBT measures). These non-tariff
barriers are different based on importing nations. For example, the EU has
strengthened and announced several standards and certifications regarding food safety,
the origin of production as well as quality requirements. Another example is China
which officially applied management standards regarding the quality and origin of
agricultural products exported from Vietnam.
These non-tariff barriers have both advantages and disadvantages for importing and
exporting countries. To Vietnam, it causes a loss of a large amount of exporting
agricultural products to other markets. At the same time, it seems like one of the
motivations for Vietnamese agricultural products is to improve their quality and
technology. On another hand, applying non-tariff barriers are a way to protect the
domestic market for domestic corporations due to limiting importing agricultural
products. In addition, thanks to non-tariff barriers application, the consumers have a
chance to use high-quality agricultural products
The stricter the nontariff barriers are, the more difficult for Vietnamese agricultural
products to be exported. To small and medium-sized enterprises, they had several
limitations such as limited financial capacity, technology capacity, and weak
management capacity as well as a lack of market research. Therefore, here are some
suggestions for the Vietnamese manufacturing and exporting firm to expand their
international business. Firstly, businesses should be proactive in learning,
understanding and properly implementing policies, and regulations of importing
countries. Secondly, it is necessary to focus on planning and developing concentrated
production areas to serve key export products by cooperating with co-operatives and
farmer households to focus on producing export products according to the regulations
of the importing country for the purpose of improving agricultural products’ quality.
Moreover, enterprises should invest in phytosanitary treatment technology and
preservation and deep processing technology to meet the requirements of importing
countries by setting up investment funds for Research and Development technology.
Besides, they need to take measures to protect and build their brands such as
proactively applying for protection of their products in import markets in order to
raise domestic consumers’ awareness and trust. Lastly, seeking and cooperating with
foreign partners to support in terms of investment capital, technology for quarantine
treatment as well as preservation and all kinds of licenses, export documents.
In conclusion, Vietnamese agricultural products will be outstanding development as
well as gain a huge profit from trading if they can overcome all the challenges of
exporting activities and improve their capacity after that.

Q.3:
The world of international business includes not only the flow of products and
services but also the environment in which multinational businesses operate. The
international business environment is significant since it aids in the following areas:
expansion, product life cycle management, technological benefits, new business
prospects, and so on. Although there are advantages to doing business worldwide,
legal difficulties and obstacles do not take a back seat when operating beyond borders.
The dangers associated with international trade are unavoidable. When evaluating the
company's worldwide development, there are legal considerations. Additionally, most
companies that fail to thrive in the global market are frequently found to have
underestimated the importance of this specific factor. And Microsoft Shuts down
LinkedIn China is an example.
LinkedIn, which was launched on May 5, 2003, is primarily used for professional
networking and career development and allows job seekers to post their CVs and
employers to post jobs. LinkedIn had 4 million members in China when it launched in
2014. By July 2021, that number had risen to 53 million. Its network was primarily
made up of workers of multinational corporations or business people looking to
connect with foreign enterprises. Even when other U.S. digital businesses left China
because they couldn't adhere to the government's demands on data and speech, the
company remained a noteworthy and, to some extent, successful holdout.Before
shutting the platform, the corporation agreed to limit some content to comply with
governmental censorship guidelines for permission to operate in 2014. As a result of
the challenging operating environment and legal barriers, the company has decided to
discontinue the current localized version of LinkedIn in October 2021.
The China market has lots of legal boundaries for overseas technology businesses. In
this case, the main factor that made Linkedin downsizing its China mainland’s
operations is implementing a rigorous data privacy regulation that defines how
businesses acquire and retain data. Specifically, the Personal Information Protection
Law that took effect on November 1st limits the number of information companies are
allowed to gather and sets standards for how it must be stored. The company must not
only get users' consent to collect, use or share data and provide ways for users to opt
out of data-sharing but also get permission to send users' personal information abroad.
The new law raises costs of compliance and adds to uncertainty for Western
companies (that here is Microsoft Corporation) working in China Companies who
violate the guidelines face fines of up to 50 million yuan ($7.8 million) or 5% of their
annual revenue, posing a significant risk to Microsoft Corporation. Even though it
accounted for a significant chunk of the company's overall membership numbers,
China may not have contributed much to its total revenue. Although the country
accounted for 1.8% of Microsoft's overall revenue numbers, LinkedIn in China
reported revenues of $10.3 billion for 2020 ( RAKESH SHARMa, 2021) and became
the third country having the most users, so withdrawing from the Chinese market is a
loss for Linkedin. At the same time, Chinese officials have tightened down on
technology firms, attempting to limit their impact and address allegations that certain
businesses abuse data and engage in other practices that harm customers' interests (
ZEN SOO, 2021). These things created new legal barriers for Microsoft Corporation
to stay in this market. This is not the first time China has made it exceedingly difficult
for foreign technology firms to operate within the country. China has what has been
called the "Great Firewall," which employs laws and technologies to impose
censorship. Politically sensitive or improper content and phrases must be removed
from the internet. Companies must control their own platforms, removing messages
and rendering important terms inaccessible. Western social media networks, such as
Facebook and Twitter, have long been restricted by the Great Firewall and are
typically inaccessible to mainland Chinese citizens.In spite of following cybersecurity
regulations issued in 2015 and blocking several American journalists’ accounts on the
localized Chinese platform, Linkedin still could not satisfy all requirements and it is
hard for this platform to stay. In addition, the operating environment became more
challenging due to tense political relations between the US and China. Microsoft
CorporationIts domestic markets are also putting pressure on it. Some US politicians
have condemned LinkedIn for censoring US journalist profiles in China.
Nevertheless, Microsoft Corporation still has another approach to come back to this
potential market. It launched a new application called InCareer in December 2021.
InCareer enables Chinese Mainland-based professionals to find and apply for their
next job opportunity, stay connected with their professional network, and be
discovered and messaged by recruiters as well as Chinese Mainland-based
organizations have access to our Recruiter product experience to find, connect and
hire great talent in China and around the world. The advantage of this approach is it
can limit and reduce the risks about legality the company may face while reaching this
market. It allowed the company to support and earn from the market without the
pressure from the Government. However, this application may not be as famous in
China as Linkedin was, which caused a loss of revenue. Another disadvantage is it can
not create global network connections because it is a localized application. Therefore,
I have some recommendations for Microsoft Corporation. Firstly, Microsoft
Corporation should learn about Chinese law and manage legal risks carefully.
Moreover, Microsoft Corporation can set up partnerships with local companies to
invest in and develop technology firms in China to avoid legal barriers. Finally, the
corporation can launch InCareer in other countries in Asia like Vietnam to expand
from local to regional networks for users and attract more users.
In closing, expanding in the new markets is the trend of business in any industry.
Besides several benefits gained from expanding, there are still lots of challenges
caused by legal barriers. In this case, it is easy to see that China is a “difficult market"
to reach and has many requirements for the technology company. To overcome this
situation, Microsoft Corporation decided to replace a global application by a local
application and avoid almost all the risks. It was a good way to adapt to a new market.
Other technology companies who want to jump in this market can learn from this
case.
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