CONTENTSPAGES

ABSTRACTS

1. INTRODUCTION
2. REVIEW LITRATURE
3. OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT
4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
5. SURVAY OF THE STUDY
6. DISCUSSION
 Abstract
This Study Aims To Explore The Impact Of The Covid-19 Pandemic On Tourists’ Travel Risk
And Management Perceptions. Driven On The Effect Of The Pandemic, We Investigate
Tourists’ Travel Risk And Management Perceptions And Its Effect On Society Using A Sample
Of 716 Respondents. The Data Was Collected Through Social Media Platforms Using A
Representative Sampling Method And Analyzed Applying The PLS-SEM Tool. The Findings
Reveal That Covid-19 Pandemic Has Greatly Affected Travel Risk And Management
Perceptions. Travel Risk And Management Perception Had A Significant Association With Risk
Management, Service Delivery, Transportation Patterns, Distribution Channels, Avoidance Of
Overpopulated Destinations, And Hygiene And Safety. The Results Also Identified The
Mediating Effect Of Travel Risk And Management Perceptions. The Finding Of This Study
Contributes To Tourism Crises And Provides Future Research Insights In The Travel And
Tourism Sector And Response To Change Tourists’ Travel Risk And Management Perceptions
In The Post-Covid Recovery Period.
 Introduction
The World Tourism Industry Is Facing The Effect Of The Covid-19 Pandemic. Tourists’ Travel
Risk And Management Perceptions Are Crucial Matter In Their Decision To Travel Destinations
During The Ongoing Uncertainty Of Covid-19 Epidemic. Tourists’ Travel Risk And
Management Perceptions Can Influence Their Psychological Behavior For Travel To
Destinations Tourists Can View Their Travel Risk And Management Issues Differently Due To
The Spread Of The Existing Pandemic. Tourists Will Avoid Visiting Destinations If They
Consider It Risky . Tourists’ Travel Risk And Management Are Associated With Tourism
Destinations, Which Is Multidimensional Where The Outcomes Are Uncertain Due To The
Impact Of Covid-19. Therefore, It Is Difficult To Recognize The Common Risk And
Management Dimensions For Developing A Theoretical Foundation Based On The Tourists’
Risk And Management Perceptions And Incorporating Their Outcomes. However, Due To
Having A Crucial Concept Of Travel Risk During The Covid-19 Pandemic, This Study Has Paid
Attention To Explore And Evaluate The Tourists Travel Risk And Management Perceptions
Associated With The Tourism Attractions.

Most Of The Countries All Over The World Are Decided To Close Their Borders And Postpone
Their Airline’s Services Due To The Covid-19 Pandemic. United Nations World Tourism
Organization Reported That There Is A Global Crisis In The Tourism Industry And Covid-19 Is
Responsible For A Decline Of International Tourist Arrivals That Estimate The Losses Of
US$300–450 Billion . This Is Surprisingly More Terrible Than The Effect Of SARS In 2003 . The
Covid-19 Pandemic Has Affected Many Countries And The Global Tourism Industry Faces
Terrible Situations In Which Business Has Been Closed, Lives Have Been Lost, And People Are
On High Alert For Social Safety. The Earlier Studies Indicate That The Academic Community
Timely Provides Research For Everyone’s Benefit Over The Healthcare, Sociologies, And Hard
Science. Concerning This Research, The Existing Study Aims To Investigate The Social Impact
Of The Covid-19 Epidemic On Tourism Destination And Tourists’ Behaviors As Well As Their
Preferences During This Pandemic. This Investigation Likewise Explains How Global Travel
And Hospitality Practices Are Probably Going To Change Because Of The Pandemic. This
Study Depends On The Synthesis Of Early Literature And Sources Of Published News And
Reports Related To Tourism Management, Marketing, Healthcare, And Tourist Behavior. Based
On These, The Study Draws A Conceptual Model For Empirical Assessment. For The Post-
Covid-19 And Business Recovery, These Insights Will Assist Tourism Operators, Managers,
Marketers, And Industry Practitioners Tailor Their Tourism Products And Services.
 Literature Review
Underpinning Theory

This Study Uses The Concept Of Pathogen-Stress Theory To Evaluate The Travel Risk And
Management Perception Due To The Covid-19 Uncertainty And Determining Human Behaviors
In Societal Issues. Some Authors Have Explored The Influence Of Pathogen Thereat In The
Context Of Covid-19 Epidemics. The Personality Traits Are Predicted By A Parasite-Stress
Theory Of Human Sociality That Highlights The Infection Risks Related To The Interaction
With Conspecifics . The Travel Risk And Management Perception Refer To The Risk Of Human-
To-Human Transmission. The Infection Risks Are Connected To The Openness Of Human
Contact. The Increased Contact With Many Group Members Implies A Higher Risk Of Human-
To-Human Transmission. According To This Theory, When People Develop In A Parasite-
Infested Environment, They Become Less Open To Visitors, Less Curious, Less Exploratory And
Reduce Their Chance Of Infection. This Theory Is Not Only Emphasized Cultural Differences
But Also Cultural Difference Over Space Such As Between Different Human Populations.
Generalizing The Concept Of Pathogen-Stress Theory, This Study Explores The Effect Of Covid-
19 Epidemic And Its Impact On Travel Risk And Management Perceptions.

Effect Of Covid-19 Pandemic

Covid-19 Is A New Pandemic That First Erupted In December 2019 In China And Spreads
Rapidly Across The World Through Human-To-Human Transmission. Most Countries All Over
The World Are Instituting Short-Term Travel Restrictions To Stop The Spread Of Infection
Which Increase The Concern Caused By The Covid-19 Pandemic On The Tourism Industry
Worldwide . Researchers Must Think About The Previous Disaster Of The 2003 SARS Outbreak
And The 2004 Tsunami In Sri Lanka For Lessons On How To Manage The Crisis From The
Disaster . Tourists Prefer An Inclusive Tourism Package, Safety And Security When Travelling
To Popular Destinations. They Want To Avoid Risk And Crowded Tourism Destinations, And
They May Decide Not To Visit Destinations If Their Destination Preferences Diminished Well-
Being After The Outbreak. The Covid-19 Pandemic Is Already Brought Severe Concerns To The
World Tourism Industry And Niche Market. United Nation Reports That The Recent
Circumstance Of The Tourism Sector Is Very Worse Due To The Pandemic. This Crisis
Expanded In The World And Covid-19 Pandemic Easily Immobilize International Tourists’
Emotional Stability. The Impact Of Covid-19 Epidemic Is Greatly Affected Tourists’ Travel Risk
And Management Perception. Researchers Suggested The Practitioners For Exploring The
Tourists’ Travel Behavior Towards Tourism Destinations. The Discussion Of Existing Literature
Evidence That There Is No Empirical Examination That Focuses On The Impact Of Covid-19
Pandemic On Tourists’ Travel Risk And Management Perception. Thus, We Propose The
Hypothesis:

1. H1. The Fear Of Covid-19 Pandemic Affects The Tourists’ Travel Risk And Management
Perception.

Tourists’ Travel Risk And Management Perception

Travel Risk And Management Perception Refer To The Evaluation Of A Situation Concerning
The Risk To Make Travel Decisions In Destinations . Travellers’ Risk And Management
 Perception Is A Key Component For Tourism Destinations. Risk Management Refers To The
Practice Of Recognizing Potential Risks Of The Travel And Tourism Industry Due To The
Current Pandemic In Analyzing, Improvement And Taking Preventive Steps To Reduce The
Risk. Many Countries Of The World Started To Recover From The Crisis Of Tourism Events .
Tourists’ Travel Arrangement Should Be Organized To Minimize The Risk And Stress Of
Tourists. For Example, Tourists Should Purchase Insurance When They Booked Trips To
Destinations. Researchers Stated That The Travel And Tourism Industry Is Vulnerable Against
Risk Including Crises Events, Epidemics, Pandemics, And Other Risks That Challenges
Tourists’ Safety. The Previous Studies Indicated That Risk Restricts Travel Is Negatively Affect
Tourism Demand . Other Authors Found That Perceived Risk Negatively Affects Tourists’
Destination Perceptions. This Study Postulated That:

1. H2. Tourists’ Travel Risk And Management Perception Have A Significant Impact On Risk
Management.
Travel Risk Indicates The Cancellation Of Flights Due To The Tourists’ Travel Restrictions,
Travel Risk And Management Perceptions. The Travel Cancellation Leads To Tourists’ Negative
Emotion, Anxiety And Disappointment . In Line With This, Service Delivery Or Service
Efficiency Is Crucial To Tourism Initiative Performance. Service Failure Could Lead To A
Negative Impact On Travel Destinations. The Previous Studies Indicated That Tourists’ Travel
Risk And Management Perception May Negatively Influence Tourists’ Decision Making .
Professional Service Delivery And Timely Response Could Reduce Tourists’ Travel Risk And
Management Perceptions. Studies Identified That Some Restaurant Refused To Provide Service
Delivery To Chinese People. This Racial Discrimination May Lead To Tourists’ Having An
Increase In Travel Risk And Management Perceptions Towards Destinations. Research Study
Stated That Public Health Crisis Can Affect Tourists’ Dining Behavior. Thus, Tourist Should
Avoid Eating In Restaurants And Order Delivery To Minimize Social Interaction And Avoid
Unnecessary Contact With People During The Pandemic. Therefore, This Study Postulated
That:

1. H3. Tourists’ Travel Risk And Management Perception Have A Significant Relationship
With Service Delivery.
The Travel Behavior Of People Changes At The Individual Level Due To The Covid-19
Pandemic In The Globe . It Is Difficult To Change The Transportation Pattern In The Public
Areas And Crowded Public Transits In The Country. Articles Reported That Bike Or Ride-
Sharing Services Could Be Alternative To More Crowded Transit Options In The Wake Of
Covid-19 Pandemic. Social Distance Is Important To Avoid Crowded Areas, Thus, The
Availability Of Different Transportation Options Within The Country Can Help Tourists To
Decide To Visit Their Desired Tourism Places. Another Study Stated That The Transportation
Network Is Vulnerable To Disturbance Due To Movement Restrictions. Research Work
Indicated That The Use Of Public Transport Signifies A Higher Risk Of Infection Of Covid-19 In
Budapest. This Study Proposed The Following Hypothesis:

1. H4. Tourists’ Travel Risk And Management Perception Are Positively Related To Travel
Pattern.
The Distribution Channel Refers To The Traditional Travel Agencies To Online Agents While
Purchasing Tour Packages, Booking Hotels And Buying Ticket . Distribution Channels Are The
 Intermediaries Through Which A Product And Services Pass To The End Customers. Authors
Stated That Customer Behavior Has A Significant Link With Purchase Behavior, Destination
Choice, Experience Sharing, And Information Searches. Information Technology Can Easily
Reduce An Individual’s Travel Risk And Management In Person-To-Person Communication .
For Instance, People Can Work At Home Without Travelling To The Office, Involve With
Distance Learning, Order Products And Services Online, And Performing Banking Transaction
Virtually. People Use Technology For Travel-Related Purposes Such As Booking Holidays,
Offering Instant Vendor Feedback, And Comparing Travel Destinations, Which Lead To
Reducing Travel Risk And Management Perceptions. Therefore, We Proposed That:

1. H5. Tourists’ Travel Risk And Management Perception Have A Significant Influence On
Distribution Channels.
Covid-19 Spreads Through Human-To-Human Transmission, Thus, It Is Crucial To Avoid
Overpopulated Destinations. Overpopulated Destination Refers To The Neologism That
Indicates The Overcrowded People On A Holiday Destination. A Collaborative Work Indicated
That Pathogen Threats Make People Alert And Avoid Overpopulated Destination. This
Tendency Will Initiate A Mind Shift In People Travel Behavior And Reduce The Tourists’ Travel
Risk And Management Perception In The Avoidance Of Overpopulated Destination . It’s
Reported That Social Distancing Can Assist To Prevent Infection Of Covid-19 Epidemics .
According To Several Studies Tourism Locations Are Plagued By Overcrowded Travelers,
Thus, Tourism Operators Can Identify How The Best Way To Manage Tourist Flows To Make
Sure Safety, Well-Being And Risk Perception Of Visitors. This Study Proposes That:

1. H6. Tourists’ Travel Risk And Management Perception Have A Significant Impact On The
Avoidance Of Overpopulated Destinations During Covid-19 Pandemic.
The Covid-19 Pandemic Has Made People Conscious Of Hygiene And Safety. People Are
Concerned About Their Safety And Hygienic Need In Public Transports, Hotels And
Recreational Sites . To Reduce The Symptom Of People Of Covid-19 Epidemics, Face Masks Use
Can Be Helpful For The Hygiene And Safety Of People . Covid-19 Pandemic Have Greatly
Affected The Travel Decision Of Tourists And Their Health Safety And Hygiene . It Implies
That Safety And Hygiene Can Be A Significant Factor For The Travel Risk And Management
Perception Of Tourists. Because The Risk Mostly Belongs To Safety And Hygienic Including
Health-Related Issues. The Potential Tourists Are Generally Like To Seek Destinations’ Safety
And Hygiene, Cleanliness, Established Infrastructure, And High-Quality Medical Facilities
During The Covid-19 Pandemic . Thus, This Study Postulated That:

Objectives Of The Project:

The Objectives Of The Project Are:

(I) Provide Knowledge, Change Attitudes, Commitments To COVID-19 Prevention And

Control in Bishoftu town ,

(Ii) Capacities Build Up Local Volunteers And Different Staff To Accelerate COVID-19

Prevention And Control Steps; And

(Ii) Provide Support For COVID-19 Prevention And Control.

Activities:

1. Data For Collecting The Information On COVID-19

2. Counseling Program On COVID-19

3. Organize Network With The Officials Of Key Government Staff

4. Staff Recruitment And Orientation On COVID-19

5. A Regular Basis Of Counseling Meeting Arranged With The Participation Of The Volunteers
Groups

6. Arranged Miking On COVID-19

7. Arranged Institution Meeting For Developing Knowledge, Attitude And Practice On COVID-
19

8. Arrange Network On COVID-19 With The Participation Of Journalist, Lawyer, Doctors, Civil
Society, GO

And NGO Representatives

9. Health Care Activities For Patient On COVID-19

10. IEC/BCC Materials Distribution On COVID-19

11. Ensure Safety Net Of Service Providers

12. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Distribution

13. Community Radio Talk Show

14. Local Channel Broadcast Program

15. Food Distribution For COVID Hit People

16. Cash Distribution For COVID Hit People

17. Waste Management And Clean Program

Methodology
This Study Uses An Explicit Statement For Measuring Respondents’ Responses To The Given
Factors Of Covid-19 Epidemic, Tourists’ Travel Risk And Management Perceptions And Their
Social Traits. Studies Supported That This Method Is Suitable For The Respondents For An
Understanding Of The Survey Measurement Items. This Study Uses Multi-Measurement Items
For All Constructs Due To Overcoming The Limitations Of Using A Single Item. Specifically,
Five Measurement Items Were Modified From And For Evaluating The Effect Of Covid-19
Pandemic.

1.6.1Research Design

The Study Will Use Descriptive Type Of Research That Will Conduct To Collect A Detail With
Aim Of Reducing Data That Justify Current Condition And Practices To Get Relevant
Information About Attitude And Preference Of Covid 19 Impact In The Town Of Bishoftu.

Descriptive Research Is The Study Which Is Concerned With Describing The Characters Of A
Particular Individuals Or Groups As Exists. I.E It Attempt To Determine The Extent Different
Among Variables Such As; Needs ,Preference, Attitude And Opinions.

1.6.2Type And Source Of Data

The Study Will Use Both Primary And Secondary Data Sources, Primary Data Is Important To
Get Firsthand Information From Responses And Are Organized By The Researcher For The
Investigation On Hand. The Primary Data Will Be Collected From Some Peoples . Who Live In
Bishoftu Town And Worcks In This Town.

Secondary Data Will Be Collected From Reviews Of Literature That Was Obtained From Books,
Written Materials, Published And Unpublished Materials, Internet Source And Etc.

1.6.3Method Of Data Collection

Method Of Data Collection Is The Way That The Researcher Used To Collect Data Inorder To
Undertake The Study, The Primary Data Will Be Collected By Survey Method Of Data
Collection Using Personal Interview [Structured Interview], Observation And
Questionnaires[Self -Administered]

Personal Interview Will Be Used B/C Of More Information In Great Depth And Easily Obtained
From People And Community. The Questionnaire Will Construct With Both Open Ended And
Close Ended. Open Ended Questionnaire Will Be Used To Collect Current Suggestion Of
Respondents About Attitude And Preference Of Community Towards Domestic Working
System . Close Ended Questionnaires Are Used For Research Not To Bias Since Different
Respondent May Not Similarly Respond The Question That Can Understand Questionnaire By
Themselves And Are Able Provide The Necessary Information By Their Own Knowledge.

Survey Administration And Sample

The Data Were Collected From A Self-Administered Questionnaire To Examine The Conceptual
Model Of This Study. The Questionnaire Of This Study Was Pretested To Certify The Validity
Of The Survey Instrument. To Ensure Content Validity, The Researchers Of This Study
Conducted A Pilot Test Among 50 International Tourists. The Reliability Test Was Employed To
Identify Cronbach’s Alpha Value (Above 0.70) Of All Constructs And Confirm The Reliability
Of The Survey Questions . In This Study, An English Version Questionnaire Was Used For Data
Collection As Most Of The Participants Were Educated, And They Were Able To Answer The
Survey Questions. The Questionnaire Was Delivered Through An Online Survey Using The
Google Platform Tools And Highlighted The Main Purpose Of This Study. We Described The
Procedure Of The Survey To The Respondents Before Participating In This Study. The
Researchers Of This Study Politely Requested Respondents Through The Online Platform,
Explained The Purpose Of The Study And Asked For Their Consent To Be Part Of Participants
In This Study.

Discussion
In This Study, We Aimed To Evaluate The Psychometric Properties Of The Covid-19 Pandemic,
A Newly Developed Scale Designed To Measure The Aspect Of International Tourists’ Travel
Risk And Management Perceptions And Its Social Outcomes. The Results Of The Structural
Model Assessment Revealed The Hypothesis Relationships, Which Indicated That The Covid-19
Pandemic Has A Relationship With Travel Risk And Management Perceptions. It Implies That
Due To The Spread Of The Covid-19 Pandemic Across The Globe, The Majority Of The
Countries Were Set Up Short-Term Travel Limits To Control The Mass Panic. By Conducting A
Review Of The Previous Study Indicated That There Is A Relationship Between Perceived Risk
For Disease-Related Factors And Covid-19 Pandemic .

The Existing Study Results Identified That The Effect Of The Covid-19 Pandemic Has Greatly
Affected Risk Management, Service Delivery, Travel Pattern, Distribution Channel, Avoidance
Of Overpopulated Destinations, And Hygiene And Safety Through The Tourists’ Travel Risk
And Management Perceptions. The Tourists Believe That Covid-19 Pandemic Has Created
Travel Risk And Management Perception And Reduce Their Travel Plant To Destinations. Data
Analysis Of This Study Specifies That Tourists’ Travel Risk And Management Perception Is
Greatly Associated With Risk Management. In Service Research The Covid-19 Pandemic
Context, Risk Management Has Been Marked As A Significant Factor Affecting An Individual’s
Belief About Controlling Threats Of A Pandemic. The Previous Study Supported That
Tourists’ Behavior Can Lead To Risk Management For Destination Infrastructure And Medical
Facilities, Destination Image, And Trip Planning.
Implications

The Findings Of This Study Indicated That Covid-19 Has Affected Tourists’ Travel Risk And
Management Perceptions And Its Impact On Risk Management, Service Delivery,
Transportation Patterns, Distribution Channels, Avoidance Of Overpopulated Destinations,
Hygiene And Safety. Tourists Believe That Covid-19 Pandemic Has Created Tourists’ Health
Anxiety And Reduce Their Travel Plans For Destinations. These Findings May Help Policy-
Makers And Healthcare Operators To Manage Maladaptive Levels Of Concern Due To Covid-
19 Pandemic, And To Know Who Is More Inclined To React Unpleasantly Towards The Covid-
19 Pandemic. Health Practitioners Can Improve Educational Interventions While Targeting
International Tourists For Travel Destinations. Tourists Are Worried About The Spread Of
Covid-19 Pandemic On Their Travel Activities And Travel-Related Preferences In The Post-
Pandemic Period. With The Significant Effect Of Covid-19 Pandemic, This Study Contributes
Key Insights To Assist Tourism Policymakers And Practitioners Improve Effective Strategies To
Enhance Tourists’ Confidence After Facing Health Risk Crisis And Travel Risk And
Management Perception Towards Travel Destinations. The Travel Movement Has Become More
Selective, Therefore Independent Travel And Health Tourism Are Crucial. Tourists Can Take
Fewer Trips But Spend Longer In Their Picked Destinations. These Patterns Will Reduce The
Negative Effects Of The Travel Industry And Lessen Tourists’ Travel Risk And Management
Perceptions. Based On The Tourists’ Travel Risk And Management Perceptions And Travel
Recuperation Systems, Travel Attributes Can Move In The Present Due To The Spread Of
Covid-19 Epidemic.

Limitation And Future Study

This Study Has Several Limitations Despite Its Strengths Such As Large Sample Size And A
Relatively Heterogeneous Sample Of The International Tourists Who Visited The Destination
For Leisure/Holiday Or Shopping Purposes, Education/Conference, Healthcare, Business And
Other Purposes. This Study Surveyed With Self-Administrative Questionnaire Report Measures
That Entail Potential Bias Assumes That Participants Might Be Influenced By Social Desirability.
Therefore, Future Study Should Aim To Use Other Measures Such As Opinions Of Focus
Groups, Which Could Support More In-Depth Analysis. This Study Employed A Quantitative
Method That Is Inflexible To Participants’ Subjective Views On The Effect Of Covid-19
Pandemic, Thus, Future Study Is Suggested To Ask Qualitative Assessments Using In-Depth
Interviews. The Data Was Collected Through The Online Platform, Which Much Easier For The
Young Generations Compare To The Older Generations, And Leads To A Large Number Of A
Younger Group Of Participants. A Limited Number Of Items Were Used To Evaluate The
Constructs Of The Conceptual Model And Thus Future Studies Should Cover The Large
Measurement Items. The Objective Of This Study Mainly Focuses On The Impact Of Covid-19
Pandemic On Tourist Travel Risk And Management Perception To Assist The Tourism Industry
To Provide Coping Strategies In The Face Of The Tourism Crisis. Thus, Future Study Should Be
Conducted To Investigate The Factors That Influencing Tourists Travel Risk Attitudes And Risk
Management Perceptions During And After The Covid-19 Epidemic. This Might Be Helpful For
Tourism Managers And Practitioners To Pay Attention To The Control Of Covid-19 Crisis, And
A Systematic Management Strategy To Promote The Development Of The Tourism Industry.