Solved Problems signals and systems

1. Express the signals shown in Fig. 1 in terms of unit step functions.

Fig. 1

Answer x(t )  u (t  1)  2u (t )  u (t  1)  u (t  2)  u (t  3)

2. Consider the system shown in Fig. 2. Determine whether it is (a) memoryless, ( b )causal, ( c ) linear,
( d ) time-invariant, or ( e ) stable.

Fig. 2

 
(a) From Fig. 2 we have y (t )  T x (t )  x (t ) cos c (t ) ; Since the value of the output y ( t ) depends on only
the present values of the input x( t ), the system is memoryless.

(b) E.g . t  5, y (5)  x(5) cos c (5) ; Since the output y ( t ) does not depend on the future values of the input
x(t), the system is causal.

(c) Let x(t )  1 x(t )   2 x(t ). Then

y (t )  1x1(t )   2 x 2(t )cos c t
 1x1 (t ) cos ct   2 x2 (t ) cos c t
 1 y1 (t )   2 y2 (t )
Thus, the system is linear.

(d) Let y1 (t ) x1 (t )  x (t  t0 ) . Then

be the output produced by the shifted input
y1 (t )  T x(t  t0 )  x(t  t0 ) cos c (t )

But y (t  t0 )  x(t  t0 ) cos c (t  t0 )  y1 (t ) . Hence, the system is not time-invariant.

Sopapun Suwansawang
Solved Problems signals and systems

(e) Since cos c t  1, we have

y (t )  x(t ) cos c t  x(t )
Thus, if the input x(t) is bounded, then the output y(t) is also bounded and the system is BIB0 stable.

3. Evaluate y (t )  x(t )  h(t ), where x(t )  u (t )  u (t  3) and h(t )  u (t )  u (t  2)

(a) by an analytical technique, and (b) by a graphical method.

Sopapun Suwansawang
Solved Problems signals and systems

(b) by a graphical method.

Functions h( ), x( ) and h(t   ), x( )h(t   ) for different values of t are sketched in figure below.
We see that x( ) and h(t   ) do not overlap for t  0 and t  5, and hence y (t )  0 for t  0 and
t  5 . For the other intervals, x( ) and h(t   ) overlap. Thus, computing the area under the rectangular
pluses for these intervals, we obtain

Sopapun Suwansawang
Solved Problems signals and systems

Sopapun Suwansawang
Solved Problems signals and systems

4. The continuous-time system consists of two integrators and two scalar multipliers. Write a differential
equation that relates the output y(t) and the input x( t ).

dw(t )
e(t )   a1w(t )  a2 y(t )  x(t ) -------------- (1)
dt
Since w(t ) is the input to the second integrator, we have
dy(t )
w(t ))  -------------- (2)
dt
Substituting Eq. (2) into Eq. (1), we get

d 2 y (t ) dy(t )
 a1  a2 y (t )  x(t )
dt 2 dt
d 2 y (t ) dy(t )
Or  a1  a2 y (t )  x(t )
dt 2 dt

5. The impulse response h[n] of a discrete-time LTI system. (a). Determine and sketch the output y[n] of this
system to the input x[n]. (b) without using the convolution technique.

h[n]   [n]   [n  1]   [n  2]   [n  3]   [n  4]   [n  5] ,
x[n]   [n  2]   [n  4]
x[n]  h[n]  x[n]   [n]   [n  1]   [n  2]   [n  3]   [n  4]   [n  5]
 x[n]  x[n  1]  x[n  2]  x[n  3]  x[n  4]  x[n  5]

Sopapun Suwansawang
Solved Problems signals and systems

y[n]   [n  2]   [n  4]   [n  3]   [n  5]   [n  4]   [n  6]   [n  5]   [n  7]
  [n  6]   [n  8]   [n  7]   [n  9]
  [n  2]   [n  3]  2 [n  6]  2 [n  7]   [n  8]   [n  9]
y[n]  0,0,1,1,0,0,2,2,1,1

6. Consider the discrete-time system. Write a difference equation that relates the output y[n] and the input x[n].

Sopapun Suwansawang
Solved Problems signals and systems

7. Write the input-output equation for the system.

w[n]

w[n  1]
1
w[n]  x[n]  w[n  1] ---------------- (1)
2
y[n]  2w[n]  w[n  1] ---------------- (2)
Solving Eqs.(1) and (2) for w[n] and w[n  1] in term of x[n] and y[n]
1
w[n  1]  y[n]  x[n] ---------------- (3)
2
1 1
w[n]  y[n]  x[n] ---------------- (4)
4 2
Changing n to (n  1) in Eq.(4)
1 1
w[n  1]  y[n  1]  x[n  1] ---------------- (5)
4 2
Thus, equating Eq.(4) and Eq.(5), we have
1 1 1
y[n]  x[n]  y[n  1]  x[n  1]
2 4 2
Multiplying both sides of the above equation by 4
2 y[n]  4 x[n]  y[n  1]  2 x[n  1]
and rearranging terms, we obtain
2 y[n]  y[n  1]  4 x[n]  2 x[n  1]

Sopapun Suwansawang