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Arch. Kevin Espina
 lntroducuon
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE REFERENCES

What are the board exams like? 1. Ching, Francis D.K., A Vi sual Dictionary of Archi tecture

1. Memorization is necessary -you must remember many 2. Fletcher, Bannister, A History of Architecture 20th Ed.
facts
3. Mercado, Jose L., The Architectural Reviewer Vo lume
2. Wide in Scope -from pre-historic to modern styles m· History&Theory of Architecture

3. Repetit ive -questions from previous exams are reused 4. Salvan, George S., Architectural Character&the History
of Architecture
4 . History amounts to only around 10% of your total score
5. The Chi ldren's Atlas of World History

6. The World Atlas of Architecture

OUR METHOD OF STUDYING HISTORY: DEFINITIONS

To try not to memorize... but to understand History of Architecture

• "It is a record of man 's effort to build beautifully. It traces
(1) History is not a list of facts ... it is a story that can be retold the origin, growth and decline of architectural styles which
L.. over and over have prevailed lands and ages."
::::l
ij Historic Styles ofArchitecture

·-
(1) • "The particular method, the characteri stics, manner of
-1,.J design which prevails at a certain place and time."
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L.. Six Influences ofArchitecture
ro • Geographical
4- • Geological
0 • Climatic
• Religious
L.. • Soci al
0 • Historical

·-
....
(/) Four Great Constructive Principles
.c 1. Post & Lintel Construction
2. Arch & Vault Construction
3. Corbel or Canti lever Construction
4. Trussed Construction
 lntroducuon

Tho Hlstorlcal
Tlmollno ofArchhocturo

Egyptian Byzanti ne

I,
'"
P r e. •Hlstorlc Gre<>k Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renal ss an ce 18111·191t1 C: 2o�c,
PRE-HISTORIC Rev ival
(l.) Modern
NEAR EAST L..
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:,
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN � Near East Islamic
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Chinese & Japane-.se

.8
ISUMIC L.. Indian

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C
 Pre-historic

Tho Hlstorlcal
Tlmollno ofArchhocturo

Pre.•Hlstorlc
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
::J
t:,
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U
Q
RENAISSANCE
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISUMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C
 j Pre-historic
• Humans spread from Africa into Southern Europe, Asia
• Could not settle far north due to the col d climate
• From Siberia by foot into North America
• From Southeast Asia by boat into Australia

0 • Before 9000 BC, nomadic life of hunting & food gathering

• By 9000 BC, farming and agriculture was practiced
• Fertile soil and plentiful food
• Animal domestication for work, milk, wool

• People wanted to settle down, live in communiti es

PRE-HISTORIC • First villages in the Middle East, South America, Central
(l.)
NEAR EAST I-. America, India and China
INFLUENCES
::J
t:,
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
HISTORY
ROMAN (l.) • Direct human ancestors evol ved in Africa from 2.3 million
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
years ago - Homo habilis, Homo ereclus, homo sap/ens,
BYZANTINE .C homo sap/ens sapiens
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U
Q
RENAISSANCE
4-
18TH•19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISUMIC 1-
• Some people needed not farm, so they spent time on

·-
INDIAN other work pot-making, metal-working, art and...
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/) architecture!
FILIPINO .C

• The success of the human race was largely due to the RELIGION
development of tools - made o f stone, wood, bone • No organized religion
• The dead are treated wi th respect - buri al rituals and
monuments
 Pre-historic
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER EXAMPLES

MATERIALS
• Animal skins, wooden frames, animal bones

CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
• Exi sting or excavated caves
• Megalithic, most evident in France, England and Ireland

PRE-HISTORIC MENHIR
(l.)
NEAR EAST L.. • A single, large upright monolith
::J
t:,
EGYPTIAN • Serves a rel igious purpose
GREEK • Sometimes arranged in parallel rows, reaching several
ROMAN (l.) miles and consisting of thousands of stones
EARLYCHRISTIAN � DECORATION
BYZANTINE .C • Caves painti ngs in Africa, Franee and Spain
ROMANESQUE � • Sculpture
GOTHIC /U
Q
RENAISSANCE
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISUMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C

Carnac, France
 Pre-historic
DOLMEN TUMULUS or PASSAGE GRAVE
• Tomb of standing stones usually capped w ith a large • Dominant tomb type
horizontal s lab • Corridor inside leading to an underground chamber

,.....,,<;; •,sot,

CROMLECH
• Enclosure formed by huge stones planted on the ground
in circular form

•
••
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.) •
NEAR EAST L..
::J
t:, .•
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN (l.) •
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
BYZANTINE .C Stonehenge, England (2800 -1500 BC)
ROMANESQUE � • Most spectacular and imposing of monol ithic monuments
GOTHIC /U • 0 uter ring, inner r ing, innermost horseshoe-shaped ri ng

Q
RENAISSANCE
4-
with open end facing east
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN • Largest stones weigh 45 to 50 tons, came from Wales
200 km away
.8
ISUMIC L..
• Stones transported by sea or river then hauled on land

·-
INDIAN with s ledges and rol lers by hundreds of people, raised
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/) upright into pits, capped with lintels
FILIPINO .C
Genuine architecture - it defines exterior space
• A solar observatory - designed to mark the sun's path
during sunri se on Midsummer Day
 Pre-historic
PRIMITIVE DWELLINGS
• Mos�yhad one room
• The development of more complex civilizations led to
division of the room into smaller ones for eating, s leaping,
socializing
• In places where no industrial revolution has occurred to
transform building methods and Increase population
density, houses show little difference from primitive ones

Wigwam or Tepee
• conical tent w ith wooden poles as framework
• Covered w ith rush mats and an animal skin door
Hogan - primitive Indian structure of joined logs

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
::J
t:,
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN (l.) Natural or Artificial Caves Igloo - lnnui t (Eskimo) house constructed of hard-packed
EARLYCHRISTIAN � snow blocks built up spirally
BYZANTINE .C Nigerian hut - with mud walls and roof of palm leaves
•
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U
Q
RENAISSANCE
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

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ISUMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/) Beehive Hut
FILIPINO .C Tru/lo - drywalled rough stone shelter with corbelled roof Iraqi mudhif - covered with split reed mats, built on a reed
platform to prevent settlement
Sumatran house - for several families, built of timber and
palm leaves, the fenced pen underneath is for livestock
 Near East

Tho Hlstorlcal
Tlmollno ofArchhocturo

Pre.•Hlstorlc
PRE-HISTORIC (l.)
NEAR EAST I...
::J
t:,
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN � Near East
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U
Q
RENAISSANCE
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISUMIC '­

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C
 □
□
Mesopotamian Empire
under King Sargon of Agade
Mesopotamian Empire
Near East
□
under Kin,g Hammurabi Mesopotamian
Assyrian Empir e • City-states of Ur, Babylon, Agade, Ashur and Damascus
under King Ashurban pal
i • 2334 BC, Ki ng Sargon of Agade formed the first major
h7Persian Emp
;' empire
� nder Ki ·arius I
• 1792 BC, next by K ing Hammurabi
• Instituted laws to keep order
• Invention of writing - pictograms or cuneiform records on
clay tablets

Assyrian
• Based in Ashur, biggest empire under Ki ng Ashurbanipal
PERSIA - conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine and Egypt

PRE-HISTORIC (1)
NEAR EAST I...
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:, HISTORY
ROMAN (1)
• Started as villages on the flat land between Tigri s and Persian
EARLYCHRISTIAN � • Begun by Cyrus the Great from 559 to 529 BC
Euphrates rivers - "Mesopotamia·
BYZANTINE .C • Turned into city-states w ith populations of thousands • Covered Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Eastern Mediterranean,
ROMANESQUE � Bactri a, Indus Valley and North Afri ca
GOTHIC /U • Each city-state surrounded by a wall and dominated by a • Darius I had provinces ruled by a satrap, who guarded
RENAISSANCE the roads, collected taxes and control led the army
Q
4- large temple
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Soci ety of kings, craftsmen, soldiers, farmers, priests • L ocal peoples were allowed to keep their religi ons and
20TH C MODERN • Fought and traded w ith each other customs
• Capital moved from Susa to Persepolis
.8
ISUMIC '­
• Sometimes would conquer each other and form an
empire • Network of roads linking the royal court to other parts o f

·-
INDIAN
the empire - from Susa in Persia to Sardis in Anatolia
C-ESE &JAPAN ESE (/)
• Traded raw materials, carpets and spices
FILIPINO .C
• Darius and Xerxes tried to conquer Greece
• Ended w ith the defeat of Darius Ill to Alexander the Great
of Macedonia
 Near East
RELIGION ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
• Each city-state worshipped their own god for protection
• People aimed to make peace with their wrathful god MATERIALS
• Only materials readil y available was clay, soil, reeds,
rushes
• Bricks made of mud and chopped straw, sun-dried or
kiln-fired
• Timber, copper, tin, lead gol d, silver imported

DECORATION
• Colossal winged-bulls guarding chief portal s
• Polychrome glazed bricks in blue, white, yellow, green
• Murals of decorative continuous stone

GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST I...
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:,
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Fertile Crescent:
.8
ISUMIC '­
• Marshlands with few natural advantages aside from

·-
INDIAN
water and soil
C-EBE &JAPAN ESE (/)
• Import materials like hardwood and metals
FILIPINO .C
A l so:
• Deserts o f the Arabian Peninsula
• Mountains and plateaux from west to east
 Near East
EXAMPLES PALACES
• K ings celebrated their victories, wealth and power by
ZIGGURATS building large palaces
• Religious bui ldi ngs built next to temples
• On top was a small temple

Palace Platform at Persepo/is

• Ruins still exis t
• 50 years to build
• People from all over the empire were involved 1n its
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.) construction
NEAR EAST I... Development • Variety of architectural styles
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:, • Archaic ziggurat
• Two or Three-staged ziggurat • parts: audience halls, reception halls, storerooms for
ROMAN (l.) • Seven-staged ziggurat during the Assyrian period tri butes and valuables, military quarters, apadana - tallest
EARLYCHRISTIAN � building, w ith 36 columns of 20m height
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISUMIC '­

·-
INDIAN
DWELLINGS
C-EBE &JAPAN ESE (/)
• Known as Megaron
FILIPINO .C • Entrance at end rather than on the long s ides
• Portico - colonnaded space forming an entrance or
Ziggurat al Ur vestibule, with a roof supported on one s ide by columns
• 2000 BC • Suited to climate of Anatolian plateau
 Egvotian

Tho Hlstorlcal
Tlmollno ofArchhocturo

Egyptian

Pre.•Hlstorlc
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
::J
t:,
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN � Near East
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U
Q
RENAISSANCE
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISUMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C
 Egvotian
HISTORY
• Wealthy country despite the desert - eve ry year, Nile
would overflow, leaving the land fertile for growing crops
• Nile Ri ver was a trade route
• Gold from Nubi a in the south

• Two kingdoms, Lower and Upper Egypt, combined by

King Menes in 3100 BC
• Many small towns, but royal cities at Memphis and
Thebes
• A si ngle kingdom for most of its existence - unified under
the centralized omnipotent authority of the pharaoh (king)
.
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II

.
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PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L.. INFLUENCES
::J I.
t:,
EGYPTIAN
GREEK Pharaohs: I·
GEOGRAPHY & CLIMATE
ROMAN (l.) • Narrow stretch of fertile and arable land along the Ni le • Seen as gods dwelling on earth
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
• Beyond riverbanks, barren desert and rugged cliffs • Sole masters of the country and its inhabitants
BYZANTINE .C prevented attack from invaders • Builders and leaders
ROMANESQUE � • Mediterranean and Red seas • Initiated the design, financing, quarrying and transporting
GOTHIC /U of material s, organization of labor and construction itself

Q
RENAISSANCE
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Society:
20TH C MODERN • Divided into groups, by order of importance: senior
priests, officials, noblemen, and army commanders
.8
ISUMIC L..
• Most ordinary Egyptians were farmers

·-
INDIAN • Architects, engi neers, theologians, masons, sculptors,
C-EBE &JAPAN ESE (/) painters, laborers, peasants, prisoners
FILIPINO .C • Weaving, glass-making, pottery, metal, jewelry and
furniture
• Astronomy, mathemati cs, philosophy, music and writing
literature and history written on papyrus and stone tablets
 Egvotian
RELIGION ROOF & OPENINGS
• Cult of many gods representing nature: sun, moon, stars, • Roof was not an important consideration
animals • Flat roofs suffi ced to cover and exclude heat
• No windows
• Spaces were lit by skylights, roof slits, c l erestories

I
lit
• After death, a persons soul went on to enjoy eternal life in
kingdom of the God Osir is - imagined this ki ng dom as a
perfect version of Egypt
• Pharaohs were buried, bringing with them the things they
might need in the afterlife, even living peopl e
• Wished for a fine burial, embalmment and funeral rites,
and a permanent tomb or "eternal dwelling" WALL
• Batter wall - diminishing in width towards the top for
• Dead body had to be preserved to house the spirit stability
PRE-HISTORIC • Remove insides, dry out the body, filled with linen, • Thickness: 9 to 24m at temples
(l.)
NEAR EAST L.. masked and bandaged • Unbroken massive wal ls, uninterrupted space for
::J
t:, hierogl yphics
EGYPTIAN
GREEK ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
ROMAN (l.) DECORATIONS
EARLYCHRISTIAN � DESCRIPTION • Mouldings such as "gorge" or "hollow and roll" was
BYZANTINE .C • After life - life and house on earth is temporary, the tomb inspired by reeds
ROMANESQUE � is permanent • Torus moulding
GOTHIC /U • For sustenance and eternal enjoyment of the deceased
• Rel igion i s the dominant element in Egyptian architecture
Q
RENAISSANCE
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN MATERIALS
• Stone was abundant in variety and quantity
.8
ISUMIC L..
• Used for monuments and religious buildi ngs
··· ·
·-
INDIAN • Durability of stone is why monuments still exi st to thi s day
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/) ,.
FILIPINO .C • Other materials, metals and timber were imported •1
.,
• Mud bricks: for houses, palaces (reeds, papyrus, palm
branch ribs, plastered over wi th clay)
 Egvotian
• Hieroglyphics were pictorial representations of religion, Common ornaments:

�"
history and daily life
• Derived from the practice of scratching pictures on mud­
plaster walls
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· ='H11ll
en. SPl1AL
� �)OIAPE
' ORNAMENT

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L.. • Common capitals used were the lotus, papyrus, palm
::J
t:,
EGYPTIAN which echoed indigenous Egyptian plants, and were
GREEK symbols of fertility as well
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN � • The shaft represented bundle of stems
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
/U - ·,1<'
"'[f7
• '
' f.
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
l
'"'' ,.,.,,.�
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN 111,�,,.,,,1,i
,.;,.,i1.,...
ISUMIC L..
.."""""""'ot,,-..v..
.8 ...............
Mitltll'fM'ilH"""""'.,.. l,t.•u,lkil

·-
INDIAN No°'f.. NI,i.::lslltEmAll,JflwlWflt
H"'u,a,fO.�ofHJYIGr U. u,,w,.,ti1,1okll...,_.
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/) �_...,.tillol'IIJftillb�
FILIPINO .C di..fS��oWI ��,,,11a,w�
ofJG(lo A ho. Iv�

• Avenue of sphinxes: rows of monsters (body of lion, head

of man, hawk, ram) leadi ng to monuments
 Egvotian
EXAMPLES PYRAMIDS
• massive funerary structure of stone or brick
MASTABAS
• Rectangular flat-topped funerary mound, with battered
s ide, covering a burial chamber below ground

• First type of Egypti an tomb

• Developed from small and inconspicuous to huge an
imposing

Came in complexes:
• Offering chapel (north or east side)
PRE-HISTORIC • Mortuary chapel
(l.)
NEAR EAST L.. • Raised and enclosed causeway leading to west
::J
t:,
EGYPTIAN • Valley building for embalmment and internment rites
GREEK
ROMAN (l.) • Immense use of labor and materials, built in layers, like
EARLYCHRISTIAN � steps
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U
Q
RENAISSANCE
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Parts:
20TH C MODERN • Stairway with 2 doors: one for ritual, second was a false
door for spirits
.8
ISUMIC L..
• Column Hall

·-
INDIAN • Offeri ng Chapel
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/) • Serdab (contains statue of deceased)
FILIPINO .C • Offering room with Stelae (stone with name of deceased
inscribed)
• Offeri ng table ••
I
• Sarcophagus - Egyptian coffi n
 Egvotian

,_ .
Step Pyramid of Zoser, Saqqara
• Wor ld's first large-scale monument in stone
• Designed by lmhotep
Pyramids a t Gizeh
• Most magnificent of pyramids
• Equilateral sides face cardinal poi nts
• Forms a wor ld-famous building group

• Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu)

• Pyramid of C hephren (Khafra or Khafre)
• Pyramid of Mykerinos (Menkaura)
PRE-HISTORIC • The Great Sphinx shows King C hepren as a man-lion
(l.)
NEAR EAST L.. protecting his country
::J
t:,
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Q
4- -
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISUMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/) Bent Pyramid at Seneferu
FILIPINO .C
 Egvotian
R O C K -CUT or ROCK-HEWN TOMBS TEMPLES
• Built along hillside
• For nobility, not royalty MORTUARY TEMPLES
• worship/i n honor of pharaohs

CULT TEMPLES
• worship/i n honor o f god

Parts:
• Entrance pylon
• Large outer court open to sky (hypaethral court)
• Hypostyle hall
• Sanctuary surrounded by passages
• Chapels/chambers used in connection with the temple
service

PRE-HISTORIC Tombs at Beni Hasan

(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
::J
t:,
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U
Q
RENAISSANCE
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN Temple of Khons
• Typical temple: pylons, court, hypostyle hall, sanctuary,
.8
ISUMIC L..
chapels all enclosed by high girdle wall

·-
INDIAN • Avenue of sphi nxes and obel isks fronting pylons
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C

-
Tombs of the Kings, Thebes
 Egvotian
.r,,,,r�
� ,
('
-

Great Temple ofAmmon, Karnak, Thebes

-
• Grandest temple and the work of many kings Great Temple of Abu-Simbel
• Example of rock-cut temple
• Constructed by Rameses II
• Entrance forecourt leads to imposing pylon with 4 rock­
cut colossal statues of Rameses s itting over 20 m high
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
::J
t:,
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
BYZANTINE .C Temple ofAmmon, Luxor
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U
Q
RENAISSANCE

�11,,, ..�-
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISUMIC L.. . , ..
.8 f ,I
·-
INDIAN

_, - 11111111111
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/) I•
FILIPINO .C
' ,
Mammisi Temple Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahri
• Became the prototype of the Greek Doric temples
 Egvotian
PYLONS DWELLINGS
• monumental gateway to the temple consisting of slanti ng • Made of crude brick
walls f l anki ng the entrance portal • One or two storey high
• Flat roof deck
Temple of Isis , Phi/ae
3 parts:
• Reception suite on north side - central hall or living room
\ w ith high ceiling and c lerestory
• Servi ce quarters
• Private quarters

FORTRESSES
• Mostly found on west bank of Nile or on isl ands
• Close communications with other fortresses
• Fortress o fBuhen
• Headquarters & largest fortified town near Nubia
• From here they could trade and invade lands to the south
• .. ,.
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
::J
t:,
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN (l.) OBELISKS
EARLYCHRISTIAN � • upright stone square in plan, with an electrum-capped
BYZANTINE .C pyramidion on top
ROMANESQUE � • sacred symbol of sun-god Heliopolis
GOTHIC /U • usual ly came in pairs fronti ng tern pi e entrances
• height of nine or ten ti mes the diameter at the base
•
Q
RENAISSANCE

. ..,.
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • four sides feature hieroglyphics
.r ,f ·
--.,.
20TH C MODERN
Obelisk, Piazza of S. Giovanni •
.8
ISUMIC L.. , •� 'F
• originally from Temple of Ammon, Karnak

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C
 Greek

Tho Hlstorlcal
Tlmollno ofArchhocturo

Egyptian

Pre.•Hlstorlc Gre<>k
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
::J
t,
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN :!: Near East
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U
Q
RENAISSANCE
4-
18TH-19THC REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISUMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C
 □ Greek Empi re
u:nder Alexander the Great of Macedonia Greek
Mycenaean o r Helladic (1550 to 1100 BC)
• Conti nuation of Cretan ideas and craftsmanship on
mainland Greece
• Wealth due to their control of metal trading between
Europe and Middle East

Hellenic Period (800 to 323 BC)

• City-states developed on the plains between mountains -
"' AS/A M/NOR
Sparta and Athens were most important
• The "polis" emerged as the basis of Greek society
• Each had its own ruler, government and laws
• A federal unity existed between city-states due to
Pl:RSIA
common language, customs, religion
• Several di fferent forms of government Oligarchic,
Tyrannic, Democratic

• Under Pericles (444 BC to 429 BC), peak of Athenian

prosperity
• Outburst of bui lding activity and construction,
developments in art, law-making, philosophy and science
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.) • Philosophers - Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
NEAR EAST L..
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t, HISTORY
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN :!:
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U Aegean Period (Minoan)
RENAISSANCE
Q
4- • Civilizations on Crete and Greek mainl and from 1900 to
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 1100 B C
20TH C MODERN • The first great commercial and naval power in the • Among best soldiers in the ancient wor ld - Hopl ite Army
defeated repeated invasions by Darius and Xerxes o f
.8
ISUMIC L.. Mediterranean, founded on trade with the whole eastern
seaboard: Asia Minor, Cyprus, Syria, Palestine, Egypt and Persia

·-
INDIAN
Libya, even South Italy and Si cily on the west • Alexander the Great of Macedonia conquered Persia,
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
• Trade and communications produced a unity of cul ture Asia Minor, Egyp� Syria, Afghanistan
FILIPINO .C and economic stability • Greek language and culture reached an enormous area
• Knossos was the largest city, had a magnificent palace
Hellenistic Period (323 to 30 BC)
• Helleni stic Empi re established, Greek civilization
extended
 Greek
GEOLOGY & CLIMATE ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
• On the mainland, rugged mountai ns made
communicati on di ffi cult DESCRIPTION
• Mountains separated inhabitants into groups, cl ans,
states
• archipelago and isl ands: sea was the inevi table means of
trade and communi cations

• Between ri gorous cold and relaxing heat

• Clear atmosphere and intense light • conducive to
creating preci se and exact forms
• Judi cial acti vi ti es, dramati c presentations, public
ceremoni es took place in the open ai r

RELIGION

Aegean
• Rough and massi ve
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L.. Hellenic
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t, • Mostl y religious architecture
• "carpentry in marble" - ti mber forms imitated in stone wi th
ROMAN (l.)
:!:
remarkable exactness
EARLYCHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE .C Hellenistic
ROMANESQUE � • Not religious in character, but ci vi c - for the peopl e
GOTHIC /U Aegean religion: • Provi ded inspi rati on for Roman building types
RENAISSANCE
Q
• Pri miti ve stage of nature worship • Dignified and graci ous structures
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Pri estesses conducted religious ri tes, sacred games, • Symmetri cal, orderl y
20TH C MODERN ri tual dances, worship on sacri ficial altars
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM

.8
ISUMIC L..
Greek rel igion: • Columnar and trabeated

·-
INDIAN
• A highly developed form of nature worship • Roof truss appeared, enabling large spaces to be
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
• Gods as personi fications of natural elements, or deified unhindered by columns
FILIPINO .C mortal s
• Gods could infl uence events in the human worl d MATERIALS
• Timber and terra cotta
• Greeks sought advi ce from oracles - oracle at Delphi • Stone
 Greek
EXAMPLES PALACES
Palace of King Minos , Knossos
HOUSES Palace at Tyrins
Lion Gate, Mycenae
On isl ands:
• Flat roofing
• Drawn together in blocks
• Two to four storeys high
• Light admi tted through I ight wells

On mainland:
• Si ngle-storeyed house with deep plan
• Columned entrance porch wi th central doorway
• Livi ng apartment proper with sl eeping room behi nd

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EA ST L..
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t,
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN :!:
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISUMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C
TOMBS
• rock-cut or chamber tombs • "tholos" tomb
Treasury of Atreus , Mycenae
 Greek
· .auourivm
TEMPLES
• Chief building type
A p<ksl.11 fo,a "'"I'""'°'
Ol'1\1l!'ltlltnw,�ernu,llof
• Earl iest ones resembled megaron in puime.lJt ..,,.__....o1,��
plan and constructi on �•or
A ...... fow�p�S-Jnn01...,t,,1'!;9 J
Je,prll"hS-•0t, f_xa�
�Q'ledacrvun0n

t)'fflfJI Urffl •
• Number of columns at entrance:
1 column - hemostyl e
2 columns - di style
3 columns - tri styl e
�· "'""
fti,W!!f;i;:Z�c'IICklsc:J b-, VIC.

,.,,,_,,,..·"--""
ho,i,;w,U,IJ,lifrjll'if e,o."fl� ofJ
...tii sc:�e.

,ty1o,,u
4 columns - tetrastyl e
""MW ,J ,n-,,c;in') fOl'fl' l"fi.hc
5 columns - pentastyl e fo..,wU\.o'lforlt0ttofcol1o1-"1" r.,p l'lC
6 columns - hexastyl e ..........,...........o1,e1,...,.1 ..,,,"".
7 columns - heptastyl e stcreo�,u
8 columns - octastyl e A1,IJlltA..us cf_,,�ry,5-it.le 1liow-t
'°""'"4
••""'Ml.af'4'setY•"tfnt�f011"41�
al-�·fff tltit,Utf°""' ,i,e
9 columns - enneastyl e
1 0 columns -decastyl e ,._.1"111 �11hVllehttolu1Hsc.11 1. f--'-_._�....._......,-'::,-':,-- ...._......_
_ _.__.:-_.-::'\...
12 columns -dodecastyl e konp4t N,ou,uor,pw!om, ,...,.,. 1.__ _

Greek temp le
A C,t,!!p(ot,u• lt ;t!o, -.hnne io 11\c 1nGle.l'lt
(il't(.ttoilOffOddt:�$ LO•�It -,J

�·
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.) ...,._,� !,i !IC.t tht:E.e,n,!.cw,1,IIOI.
NEAR EAST L.. ,111.c'kd f<Kl n"rol wor-s-11 ft. it,w,sll\ll h.
.-th t-pcicl,-1 �1rdfo,eiitern.,1 tffett I L

• • •• •
EGYPTIAN :::l &toodon,,t�.11.fof!.!Troeorl"!Mf

- .- .
tttitt,..,,,i.." ull, r;onu,"i "iJ the &'-ltue 11..
'°"",,,., ,.
µ
GREEK
u oftlle#lty 1n4f rtJrporu.oes.
l.N •liole beinf•11f'!Ntl.lllW�J b­ •
-
·.C
ROMAN (l.)
pN�of t• 'l"lilw'. «Httt&in WW.l
EARLY CHRISTIAN .µ
£OI.Uo,ffll� tl ie,I •
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE � • • 1pl n10,
"""pit!
�rc:.1r ,e�,1 ..wlll ofJ Cl.l'!lo..,_,

□ Al ,OC.t! ldd opl ttl\odo"-'1 pot1''4im

I

� C •
/U ,tu,
CI • • • ••
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE All Cie-'lt..:d pi.tc.c!orttt\lU�!"II i.po,i
Q •liitht,ICMICIJlrtOUl'i't.i� 11(.fllN
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
�"'"' • •0t1o"1' c--�o,e 11tNtlt
20TH C MODERN

ISUMIC L..
.8
"-'fM,H,t ,,., prtrfOfl"lfd
..11, •
11-r.,,."· ,,•, i.'"'"' orr11cto,,c1p1rro,
J -' �I U1t1jN w�frcl tl-rcut ll"lft
.. .
• • - •I" •
•I
·-
INDIAN
• pron,ot
ttb'u:pl. A'. ;ic,ul ltd fl.IOI •I A�optn vnL•NllkfOrt tlllult,ofI
•• •
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
.C '11�•"'' "'"'"
Al,oc,!r,4''"''""'

I�
FILIPINO

11- • • • • j
�
 Arris
Greek
MOULDINGS
• Architectural devices, which with Splay
light and shade, produce definition to
a buildi ng
• Could be refined and delicate in
FCIIINUS
contour, due to fineness of marble
and the clarity of atmosphere and light Fillet

Billet

Cove

Cavetto

j
CYMARECTA CYMA REVERSA OVOl.0

..I.,,., . ' ..., .•

l J

l
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.) \ Ogee
NEAR EAST L.. \
•'

EGYPTIAN ::J \_
GREEK t,
/
"
::}',
ROMAN (l.)
:!:
Cyma Reeta
EARLYCHRISTIAN -.J
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE � FILLET -�
C'AVETTO
GOTHIC /U SCOTIA Cyma Reversa

Q
RENAISSANCE
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN ..
.8
ISUMIC L.. Beak

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JA PANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C
Brace
 Greek
• Certai n refinements used to correct optical illusions: GREEK ORDERS
• Horizontal lines built convex to correct sagging • Shaft, Capital, and Horizontal entablature (architrave,
• Vertical features inclined inwards to correct appearance frieze, cornice)
of falling outwards
• On columns, entas is was used, swelling outwards to • Originally, Dori c and Ioni c, named after the two main
correct appearance of curving inwards branches of Greek race
• Then there evolved Corinthian, a purely decorative order

Jllilillillllil
--
� --~::,,.
i -
t-:i::i,5,ri',=;,:;,=;:,'r=i,cj:Etil
n
--- - - - - ·-.,........ a aavltrlo11

lll\1111
�

t
1, 111 11 a(lpflll'
111,. ..
1
, -¾
,,�
tj,--,. '..l.i
...,__
�:oi
-
u. .{,
,

fl
,,1.u11#/t1
ti t)tliU as •vaignt H P«,s1 ble: froftt •s. u.
In Y('4llt_;Y
Th.: U.lflPl't WOCJ!d
aii.pc..,r- W1 l11o.Jt Optl '-41 «irrc.c.tlo\s ., ,.,,,,
Jtllltl)t

"'Slypi,

.....
,Ot.,i/1,l ��111,w

....,...
tt"l(U((I

11111111,11111,
- ---
� "lfhlmu::c

---
---
�

1111\l!l
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
«..i:111 411ow tth/'1iot
I U11s w�¼
EGYPTIAN :::l Mm,IJ
GREEK
-
-
ROMAN (l.)
EARLY CHRI STIAN .µ
BYZANTINE
·.C 1r ..ht \.tl!!Plt front 1$ NT<fl)td WIU'I
11t.r�1 axes ll'l'11 nng and �1 th COfl'l<JI.
styl ot>.ltt Arcn1 travc. ,c:11utt111ture
Te,npi, front. es I.\. e� 1 n
C.Xo!'41tl0n Md a.rv«i tl0nu:in�
Llnu and ll"d! �d vuit(al fe-.,UKe
ai\11, l!tdl fnLl'll,.
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U
RENAISSANCE
Q
METHODS OF NATURAL LIGHTING
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • no wi ndows
20TH C MODERN • clerestory • situated between roof and upper portion of
ISUMIC
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
.8
L..

·-
wall
• skylight - made of t hin, translucent marble
• templ e door, oriented towards the east
I dnmu

FILIPINO .C
JtyfobaJt.
 °"""'
, ......
, ........,...."""11.td,JA..
Greek
..............,..a.... ..""111
""''
7 ""''"'
n.,_.a...,..
,.-,.u,1,«kw•�.,, '°"""'
" .,......,....,._._
..-ci.,._,,."""'-'.
,.........\
DORIC ORDER a,,
Wfll,\/f)CU 11111II�l•t.tlM l.,_
l'w"""
• Without base, direct ly on crepidoma ...,..llf.....,.,..(f,tlli,ll•tll,,.i
f.Jl,_,! ..,fl(l"\I
............ ,.......
• Height (i ncludi ng capital) of 4 to 6 fllt.tMtf•""•_ ..._..i Ipllt!tl'fhiirto't
I "'-rOI Vfl/rl l'Wl'Wto,I',,�,
.........,..,....,..,
-·,.,...,,,.M--.111__,._,
times the diameter at the base _..PW...,_ot.,._ll�""lMfll �
_.._._,,. ,.�......
ti,
..
...,
-....
l tltdfl� l!<W:,llfl;t� �......Ult "'""'..111....-11111,....,,.." ,o.,,,c;
• Shaft diminishes at top from 3/4 to
2/3 of base diameter
�.,,,........, ....

.,...
11...
')llu#
..
itlw U.W--'"t .__,.._,....,.,,
urt.Jl
.,.t,Mlt..• .Ai.au illr,I..,
,�� '""lhf c°""'l'fl•
• Divi ded into 20 shallow f lutes P"llltt•I�111cl,i,,01 _,.,U �

....,.,,.,_,,.,..
...
M .
.•
.
°''°""'W-u _...._....
,.
.,.�,.
14Ullt
separated by arrises

...... ,,.,_...,..,,._."'•t:t'ru..
-
I.Ml_,,�,�,.,_�
_.
.....' t I'f
0,.,,IP.,#1'1-h• i.1t ...'JW\flkl
• Doric capitals had two parts - the
., . r'
.. ..
square abacus above and circular �

,-
111Wtioed!M'IM«......�,"tll lllf
'
.."""''" ............,.
"l!::
I
bulbous echinus below
�J:., jlllNlt. ,,u..t,...,.,
f� A Nl-fU...,.._f/...,.

Doric entablature: ��'911Wl--�llllN:IDfl<:

t l
....,.
f...uAW"""-•Wl'Vlifbl'II
• Height is 1 and 3/4 times the lower ., IIIl �I� <'
diameter in height �'"°"'""
Ar,
Willll�llffltUllf9l'JU\tUlt
'"ivl-1 uiinl tr;.
........

....
jl'(\,�ff!•Oo,oi(
-'\1111:l..,._M,,t_ynl,

3 main divis ions: ,..........

�,,. . .....1t,t'"""
• Architrave, principal beam of 2 or 3 ,..,,,..,.\jo,.
w,..,._114�• v-n,ti
,....,.;t101111"1itllf11-IIMo"f
...,,._. NtitalMt11t...,.ll1NI
n,,11 ,
s labs in depth
(l.)
PRE-HISTORIC • Frieze ""'"''....,.,,.......w,.,.�.....
.,,.........."""".."°'.....
......
NEAR EAST L.. • Cornice, mouldings u,i�,tfU'" 111i.. 0Ml'1,-. M�

EGYPTIAN :::l ,1)1,t

w,111�.or,0orc111 ,�,.,iut
GREEK 'Ill,,.,....,..t(l,(1/W�--�....

-
(l.)
·.C
ROMAN
..ctfflf •

-·
EARLY CHRISTIAN .µ "".,. P"Oh"""--J d�tlv,,ttlw
.. ....ui,,.._-�,.,tr:/"'9
'>\J'f\,
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE �
,....,,u.,_,..,,,,n,""'
up,wi,.....-f',r,-�4k4111o}J"'°""t

GOTHIC /U ,_.""'°,;lifle•llll. --llf VWl...,

"P'""orWfl.f/,�

Q
RENAISSANCE
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

.8 _,,,._flfltl
ISUMIC L..
A
,.......tt
�U-,OIJS.riff

·- ....
INDIAN ,I....."""""'·,,,.,.. Clfl
w,i,,r,oi,"'MCJl£Oli1111.
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C
'""
A,.....dl•ONlor,...._AltO�

l
 Greek
IONIC ORDER
• Volute or scroll capital ( derived
from Egyptian lotus and Aegean
art)

Ionic column:
• More slender than Doric
• Needed a base to spread load '°"""·'
A,�_,,.,..,...,.... , ..
..,..,• IN
• Height was 9 times the base ___.i, .,,,.......
diameter ...,.,.
...
,,.,.,"""a.,,".."'I L,.......
''fl"' .., � ...
""'"°""' ...-...._�..
fNI""1-
• Has 24 flutes separated by tft ,netcbrt .,.,_,yp,:,lyllu_....., ..
fillets An orn,l\'l1111UI IIIO\l ff(lt'"""""" Illortolo
• Upper and lower torus tl t.l'Nt"'f H,_.
0tah11111t, to11�tMfolJ ,foH"; U\
olo,'�111;polntfd
�l\l'Mof Lh,.,. f,tiCW. 1"'Iii)'
Of'fl.t"'Wllw.l
t"-'U 1'11111 GOl'IIIU�

"°'"'"$klr•U,1W
'"" ""'' """""11su"'"' ,.,.'"' "'"
lorll'lt Al.oou! llkt•ff.lnd t.oflfllil Olt,Ofl..
f••llillbrtaM.-U�
Ionic entablature: d,olJI
Any of• -of......,tp•""· ""'II '"Of'I lly lof'l0..IIOl11\lt
aluwu,-i.,1 ,•>•\.O Llw 1/'Pl1 ww
• Height was 2 and 1/4 ti mes the
diameter of column p,oJ,<""f ""'"" IN""°""
,.el,11.v!At"6ocktfOffl'l flt Ill'Ollll'fOf
Corlathl>'I, Jlloli(MlpotlLtw,1lul
of1o,;;,
.�'i:�:-..�• "'�4',�ti·�t.i1lXtti7;\ -:r, ..,....
Two parts:
,,.1e1,
()No#\Ill threthorliolllr.. tr.,ftJ,..,� llf
A9"")1 l',IOII 1-l.1ort1111Wn\ a,,. Ult
CJfllt.l IQIIIC:. Cort111>i,11 ....
I,t' , ...
l l ,(1,,,,0�l)t.\
• Architrave.with fasciae u, Vie11rtho\tj1'fIn \htlOIIICO!Wr
QU,,,.,,t
(l.) ni,""""'I 111i.t•11•tiwourU.,.,,,ol1
PRE-HISTORIC • Cornice
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
L..
:::l
• No frieze .,...,,Ot'f!t,t�
�w111,11Ion",-,.�1 '"""•llk.llW

µ
u
GREEK 1JC.hffutt
1111c.itt11l.trmoi.11 114 �"'-"'�d

-
(l.)
·.C
ROMAN ,1111 IOll� C�t.11 kt""""'W<roi•'41$.
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
.µ
A,tic>,u '"'°'"'
11IIJ�CJl\'Odlirtt... JII!144 Jllili IU,n,
Al ,oul l,,iil(yt'MUIIM
A�u, to,cb11k,trol1111111 CO'ltl.t-"'lf flllc<

·�·· '°"'"•
of11111,ii,,-.;,'o.ter tor11u,,a,1tU AMN'OWpJrt. rlLWt11rf.:tdJC,,OW111
� 1 "°u, belt•• ""'otm,u
ROMANESQUE �
i,11,bo\w,pU,O-lllfftuwt
GOTHIC /U O<oW

..
A ..,COo"-,lllJ MdJ n,NC,l'O(JII \WO

Q -..u �
RENAISSANCE l A'11\1
..GOIIUo'f C..nw;�U., t,lvtt
4-
,.,A ltfC
,. CCll"Vff. Ninll:rc.-..rmOlitflf.
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL '�t.f Al �ul il!,U,,,ochllu.s iJlJ<.IJ$S�»t C.O•H
20TH C MODERN G.Jllt.6•pophy,ft
l l

.8
� fou�dir,c;dy•� Plfpll.nlh
ISUMIC L.. ofth,NuolIclufl(,11 '°I IIIM

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C
 Greek
CORINTHIAN ORDER
• Decorative variant of Ionic Order

Corinthian column:
• Base and shaft resembled Ionic
• More slender
• Height of 1 0 diameters
• Capital: much deeper than Ioni c, 1
and 1/6 diameters high modillion
All OMl»l'ldnt.1ll,rxUt U�J 'yui the form
l
• Capi tal invented by Callimachus,
inspired by basket over root of ....... •h.e•-· of1 ""1•••11·
of, scro�\11Lh JunP'u5o, used1 n ,er1ct

eo.-po• ......�01o,1c;..,..,
acanthus plant

3 parts:
• Architrave,
• Frieze,
• Cornice, developed type with dentils
.............................. hdix
A splr,lomamtn, JSJ.nyofLJ'le voluk!S
ltiul"'f froin, t111hc.ulusI n ,1C.Orinthbn
••pil.ll
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.) c.tulicvlut
NEAR EAST L..
i,,u Anyof �onumenul suls rls.in,e

w.• "''""''
EGYPTIAN :::l be.tween t.be x.,nt..ku5 tu� ala
11,e Uo""1yi"t p•r<of•(ol,;ou,I
GREEK ••Jl!UI. ........."'"'"""''""- Corlnthuno,ptr.,lfn,m wi,ldl
$print A'5otalltdc,ut.col,
mol,l; "'
-
ROMAN (l.)
EARLY CHRI STIAN .µ·.C auntlua
Corfnthl.an orUr
BYZANTINE
A� «Nrl'ltffl...HOfl U11Corint.htJ11
..,11;o1, ,,.<emu'"'' ....i,,...
fl>emoo,...,.,.. ol wfive,i.ss;u l orkts,
ROMANESQUE "°°""'le.wes ofa Mel1turaneait1 � by th,eGr..U In tbe...UlltU,Y
�
p!anLof I.hesame 11,1,ne. 6,C t,ut. ustJ -"'Of"e eitt.e.AS!ve�Ii, �IN-"
GOTHIC /U ,�h�wre. shnilaranmost ,npcc,s t.o
RENAISSANCE r.he'°""butusu,llyof_,.,
Q
4- f"'porto>•• '"' ch>rxterltu •.,. by.
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
11....,,,..,..,, ..
, ..
.. ,..,.u.1.,.i,
20TH C MODERN atJnUtus. lu�s,ndJn ,b,cus'Nll.b
'°""Yt:!!,idtS

.8
ISUMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C
 Greek
,

--
Temple of Nike Apteros, Athens

Temple ofHera, Paestum

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t,
ROMAN (l.)
:!:
Temple of Artemis Ephesus
EARLYCHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISUMIC L.. The Parlhenon , Acropolis

.8
·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C
The Erectheion, Acropolis
 Greek
TEMENOS
• Enclosure designated as a sacred land
• Enti re groups of buildings laid out symmetrical ly and
orderl y
"""II .d,'t,,JI � ..,��

' r...�?t �
trrSl'.;; ·',r
n� i
(

,w.,)��
.••-
•
.• ,
•
AGORA
·· ��'

Acropolis at Pergamon

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t,
ROMAN (l.)
:!:
STOA
EARLYCHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �

t
GOTHIC /U �
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
The Acropolis, Athens
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 1 0 structures form a worl d-famous building group:
20TH C MODERN • Propylaea

ISUMIC L.. • Pi nacotheca

.8 • Statue of Athena Promachos

·-
INDIAN
• Erectheion
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
• Parthenon
FILIPINO .C • Templ e of Nike Apteros
• Old Tern pi e of Athena
• Stoa of Eumeses PRYTANEION, BOULEUTERION, or ASSEMBLY HALL
• Theater of Dionysus
• Odeon of Herodes Atti cus
 Greek
THEATER or ODEION

.,.-.
• Carved or hol lowed out of the hillsi de
• Acousti cally-effi ci ent

°"""" ""°"'
Ort,o/""LIIIO.W.P'-"'f'Wl)'t\0i'I
G,..tw,c,, ,�i.Gr«t MSoef'.h:t.-.en Ule
Nltptft·�l,h,e:1!.0',11$11Jlly�outof ....
,,..,;11w.......,,..,
1.hulope of,0111.w. "''",.-.. ,u,. Wh<-h t.lle�t i.heOfl:.hlilll

O><lUO)' Uw "'°"' ,
lf'fi .1rou11tii,�f"""t •"l �bir�hc'.t.rt
bwil,li't fo,11w
,
• p1r1tcUh1 m
(nJ,.,ol"'°""P 11.M\l'f , ..
,.u...torw,rdff'Offl VIIt-10ftSol a11

r£·: I:
w.-kwt 11:W-

°""""'' If"".
111,clfcwt,, ,l'Olltof' he•ute1 11
'"'llllnGl"llt'I;lhul(ir,C,Of!Ulluflf
,,..l"lofflellU to,VIO1'1'1fj,

""'"°""'
\NI'"'i,,,.,1,Gr,et L-l!t.ti..t, ,cuf'll'U for
•
•r.offl.l
chorut
,rou,ot
M1,,1e�..-,-.io.t.11dllf'Ptf'
fl!• ,ct.or't1,u111tliel!ttif'fllU • UI"' offUltWI J'IJflGl,f\l 0,.­

•"lcwl
..,.,.
t.'ln ...,...If IIV)Of P,rt.(.i,,l'lltallQt UIQ\er,tollUIIW .,,1,h\.ht°"'h..\/J
1"-'t.haOll\etwJI '"'WIMh11IIIC.l\.•flt
C,Oll'4�Us.ort0fl ""' 11'.Jll'I ott.N
,.,t.11U1ifrHlal.- .

1U11o1 ..urc,t
A f�1.1,,rtf11C1llfthfJ� "IP A wcdf,·fohlptd-;c,c'-""'of,ut
·t

_,.,.
11in.
.... 1MO.t�p1�,,..
J"'-,nt.G,r,d thutcr fO,,l!\o!lf �
t,1<1-ft'Ol,II-I �Off wh�"r.lnOf'WIJIIIUI
• II'\ 11(."11:fll, (j,-Mkt.haf«'

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
,
NEAR EAST L.. pro"ttil um

...... ,..,.,.,_
EGYPTIAN :::l thef,o,itp.1111,r;I UII'6Uftol 1•111e1t.it.
Cirut or�Of!l.lllLMIIW-rwPOfl Nlw.l\tht
µ
GREEK
u
-
·.C
ROMAN (l.)
EARLY CHRISTIAN .µ
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U
Q
RENAISSANCE
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISUMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
STADIUM or HIPPODROME
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
PROPYLAEA
FILIPINO .C PALAESTRA and GYMNASIUM
NAVAL BUILDING
TOMBS/ MAUSOLEUM
Theater of Epidauros
 Roman

Tho Hlstorlcal
Tlmollno ofArchhocturo

Egyptian

P r e. •Hlstorlc Gre<>k Roman

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:,
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN ;-!= Near East
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISUIIIIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C
 0 □ Roman Empire i n 114AD
under EmperorTrajan
Roman
2 periods:
Etuscan or Etruscan (750 BC to 146 BC)

Roman (146 BC to 365 AD)

• Developed constitutional republic
FRANCE • Farmers & s oldi ers, concerned with effici ency and justice
-•■ ITALY
• For 500 years Rome was ruled by elected leaders called
()
consuls
• In 27 BC, Augustus crowned himself Emperor with total
power
PERSIA • Succession of mi litary dictatorships of which Julius
AFRICA Caesar's was most famous

• Empire reached its greatest size in 114 AD under

Emperor Traj an - 4000km wide and 60 million inhabitants
• Used natural frontiers such as mountain ranges and
rivers to define thei r empire
• Otherwise they built fortified walls, such as Hadrian's
Wall in England
PRE-HISTORIC
(l)
NEAR EAST L.. • Provinces run by governors
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:, HISTORY
• Latin was the official language
• Applied roman system of laws
ROMAN (l) • Was the intermediary in spreading art and civilization in
• Many city-states on the Italian peninsula
EARLYCHRISTIAN ;-!= • From 800 -300 BC, among al l cities in Ital y, Rome Europe, West Asia and North Africa
BYZANTINE .C became the most powerful
ROMANESQUE � • 334 - 264 BC, Rome conquered all of Italy and
GOTHIC /U established one of the strongest empires in history
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
18TH•19TH C REVIVAL • Was centrally-located on the northern Mediterranean
20TH C MODERN • Not a sea-faring people
• Depended on conquest by land to extend their power
.8
ISUIIIIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
• Fought w ith Carthage In North Africa for control o f the
Mediterranean
FILIPINO .C • Hannibal led the Carthaginian army and its 38 elephants
across the Alps into Rome
 Roman
RELIGION COLUMNS
• Polythei sti c, several cults • Orders of architecture, used by Greeks constructivel y,
• Roman mythology slowly derived attri butes from those of were used by Romans as decorati ve features whi ch could
Greek gods be omitted

GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY and CLIMATE Tuscan Order

• Ital ian peninsul a: Central and commandi ng positi on on • Si mpl ified version of Dori c order
Mediterranean sea • About 7 di ameters high
• With a base, unfl uted shaft, moul ded capital, plain
• Temperate in the north entabl ature
• Sunny in central Italy
• Al most tropical in south Composite Order
• Evolved in 1 0 0 AD, combi ning prominent volutes of Ionic
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER wi th acanthus of Cori nthian
• Most decorati ve
DESCRIPTION
•
• Etruscans were great builders •
• Large-scale undertaki ngs, like ci ty walls and sewers
• Draining marshes, controlling ri vers and lakes by using
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.) channel s
NEAR EAST L..
EGYPTIAN ::J • Romans had great constructi ve abi lily
GREEK t:, • Complex, of several stori es
_""1.,.._
ROMAN • 111wl�:1u
11 J
(l.) • Uti litari an, practi cal, economic use of materi als t"-'llf'wUlil,,111�1
EARLYCHRISTIAN ;-!=
BYZANTINE .C _....,
l �f_f'l.)l\o "t¥-11!1,1w>,.

......
MATERIALS
ROMANESQUE � • Stone: tufa, peperi no, traverti ne, lava stone, sand, gravel • 1111111.,.xvo,-ct
...,...
,, '('".
GOTHIC /U • Marble, mostl y whi te ,lott,-. ll4lMl,��u
RENAISSANCE ll'lloifWk..MtL
• Imported marbl e from all parts of the Empire to river
Q
4- • t:Jt11"
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Tiber
"�"''�°'"·
Io,1_.il1,lto'a,ll'IG.l'1it't4
20TH C MODERN • Earth for terra cotta and bri cks o,lJ t"""'1l.,._
.... loMllfgl
"'('.V.IQIIO,l

ISUIIIIC
.8
L..
• Etruscans introduced the use of concrete (300 AD to .....
·-
INDIAN ftlhlwl()'"""""lot-A
400 AD): 1MIO-"Mitl1110Wit91tOU I
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
• Stone or brick rubbl e wi th pozzolana, a thick volcanic ,.,,O�llll'IOIOl
FILIPINO .C earth materi al as mortar
• Used for wall s. vaults, domes
• Concrete allowed Romans to build vaults of a magni tude I
never equaled unti l 1 9th century steel constructi on
 Roman
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
• Adopted columnar and trabeated styl e of Greeks
• Arch and vault system started by Etruscans • combined
use of column, beam and arch (arctuated)
• Were able to cover large spaces without the ai d of
intermediate support

1 ..... k.ey5tol'lt
. ' Tile�·shJifl!W,of-i,et1e«1ilJdllv.cd

----
11\UCUI I')'a.rch o'QllfSOirlt\heUOw.!lof1.111�$t'MtljU,
M 1rtll«-Sth: tuoflnidl r.duA(S�c,,r '°'ttJoicot.lier�rSlfffl"J,U.

__......
�i'QUH()l rS
W1'1HOir
Myo/thc�c s11,1�1111lt,i n1 floentc-0r'8M.S-ff� •NllYMyfl
�•rtllorv-a..t l!avl llfsWec.t6 Usc�bu.ol,�.caAko�hd
"111-llfl"til9noiv:a< �hearttiCtllU:f'S
_ J.tdwol t
AM,Ol'J,��--·�°"Uie:bu,
,,.,,tdlf�tka,;NC"r/P!,e:....
.,..
- iirt,r-MCts
,1.. {\,l��OfMffJUof.t'<l,M:.I,,
•pt llf<t • - - I lle:he!rtof,uicll,.,,_., .. fOf'\"oil"IIW�•-�
l u.o$Jl"'!f-ll'II ._l,Othe
PRE-HISTORIC Th,Orit�ssolrresU119 �tl!�• �t hlfl-dtprol'!l,oftllei ,.;.r_,..
(l.)
•
"''"jl1fl
NEAR EAST L..

-
.,...
EGYPTIAN ::::l
u
GREEK .µ
lllic:,0-."'�..� ..
<�>"'""" ..
HI f//f"1oi

-
·.C
ROMAN (l.) Mi.f'°"-•\.t,......., N;oc,. -
EARLY CHRISTIAN .µ
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
�
/U
..
.,.
flwhlf'.n�,,mo•"°'"'ti•
Wt'ltl'°"'"'..c.14" n.turr.11
r - .,..... ct
nw"""t-1-r-���
Ol"lll'NIIWilllrCI ,rt.
....... Vf:p�­

_.,._
t..� !!fJdriti �N�\.hc�
Q
RENAISSANCE rJJ\.,or"°'##t/
4- «"t't�\f'"MOtcil ,,ulQa<tjlJrc
*""fr''',,,,,...._�"'­
'°"'"
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL h1ull(t! •
(lth,r...rJ�.afQICIINlflf
20TH C MODERN
fl"Dffl P!U/'Olll'II\.OW WlpM'
lTimpotL *
ISUIIIIC L..
.8 .. .,,
�. ,.uolWII
, Lio('""'·"''
l11tf'1'""0il pm rl•�

·-
INDIAN alliinon I,,

C-EBE &JAPANESE (/) �11'<11,111� ,,..,

-�J"IJl'Ch FP"11ft
FILIPINO .C

•
.... I, .• ', .
 Roman
TYPES OF VAULTS DECORATION V

Wagon/ Barrell Tunnel Vault:

• Semi-circular or wagon-headed, borne on two parallel
walls throughout its length

Mosai c s
• Thous ands of small stones or glass tiles set in mortar to
form a pattern
• Showed pictures of roman life

• Opus lncertum - small stones, loose pattern resembling

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.) Wagon Vault with Intersecting Vault: polygonal walling
NEAR EAST L..
• Opus Quadratum - rectangular blocks, with or without
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:, mortarjoi nts
• Opus Reticulatum - net-like effec� with fine joints running
ROMAN (l.) diagonal ly
EARLYCHRISTIAN ;-!=
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U Cross Vault:
RENAISSANCE • Formed by the intersection o f two semi-<:ircular vaults of
Q
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL equal span - used over square apartment or bays
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISUIIIIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C

Hemisph erical Dome/ Cupola:

• Used over c ircular structures
 Roman
EXAMPLES

•................. ....1
_ x· 111111111111w•.uui11.....
RECTANGULAR TEMPLE
Maison Caree, Nimes
FORUM
• Roman c ities were well -planned with straight streets
crossing the town in a grid pattern
• In the town center was an open space called the forum
• Surrounded by a hall, offices, law courts and shops

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:,
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN ;-!=
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN _jj 1il

.8
ISUIIIIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C BASILICAS
Basilica in the Forum , Pompeii
CIRCULAR TEMPLE Basilica ofSeptimius Severus, Lepcis Magna
The Pantheon. Rome
 Roman
THERMAE DOMUS

• Romans liked to keep clean and fit

• Built elaborate public baths throughout the empire
• For as many as 30 men and women in the open

Parts of the thermae

• Apodyteria - dressing room
• Laconicum (sudatori um) - sweat room, rubbing with oil INSULAE
• Tepidarium - warm bath • 3. or 4· storey tenement type buildings
• Frigidarium -cold bath • Prototype for the modern condominium
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.) • Unctuaria - oils and perfumes room
NEAR EAST L..
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:,
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN ;-!=
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U ..,
..
..Jc:!. I �
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISUIIIIC
.8
L..
.. '"• •<
• . -..,.11.
l• ,,�,·
�--, . .
..,.,�.
·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
Baths of Diocletian, Rome
FILIPINO .C
 Roman
CIRCUS TRIUMPHAL ARCHES
Circus Maximus , Rome Arch of Septimius Severus , The Forum, Rome

THEATERS and AMPHITHEATERS AQUEDUCTS

PRE-HISTORIC (l.) • Gladiators trained to fight each other at organized • Carried water in pipes from the country to the heart of the
NEAR EAST L.. contests c ity
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:, • For the entertainment of the townspeople

ROMAN (l.) The Colosseum, Rome

EARLYCHRISTIAN ;-!=
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U
RENAISSANCE
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Q
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISUIIIIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C

Pont du Gard, Nimes, France

Segovia Aqueduct, Spain
 EarlV ChrisUan

Tho Hlstorlcal
Tlmollno ofArchhocturo

Egyptian

Pre.•Hlstorlc Gre<>k Roman Early Christi an

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
::J
t:,
EGYPTIAN
GREEK

'!=
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTI AN Near East
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U
Q
RENAISSANCE
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISUMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C
 □ Christian zed
by 600AD
j

EarlV ChrisUan
• Belief that Jesus was the Chri st and the Son of God -
Chri sti anity was born
• Disci pl es spread stori es of Jesus' life and teaching by
word of mouth and by wri tten account in the new
testament
FRANCE'

,---1 MAASEUE. ITA

() o• ,..,,......�
• ��
SPAIN
:,y�a,.�, No,\."),-.:
;n:<-,4 ct<�·�..

PERSIA
°';''-!tt.C�,;\� "

• Moved from Judea to Anti och in Syria and into the

Northern Mediterranean
• Founded new communiti es along the way
• Carried by St. Peter, St. Paul and other missionari es to
PRE-HISTORIC Rome, the center of the Empire and fountainhead of power
(l.)
NEAR EAST L.. and infl uence
INFLUENCES
::J
t:,
EGYPTIAN • Emperor Nero ordered Chri sti ans to be fed to wi ld beasts
GREEK or burned to death
HISTORY

-
ROMAN (l.) • In 63 BC, the Romans conquered Judea in the Eastern
EARLYCHRISTI AN ,I..J • Despite this, in 4th century Rome, Chri sti anity grew
Mediterranean
BYZANTINE .C • Mai n inhabitants were the Jews • In 312 AD, Constanti ne, a converted Chri sti an, named it
ROMANESQUE � • Jews believed that one day the "Messi ah" or "Chri st" the offi cial rel igion of the Roman empire
GOTHIC /U would free them from the Romans • By 600 AD, most roman viii ages had their own churches,

Q
RENAISSANCE governed by a bishop
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • In 27 AD, Jesus began preaching to people in Galilee, • Patri archs based in Jerusalem, Al exandria, Anti och,
20TH C MODERN north of Judea Constanti nople and Rome

.8
ISUMIC L.. • After three years, he was arrested by the Jews and found
guilty of offending their god GEOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY

·-
INDIAN • Ruins of Roman buildings served as quarri es from which
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
• He was nailed to a cross and died a painful death
• He appeared to his disciples after hi s resurrecti on from materi als were obtained
FILIPINO .C
the dead
 EarlV ChrisUan
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

DESCRIPTION
• Highly-i nfl uenced by Roman art and archi tecture ••••
• Thi s architecture hardly has the architectural value of a

• •
styl e, si mply because it was never really produced by the
soluti on of constructi ve problems
1
ROOF and CEILING
• Further devel opment of trusses - ki ng and queen post
•
trusses
•I
EXAMPLES
•
BASILICAN CHURCHES
• Roman basilicas as model s •
•
• Usually erected over the buri al place of the sai nt to whom
it was dedi cated
• Unlike Greek and Roman temples which sheltered gods,
the purpose of the Chri sti an church was to shelter !
•
PRE-HISTORIC worshippers
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
::J • Came in a complex, wi th cathedral, belfry or campanile,
t:,
EGYPTIAN
GREEK and bapti stery
'!=
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTI AN • Fine scul ptures and mosaics worked into new basilicas
BYZANTINE .C • Paid littl e regard to external architectural effect
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
�
/U • Entrance at west •
• Pri est stood behind altar, facing east '
Q
RENAISSANCE
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISUMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)

• -==..
FILIPINO .C
Lltlllic= a::__ •= --
 EarlV ChrisUan
r
. •ps.
A ...,1c:1rcullrorpoly9on1f P'°J"!Jonof •
blll ldnt-usually,aul t&lJnJ uSt.l esp II

•
th• S,nGluJ,yor..st todof.churcJ, Al so.
b,mu . •ptl•
1,,11,fyChrlStlJn diun:h I
C'JrJ4:ltnud loyJ b,f r<el.l•fubr • trlbune
pg, 1 hlJh'<)loon,,iu nawi It l,y1 The bishop's th,oo• occvpyl"f •rcus,o,
dtrnt«yl'lD UNerM llyI l>'llberM
fl''
'P"" I n an urlyChrlsll.ln chul'Ch
ll!Of. &woc, rou,lowerslk,�les.
· bcm,
lle.,<-1.JrJpooll tho""d J
>J.V�. 1-dolltnothe,r,..tures. u A v,nsverseopen sp,u ,.,,,,ti ,,
the

,_
ao """"'·• b= IM 5'111• n,,eanJ the1pooof 1n e,rtyChr1swn
lt.,<,n:..IJrIf*-, It""n11>•1 Ille chun:h. kvelo;I•• Into tho v,,septof
I.J1trcrucllorm chun:ho
&anc�uary
,trium • A s,cml or holy pbce. u tbt part of a
�,,t.."'"'"°"""" church I nwh�h tht pnoclpal ,1 ur1s pbud
�for«411r1: ol,n .,rfyChrisW• chun:I\
llyport"4itS
· alt.a,
,mbvutory lheUb4eI n J Chrlst1Jn church,pon wh1Ch
''""'"''' w,11: of•• Jtnumorcb>ltr the Euch..-15� ,ho s,,ran--c,ntceld>rJtl •·
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
""thuv, Chnsl's LJSt Supper. I S:eiebralt<I Al so
c,1 1t.1 '''"""""""' u�I •
NEAR EAST L..
1.1,;;iII f0t, n�u.JI,tu11.S.rt4 "'� w;;JUr 111
::J
t:, i,eJ:r'.-:I•• e.,� �hnsttJn baS'11C.1
EGYPTIAN
GREEK b1ldachln
An om,.,..,:.,tc,noyyo' stoneo, ,.,rt,i,
'!=
ROMAN (l.)
perm,ne•�ly placdo,e, ti-• .Illar I n a
EARLYCHRISTI AN
BYZANTINE .C .,i,le church Also. ►11dachl no. b11d1quin Aso l
c,l ltd �barium •
,.,,ted
A"fof the lo114 iti./l nJI d,vl_S
ROMANESQUE
••v.
� of• ch,rcJ,, .. from the
GOTHIC /U l>J • mwofcolu11nso,

Q
RENAISSANCE pier>
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL

nJ� .
20TH C MODERN
••••rly
1ml,o
The portico lot/ore �n,,eof
.8
ISUMIC L.. Eltho of c.,,oral S&:ist.ands
Chrisl<Jnoriiyz ..unecnutt•. from wf11Chthe Gospelsor

·- E?fStlesw.,.rn,to,ch1nlt.lill i:l-
INDIAN
appro,,ute.lto peo,1tnts
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/) hyti,tery "'1 •
,ne,rlyChr15tllnchul'Ch ;
FILIPINO .C A"" of• churth or. sq>JtJte r . .,1
eson.arthex Al so
....�on
l,w;J, l•
t-.!,,ch 1,ap�� Is Ao 11,ne,n,,;J,,xw�.e• t..o••• p�t
f,/,,
•'St<rU Also.►•ptlst..-1
 EarlV ChrisUan
St. Peter's, Rome Other examples:
• Erected by Constanti ne near the site of St. Peter' s S. Apollinare , Ravenna
martyrdom S. Sabina
• The Circus of Nero was tom down to erect it S. Agnese Fuori L e Mur a , Rome
St. Paulo Fuori Le Mura
S. Clemente, Rome
S. Maria Maggiore, Rome

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
::J
t:,
EGYPTIAN
GREEK

'!=
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTI AN
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U

Q
RENAISSANCE
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISUMIC L..
.8
·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C
 EarlV ChrisUan
BAPTISTERIES
• Used only for sacrament of baptism, on festivals of
Easter, Pentecost and Epiphany
• Large separate building from church, sometimes
adj oined atri um

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
::J
t:,
EGYPTIAN
GREEK

'!=
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTI AN
BYZANTINE .C TOMBS or CATACOMBS
ROMANESQUE � • Christians objected to cremation, insisted on burial on
GOTHIC /U consecrated ground

Q
RENAISSANCE
4-
• Land for burials had become scarce and expensive
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN • Monumental tombs became expressions of faith ,n
immortality
.8
ISUMIC L..
• Cemeteries or catacombs were excavated below ground

·-
INDIAN • Several stories extending downwards
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C • Usually domed and enriched with lavish mosaic
decorations
• Walls and ceilings were lavishly decorated with paintings
mixing pagan symbolism with scenes from the bible
 Bvzanune

Tho Hlstorlcal
Tlmollno ofArchhocturo

Egyptian Byzanti ne

P r e. •Hlstorlc Gre<>k Roman Early Christian

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:,
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN :!: Near East
BYZANTINE C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISUMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-ESE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C
 0 ■ Byzantine Empire in 56SAD
under Emperor Justinian
Bvzanune
• Strongly Chri sti an people - founded many monasteri es
and churches
• Converted the Russians and Eastern Europeans to
Chri sti anity - this form of Christianity survi ves today as the
Eastern Orthodox Church

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN ::J • Under Emperor Justi nian, regained control of lost lands
GREEK t:, HISTORY of the Western Roman Empi re, such as Northwest Afri ca,
ROMAN (l.) Italy and Spain
EARLYCHRISTIAN :!: • Fierce barbari c tri bes such as the Goths and Vandals
attacked from outsi de the empire • Attacks from Slav Barbari ans and Bulgars from the
BYZANTINE C • In 285 - 293 AD, the empire had split into two - an northwest were constantly being repelled
ROMANESQUE � • Persians, Arabs and Muslims from east
Eastern and Western empi re
GOTHIC /U • Constanti ne, a converted Chri sti an, changed the capital • Normans and Veneti ans
RENAISSANCE • Ottoman Turks captured the city in 1453 and killed
Q
4- of the Empire from Rome to Constanti nople in 330 AD
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • The western empire based in Rome finally col lapsed in Constanti ne XI the last emperor
20TH C MODERN 476AD
• Eastern empire lasted another thousand years and was GEOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY

.8
ISUMIC L..
known as the Byzanti ne empire • Where Asi a and Europe meet, separated by a narrow

·-
INDIAN
stri p of water
C-ESE &JAPANESE (/)
• Constanti nopl e stood on the site of an old Greek town • Art and architecture executed by original Greek
FILIPINO .C called Byzanti um (present-day Istanbul) craftsmen
• Known as the "new Rome", most commanding posi ti on • Infl uence reached Greece, Serbia, Russi a, Asi a Minor,
and most valuable part of eastern Roman empire North Afri ca, further west
• Bulwark of Chri sti anity duri ng the Middl e Ages • Al so Ravenna, Peri geux and Venice, through trade
 Bvzanune
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DOMES
• The dome was the prevailing moti f of Byzanti ne
DESCRIPTION architecture
• First buildings constructed were churches • Practi ce of using domes contrasts wi th Earl y Chri sti an
• Dumped Earl y Chri sti an styl e for new domical Byzanti ne ti mber truss system
styl e
• Byzanti ne is still offi cial style for Orthodox church 3 types of dome:

Simple - Pendenti ves and domes are of same sphere

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:,
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN :!:
BYZANTINE C Compound
ROMANESQUE � • Dome of separate sphere, ri ses independentl y over
GOTHIC /U sphere of pendenti ves or dome raised on high drum
RENAISSANCE disti ncti on:
Q
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Basilican plan • Early Chri sti an
20TH C MODERN • Domed, centralized pl an - Byzanti ne

.8
ISUMIC L..
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM

·-
INDIAN
• Fusion of domical constructi on with cl assical col umnar
C-ESE &JAPANESE (/)
styl e
FILIPINO .C • Domes of vari ous types pl aced over square
compartments usi ng pendenti ves
• Semi-circular arches rest directl y on columns, wi th Speci al desi gns: melon, serrated, onion or bulbous shape
capitals abl eto support spri nging of arches
 Bvzanune
EXAMPLES S. Mark, Veni ce
• On the site of original Basilican church
CHURCHES • An exterior quality all its own: blending of features from
• Centralized type of plan many foreign lands
• Dome over nave, sometimes supported by semi-domes
• Entrance at west • S its behind the Pi azza of San Marco, vast marble-paved
open space serves as atrium to church

• Glittering, resplendent fa�de

• Exterior enriched by f ine entrance portals, mosaic and
marble decorations

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:,
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN :!:
BYZANTINE C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U S. Sophia, Constantinople
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
• Hagia Sophia "divine or holy wisdom"
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Built by Justinian, designed by Anthemius o f Trelles and
20TH C MODERN lsidorus of Miletus
• Rose on the s ite of 2 successive Basilican churches of
.8
ISUMIC L..
the same name

·-
INDIAN
C-ESE &JAPANESE (/)
• Most important church in Constantinople
FILIPINO .C • Perfection of Byzantine style

• Later converted into a mosque

 Romanesque

Tho Hlstorlcal
Tlmollno ofArchhocturo

Egyptian Byzanti ne

Pre.•Hlstor lc Gre<>k Roman Early Christian Romanesque

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
::J
t:,
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN � Near East
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC (U

Q
RENAISSANCE
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISUMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C
 Romanesque
• The decl ine of the Roman Empire led to the ri se of
independent states and nati ons across Europe
• Most states still had eccl esi astical and politi cal ti es to
Rome
• This went on for three centuri es, from 500 to 800 AD

• Charl emagne, a Frankish Carolingian ki ng, was

barbari an Europe' s most effecti ve ruler
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.) • In 800 AD, he was crowned Emperor by Pope L eo Ill -
NEAR EAST L.. • established the Holy Roman Empi re, tri ed to be as grand
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:, HISTORY
as the Roman and Byzantine emperors before him
• Built his pal ace in Aachen, based on Byzanti ne palace
ROMAN (l.) and chapel in Constanti nople
• The Roman Empi re was halved into East and West
EARLYCHRISTIAN � • Conquered parts of Germany, Austri a, Italy and Spain
• Those outside the Empire were cal led "barbari ans"
BYZANTINE .C German tribes such as the Franks, Saxons, Vandals,
ROMANESQUE � • Art and civi li zati on was restored over Europe
Goths; Asian tri bes such as the Huns
GOTHIC (U • 4th century, Huns invaded Europe forci ng the Goths and • There was a new religious enthus ias m:
RENAISSANCE
Q
Vandals to seek shelter insi de the Roman Empire • The crusades were conducted agai nst Musl ims
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Rome agreed to let them stay in exchange for help • Papacy rose to great power
20TH C MODERN against the Huns • Great monasti c foundati ons
• Christi anity was source of educati on, culture, and

.8
ISUMIC L..
• In 410 AD, Alari c the Goth seized Rome, settled in Spain economy

·-
INDIAN
• Ostrogoths held much of Italy, Vandals moved across
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
Europe into Afri ca • In 814 AD, Charl emagne's empire began to break up
FILIPINO .C • 486 - 507, Clovi s, Ki ng of the Franks, conquered Gaul, splitti ng into 3 kingdoms
but was overthrown by the Carolingians in 751 AD • Vi ki ngs from Norway, Denmark and Sweden began
• Franks, Visi goths and Burgundi ans ruled Gaul attacki ng Bri tain, France, Ireland, Russi a and North
• Angles, Saxons and Jutes occupied Bri tain Ameri ca, only stopping by 1 000 AD
 Romanesque
RELIGION NORTHERN ITALY
• Ri se of the religious orders • Mi lan, Venice, Ravenna, Pavi a, Verona, Genoa - citi es
• Sci ence, letters, art and culture were the monopol y of competed to construct glori ous buildings
orders • Links to Northern Europe (through al pi ne passes) and
• Gave impul se to architecture; fostered art and learni ng Constanti nople (through Venice and Ravenna)

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER • Ornamental arcades all over fayade

• Wheel wi ndow
DESCRIPTION • Central proj ecti ng porch, wi th col umns on roughly-carved
• Religious fervor expressed in: grotesque figures of men and beasts (shows Northern
• Art, cathedrals and monasti c buildings European infl uence)

• Architecture spread throughout Europe but governed by S. Ambrogio , Milan

cl assi cal traditi ons -"Romanesque" S. Zeno Maggiore, Verona
S. Fedele, Como
• Ruins of classical buildi ngs - classi cal precedent was S. Michele, Pavia
used only to suit the fragments of old ornaments used in
new buildi ngs

EXAMPLES
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L.. CATHEDRALS
EGYPTIAN ::J • Mostly Basilican in plan
GREEK t:,
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC (U • Ri b and Panel vaulti ng - framework of ri bs support thin
RENAISSANCE stone panels
Q
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN BAPTISTERIES
• L arge, separate buildings usually octagonal in plan and
.8
ISUMIC L..
connected to the cathedral by the atri um

·-
INDIAN
• Used 3 times a year: Easter, Pentecost, Epiphany
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C CAMPANILES
• Straight towers shafts, generally standing alone
• Served as civi c monuments, symbols of power, watch
towers
 Romanesque
SOUTHERN ITALY CENTRAL ITALY
• Underwent Greek, Roman, Byzanti ne, Muslim and • Rome, Fl orence, Naples, Pisa - ci ti es rich in pagan
Norman rule infl uence
• Pisa had commercial links with the Holy L and; fought wi th
• Ri cher in desi gn and color Muslims
• Elaborate wheel wi ndows - made of sheets of pi erced • Greatstone and mineral wealth, bri lliant atmosphere
marble
• Greater variety in columns and capitals
• El aborate bronze doors and bronze pilasters I

• Byzanti ne infl uence: mosaic decorati ons, no vaul ts, used

domes
• Muslim infl uence: use of striped marbles, sti lted pointed
arches, colorful, geometri c designs as predominant interi or
decorati on

'•
'I

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:, -,.-
-
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN � Pisa Cathedral
BYZANTINE .C Cefalu Cathedral, Sicily • Forms one of most famous building groups in the worl d -
ROMANESQUE � • Most distinct Romanesque church in Si cily Cathedral , Bapti stery, Campanile, and Campo Santo
GOTHIC (U • Resembles other earl y Basilican churches in plan
RENAISSANCE
Q
• Exteri or of red and white marble bands
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN Bapti stery
• 39.3 m circul ar plan by Dioti Salvi

.8
ISUMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
Campanile
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
• aka The "L eaning Tower of Pisa"
FILIPINO .C • 8 storeys, 16 m in di ameter
• Due to failure of foundati ons, overhangs 4.2 m
Monreale Cathedral
• Most spl endid under Norman rule in Si ci ly
• Basilican and Byzanti ne planning
 Romanesque
FRANCE CENTRAL EUROPE
• Remains of old buildings were less abundant - they had
greater freedom of devel oping new style Wonns Cath edral
• Ri b-vaults and semi-circul ar or pointed arches over the • Eastern and western apses and octagons
nave and aisl es • 2 circular towers fl ank each
• Ti mber-framed roofs of sl ate fini sh and steep sl ope to • Octagon at crossing, wi th poi nted roof
throw off snow

• • •

SPAIN
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.) S. Madeleine, Vezelay • Use of both Basilican and Greek-cross forms
NEAR EAST L.. • Earl iest pointed cross-vaul t in France • Use of horseshoe arch
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:,
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC (U
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISUMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C
Abbey of St. Denis, near Paris
• Among the first instances of usi ng the pointed arch Santiago de Compostela
• Ri bbed vault, pointed arch and fl yi ng buttresses • Finest achi evement of Romanesque in Spain
successfull y combined
 Romanesque
ENGLAND MONASTIC BUILDINGS
Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire
3 foundations:
• Old foundation -served by secular clergy
• Monastic foundation - served by regular clergy or monks
• New foundation - to which bishops had been appointed

FORTIFICATIONS & TOWN WALLS

• All over Europe - 1500 castles in England in 11th and
Peterborough Cathedral 12th centuri es
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.) • Fine Norman interior
NEAR EAST L.. • Original ti mber ceiling over nave
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:, '-.
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
4
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC (U
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
'"°"" 1IWI �•11.y
A HOI-N11Utllf oflflo I0\11 �ilfh �
I
Ctlll11tit••'""'""• of, IIIOlY,uc,wt
.8
ISUMIC L.. '#illllfl I Qky

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
• Began as matte and bailey earthworks
FILIPINO .C • Later became citadels with stone curtai n walls

Durham Cathedral
• Rib and panel vault ing w ith pointed arches
 Romanesque
Adefeosiv• millt.aryworl
OO<!SW<t.edfo,iM purpos• of
•"'•ntiMnin9 • posi<lot,
clrc:11mnllste
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ft.t-it
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PRE-HISTORIC ol,oaidcr
'.,.,,.,.,,.
(l.) Ow1•,PktW1111t>.t:fau:1'YV.
NEAR EAST L.. I
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:, •
//
,,. . ['-
V..Oofl'wl.llllOCJWtn'!l,,-iet,WT;1
..

·-
u.-e:1111 • ., N'et. ,ittllofIh!"W'"
ROMAN (l.) AV·tti,pcOOVUrwOrtouu"' UldN�
EARLYCHRISTIAN -1-J tiUhat,tortrt». �"'4 Lhf �

;::1/
BYZANTINE .C 'IIIOA" Nkieeft t..ohi\41'1t
ROMANESQUE � o\ltwork etc:,rp

....
A mi nor 4d4"1&Wcpo111t,q11 fhelttntrtloptor•J cifW1iit<-h

,...
GOTHIC (U r,U�lt-hiMi �•I!"_,,o1!Ifort,lf,U t-11tr01.tnd• "t, "'""P'f\ Abo \
.,....,...,.p
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Q
RENAISSANCE �
4- c.ownc.crt'arp A�ci· .c•1•or•1w-off.1'1
9lacit
AtlOpe,�w"'•f't! down"',1Nt•"I front. 1tir r.a.t.tnort,10pe r,,w,.!IO'IVIII tOtllpr.JW!Ct""f�,,..,.
20TH C MODERN o(I ,�1i<ltlO'I fl 1-wc.k.1 Wi)'\.hJt1 t .i,u'i W'T'Ol.olld "If I"''!If.tr\ • car.to•
Q
"""'t•)dr,llt"'t fl'lr,l'f)' �-_..' """
,_......,
'
(
r A Pl'OJl"""'4"""'of l>\Olln ._..

"""
ISUMIC L..

--
t.hf�\ ill! rtCt. INofI• � , ,""
.... ol '"1""'f'Jt't
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·-
INDIAN ....

--..,at,
C-EBE & JAPANESE (/)
l
A ....Nl•tt11Ulcll",,_.s.q,:
FILIPINO .C ,.,_,rt,�,. {C)l"t,id

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 Gothic

Tho Hlstorlcal
Tlmollno ofArchhocturo

Egyptian Byzanti ne

P r e. •Hlstorlc Gre<>k Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:,
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN � Near East
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC (U
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISUMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C
 SCOTLANP

ESTONIA
Gothic
RUSSIA

IRELAND LIVONIA

LITHUANIA

J-IUNGARY

CASTILE
o0" • Some 4000 new towns were built to accommodate the
ri sing population
• Towns became centers of trade - Paris, Milan, Florence,
AFRICA Venice, Naples

• Mixture of lands ruled by nobles

• Feudal system - landlords ruled with tyranny

• There was restlessness among the people

• Towns became crowded and dirty- disease was rife
• B lack Death struck Europe from 1347 to 1351 and killed
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.) half the population - spread by rats and f leas, could kill a
NEAR EAST L.. person within 3 days
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:, HISTORY

-
·.C
ROMAN (l.)
• 12th - 13th centuries: Holy Roman Empire was reduced
EARLYCHRISTIAN -1-J
to the area of Germany
BYZANTINE
• Only 3 great kingdoms were le� France, England and
ROMANESQUE � Castile in Spain
GOTHIC (U
RENAISSANCE
Q
4- • Prosperous years in terms of agriculture - warm weather
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL and invention of the wi ndmill and water-mill increased the
20TH C MODERN amount of food produced

.8
ISUMIC L..
• Most Europeans were Catholics

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
• Church under the Pope brought Chri stians together
• Entire Christianity was united against Musi ims ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER · DESCRIPTION
FILIPINO .C • The rulers, the church and townspeople spent wealth on • "Gothic" is a term used in reproach to this style
building more cast les, cathedrals and monasteries • a departure from classic lines
• Towns competed with each other to produce the best • Can be identified by the general use of pointed arch
architecture • A l so called "Medieval Architecture"
 -­_,..,,.
,1,...,.,...,�,rol!.�"'feol,1
ff#.ts,.......��Ql,1
- '
Gothic
FRANCE
• In French, "L'architecture Ogivale"

Primaire (12th Century AD)

• A l so called "a lancettes"
• Distinguished by pointed arches and
geometric traceried w indows

Secondaire (13th Century AD)

• A lso called "Rayonnant"
• Characterized by circular windows
with wheel tracery

Tertiare (14th to 16th Century AD)

• A l so called "Flamboyant"
• Flame-like w indow tracery or free­
flowing tracery

Features:
• Use of pointed arch to cover
,.....,_,
A""-t1"� -•uf),OIM<IIW� ..
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
,,.;_,,,W�\I,V'JUlyf)f"l�I
rectangular bays ..
,,...,,..w,,
NEAR EAST L.. • Use of flying buttresses weighted by
EGYPTIAN ::::l
.µ
pinnacles
GREEK
u • Tall, thin columns - "stretching up as

-
(l.)
·.C
ROMAN if to heaven"
EARLY CHRI STIAN .µ
1tlfor-1t1
• Wal ls released from load-bearing o\•�•IO!)lo!H"-"" loe1...,.11Ulf
--·� ...cillll""°'Y �. ,
BYZANTINE function WNSpcMll11rf1.tLlliltp.auk-1.
....W
U,\llfJ!IIIUllnx,lofM ,!Sia
ROMANESQUE � • Invention of colored, stained glass
GOTHIC (U windows to adorn window-walls
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Tracery w indows provided a
20TH C MODERN framework for Bi ble stories to be told
in pictures
.8
ISUMIC L..
• Cathedrals as a library for illiterate

·-
INDIAN
townspeople - Bi blical stories were ""

-·
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/) A�f,...itri.,CM-�1111•ti
told wit h stai ned-glass and statuary Qffl:t•�'"-"ll'•U. IISp 11.t,.,o..�

..... .........
"'""""""�" "�-.-• A�""''........... .
FILIPINO .C .,._UIII ri,tr.inuk>t� c.lioi'ore,i.,i,ul
�"''""'•
n.dKreP • �
m;��,� AM
A�o!\ell\!Ulionl.tty,._,;:1""
r,crt, s,"""'°'11kl!I
ty,t'MI. �,.,u'lt uloildalti«..,U.
lkcl1ucffi•Uldirf,- W"""'c,I,1 ,l utt
�.itPll"'P Aor,1lvp'""fl.,M1bftt,1

"''"�----
dcMa,..,.,w�,pe-�
 Gothic
Amiens Cathedral Reim s Cathedral

"
,
'
'l,,' V'
y' - X

• •

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
::J
t:,
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC (U

Q
RENAISSANCE
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISUMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C

_ ...
 Gothic
Chartres Cathedral

Notre Dame, Paris

• One of the oldest French cathedrals
• Begun by Bishop Maurice de Sully

• Fa�de features successive tiers of niches with statues:

Christ and French kings
• Central wheel w indow
• Two western towers with high pointed louvred openings
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:,
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC (U
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISUMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C Other cathedrals:
Beauvais Cathedral
Laon Cathedral
Soissons Cathedral
 Gothic
CASTLES
• Built on mounds above rivers
• Thick walls and small wi ndows to resi st attack

• Many were adapted to make conveni ent residences 1n

later peri ods

Carcassone
• built in 13th Century AD
• double wall, inner one made in 600 AD
• 50 towers and moat
• two gateways guarded by machicolati ons, drawbridge
and portcullis

uep cattle
Thel nnermos1ind stronaest A fort�lt<I 1roup olNll41 "f5usually
stn,clureor towerol1 medlt,,11 domlnJll "f lhesurroundln9 count,y1nd
lleld "'t, ptlnce or nobleI n feubl uines.
lfflt·
castl e, u5t,jua pbGeol residence. • chapel
tsp. In limes olSlt�.Al soul lt<I A su�dl nateor pri vate placeof cltldel
ISNIIOwerlorml nf pa11ol 1
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.) �ltiucl<lre. fr"'luent!y
donjon, wor91lporpr1yerWi1hln lI Jr9er A fortress In I con,m1ndln9 �tioll I n or
NEAR EAST L.. lijl,�,, IIO� di stance1b�e tile complex. nearI Gl ly, used In theGonlrdof '""
EGYPTIAN ::::l p,nd.AI IIOCJl it<I tourllfle, lnhbll-lnl-51114I n defensedunn4 atuel: or
.µ sqe.
GREEK
lirtiun
-
(l.)
·.C
ROMAN lwl orerll1nfl"f tum,1 on •
EARLY CHRISTIAN .µ
'Nloriower, olten atI comeror
BYZANTINE lflrlptewly,
ROMANESQUE � ... · ward
GOTHIC (U An open sp,cewtlhl nor
bl,tween the wall s0/1 GJSll e.
Q
RENAISSANCE
4- lbdfsp,!;Jtechambtrln a

).
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL _.,f.:asllt. • barblcan
20TH C MODERN
111tern An OUIWOft on theapproach to. GJSllt
l!ffl1U rear doororgate to• 1011 ortown. esp., watchtoweratthepie
.8
L..
ordr.1wb""9e. Also, b1ri>1GJn.
ISUMIC

·-
INDIAN ,,nlle
• ·• ,.,,,lnu

C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C
�·
-s,rium . A fo11l fit<l wall encl rcfl 114•
. CJstleor tow•. ,ir theplaceso
i!lpt,yolI medl e.11GlSlle
,..,.1stery. Al soull ed enclo5ed.
 ..�
Gothic
Ap•rapethaYint • rttub:a!ierNliOII
of merloftsandcn:nds. Otltlnallyfor
defense but bter ose.l••• doeor>Uwe
,no;if Alsoc:aleo ...
�.
· · ,ncrlon
One ofIlicsolld p,ru�- die
c,endsoi • I,"�
• tNJM!
�'!'Y'=i.'_p theopen.,_•flenlatlnt
with wmertonsoh ntttemenL

r
�:-i....1""1-. = -=
· • =, F!Anyof

L Ha,,i"t hUltinenis.
\. :
ma,hic;olation ,, f t .........,.
tNJM!aud
AprojecU114 4allo,y ,rparapet a; � op,nlnf. asa loophdtor,renet.
.Ascu,.u
t.lle lq,of• castle wall lbrouth wfllcll mlssl�ffllY be

L
Suppo,ud t,yeori,,;l,d artht!
and �,vlnf openln9sI n t.lle floor • loophow
A sm,Jlornam>wop,niflt In• walof
t.llrovth which stones. molitn
Ind, orbOlnllf Oil GOUid becast
• foruflcatlO<I forw�rttof
upon 1n enemy beneath.
mlssllos.

PRE-HISTORIC eyelet
(l.) A sm,naperture Inthewaa ofa\
NEAR EAST L.. ine.llevalusti. used ,sI lffilowor

·�
::J ioo9holo. Also. olki..,,.i.i.
t:,
EGYPTIAN
GREEK

-
·.C
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN -1-J
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE �
A� lbat can be r>Jstd, lot...,..
fJrdrawn •Side to prwent-orto
GOTHIC (U fffl"lt pas....loenutll IL
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Q
4- ,..
I

20TH C MODERN
po..uullit /

.8
ISUMIC L.. A Sttonf fratlflf oflrllft ortimber
hUflf Mr Illet•iew,yof •

·-
INDIAN
fortified pl auI n s"'h I way lhat
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/) It eould be lowere4'l"ickl y to moat
FILIPINO .C preventpusa,io. A l>rou. clecp•Wt. u'41Jlly lllleJ1111b
w1Ur. wro1111dl"f the ,111plr\ of•
forlJflo,j s-,. lort-,orcastleas
protection aplllst HS.JulL
 Gothic
ENGLAND CATHEDRALS
• May have been attached to monasteries or to collegiate
NORMAN (1066 to 1154 AD) institutions
• Includes the raisi ng of most of maj or Romanesque • Found in precincts with dormitori es, infirmary, guest
churches and castles houses, cloisters, refrectory, other buildings

TRANSITIONAL (1154 to 1189 AD)

• Pointed arches in Romanesque structures

EARLYENGLISH (1189 to 1307 AD)

• Equivalent to High Gothic in France
• Also called "Lancet" o r "First Pointed" styl e, from long
narrow pointed wi ndows

DECORATED (1307 to 1377 AD)

• Window tracery is "Geometri cal" in form, and later,
flowing tracery patterns and curvilinear surface pattern
• Als o cal led "Second Poi nted", equi valent to French
"Flamboyant" style Salisbury Cathedral

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.) PERPENDICULAR (1377 to 1485 AD)
NEAR EAST L.. • Also called "Rectilinear" o r "Thi rd Pointed"
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:, TUDOR (1495to 1558AD)
ROMAN (l.) • Increasing application of Renaissance detail
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
BYZANTINE .C ELIZABETHAN (1558 to 1603 AD)
ROMANESQUE � • Renaissance ideas take strong hold
GOTHIC (U
RENAISSANCE
Q
Westminster Abbey
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Complex o f church, royal palace and burial grounds
20TH C MODERN • Most important medi eval building in Britai n
ISUMIC L.. • w idest (32 m) and highest vault in Engl and (102 ft)
.8
·-
INDIAN
Other exampies:
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
Wells Cathedral
FILIPINO .C York Cathedral - largest medieval cathedral in England
and in Northern Europe
Winchester Cathedral - longest medieval cathedral in
England

MANOR HOUSES
• Erected by new and wealthy trading families
Parts:
• great hall, room wi th solar room, chapel, latri ne chamber,
servi ce rooms, kitchens, central hearth
Later, in Tudor Manor Houses
• increased rooms, quadrangular court, battl ement
parapets, and gateways, chimneys, buttery (butler's
pantry), oven, pantry, servi ng area and storage, larder
(food storage), wardrobe, oratory-study, pri vate chapel
wi th altar and crucifix, scullery, brew house
Gothic
GERMANY. BELGIUM AND THE NETHERLANDS
• In Germany, the chief infl uence came from France, not
from German Romanesque
• In Belgium and The Netherl ands, it was based on French
Gothic, developing the Brabanti ne style
HALL CHURCHES
• Had a di fferent look:
• Nave and aisl e of same height
• 0 ne or two immense and ornate western towers or apse,
in place of sculptured doorway
• Bri ck-work and si mplified ornamentati on

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:,
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN � Ulm Cathedral
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC (U
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN Penhurst Place, Kent

.8
ISUMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C

St. Elizabeth, Marburg

• Typi cal hall church
 Gothic
SPAIN
• Strong Moori sh infl uences: the use of horseshoe arches
and ri ch surface decorati on of intricate geometri cal and
fl owi ng patterns
• Churches had fl at exteri or appearance, due to chapels
inserted between buttresses
• Excessive ornament, without regard to constructi ve
character Gerona Cathedral

i,
..
�

" ;,.
tt�:
Granada Cathedral

PRE-HISTORIC I1,jo ,
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
•�i
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:,
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE � Toledo Cathedral
GOTHIC (U
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Burgos Cathedral (1221 - 1457 AD)

.8
ISUMIC L..
• Irregular in plan

·-
INDIAN
• Most beauti ful and poeti c of al l Spanish cathedrals
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C Seville Cathedral (1402 to 1520 AD) Salamanca Cathedral
• Largest Medi eval church in Europe
• Second largest church in the worl d, next to St Peter's, Other cathedrals:
Rome • Avila Cathedral, Segovia Cathedral, Barcelona Cathedral
 Gothic
ITALY
• Led the way in Europe, in terms of art, learning and
commerce

• Cultural revival was taking place in Italy in advance of

northern Europe

• Roman tradition remained strong

• This arrested the development of Gothic architecture in

Italy
• Verticality of Gothic is generally neutralized by horizontal
cornices and string courses
• Absence of pi nnacles and f lying buttresses
• Small windows without tracery
• Proj ecting entrance porches with columns on lion-like
beasts

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:,
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
BYZANTINE .C Siena Cathedral
ROMANESQUE � • One of most stupendous undertakings s ince the building
GOTHIC (U of the Pisa cathedral
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
• Outcome o f civic pride - all artists in Si ena contributed
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL their works to its building and adornment
20TH C MODERN • Cruciform plan
• Zebra marble striping on wall and pier
.8
ISUMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
Other cathedrals:
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
Florence Cathedral or S. Maria def Fiore
FILIPINO .C • Designed by Arnolfo di C ambio Milan Cathedral
• Es sentially Italian in character, without the vertical • Largest Medieval cathedral in Italy
features of Gothic • 3rd largest cathedral in Europe
• Peculiar latin cross plan with campani le and bapti stery
 Renaissance

Tho Hlstorlcal
Tlmollno ofArchhocturo

Egyptian Byzanti ne

Pre.•Hlstorlc Gre<>k Roman Early Christi an Romanesque Gothic Renal ssance

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
::J
t:,
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN � Near East I slamic
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC (U

Q
RENAISSANCE -l-
18TH•19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISUMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C
 Renaissance
• Printing by Movable Types
• Led to the mass production of books
• Contributed to the ci rculation of ideas and know ledge

PO TA

AFRICA

I
'{
)
I
\
I I • Several Chris tian thinkers challenged and attacked the
� beliefs, customs, power and wealth of the Catholic Church
I
\ ) } • Protestants in Germany, Scandinavia and England
,...-1 • • Martin L uther and John Calvi n
• Religious and intellectual unity of Christendom had begun
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.) to crumble
NEAR EAST L..
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:, HISTORY
ROMAN(l.)
• Previ ous trade routes to the east had now been blocked
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
by the Ottoman Turks in Constantinople
BYZANTINE .C • 1450, seri es of voyages and explorations by sea led by
ROMANESQUE � Spain and Portugal
GOTHIC (U • For trade mostly but also for the discovery of more lands
RENAISSANCE -l-
18TH•19TH C REVIVAL Q
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISUMIC L..
• Increased understanding of Science and the Arts

·-
INDIAN
• Medi cine and Astronomy
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
• Human Anatomy by Andreas Vesalius
FILIPINO .C
• Attempt to understand the anci ent wor ld, its values,
• Warfare was changed by the invention of gunpowder literary, artistic forms and architectural forms
• This brought about the need for a new building type • "Treatise on Architecture" by Vitruvius in 1486
 Renaissance
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER ROCOCO
• Style which is pri manly French in origin
DESCRIPTION • Rock-like forms, fantastic scrolls, and crimped shells
• The Renaissance movement created a break in the • Profuse, often semi-abstract ornamentation
evolution of European church archi tecture • Light in color and weight
• Departure from Gothic , with the employment o f Classic
Roman "Orders of Architecture"
• Byzanti ne structural and decorative practices, instead of
Gothic, were interwoven with those from Roman and
Romanesque succession

PERIODS

EARLY RENAISSANCE IN SUMMARY:

• Period of learning
• Designers were intent on the accurate transcription of • Palladian Architecture was logical, staid and serene
Roman elements
• Proto-Baroque Architecture was vivid, virile and intense
HIGH RENAISSANCE or PROTO-BAROQUE
• Renaissance became an individual style in its own right • Baroque Archi tecture was dramatic, rich, grand and alive
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.) • Puri st or Palladian, where Roman tradition was held in
NEAR EAST L.. high respect (represented by Andrea Palladio) • Rococo Architecture was a profusion and confusion o f
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:, • Proto-Baroque, where there was more confidence in
using the acquired vocabulary freely (represented by
detail, presenting a lavi sh display of decoration

ROMAN (l.) Michelangelo)

EARLYCHRISTIAN � • Mannerist, where practices which had no Roman
BYZANTINE .C precedent were interspersed with the usual buildings, or
ROMANESQUE � entire buildings were conceived in a non-Roman way
GOTHIC (U • Mannerists used architectural elements in a free,
RENAISSANCE -l- decorative and illogical way, unsanctioned by antique
18TH•19TH C REVIVAL Q precedent
20TH C MODERN
BAROQUE

.8
ISUMIC L..
• Architects worked with freedom and firmly-acquired

·-
INDIAN
know ledge
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
• The true nature of Renaissance as a disti nctive style
FILIPINO .C began to emerge
• Baroque saw architecture, painting, sculpture and the
minor arts being used in harmony to produce the unified
whole
 Renaissance
FLORENCE ROME
• Citi es of Florence, Genoa, Milan - central, chief powers • Splendidly presented examples of High Renaissance and
of Ital y Proto-baroque
• Medi ci family- founded by Giovanni de Medici , who was • Famous architect is Donato Bramante
a commerci al and politi cal power
• Vi tality of social life at every level Tempietto in S. Pietro, Monterio
• Arti sts, who excelled in several arts, achieve high status • Resembling small Roman circular temple wi th Dori c
in soci ety columns
• Craft guilds, wi th both rel igi ous and lay connotati ons, • 4.5 m internal diameter
directed acti vi ti es of studios and workshops
• Renaissance had its birth in Florence

PALAZZI
• With the development of gunpowder, palace-type building
evolved, taki ng the pl ace of forti fied castl es
• Built around a corti le or interi or court, like medieval
cloister • Si te where S. Peter was martyred
• Ground floor and piano nobile • Desi gned by Donato Bramante
• Fa�e of massive, rugged, fortress-like character due to • Dome on drum pierced wi th alternati ng wi ndows and
use of rusti cated masonry and wal I angles called quoi ns shell-headed niches
PRE-HISTORIC • L arge wi ndows unnecessary and unsuitabl e
(l.)
NEAR EAST L.. • L ow pitched roof covered by a balustrade, parapet or
::J boldly protruding roof cornices
t:,
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �

I
GOTHIC (U
MI
Q
RENAISSANCE -l-

P,b � 1 ]l'I I!.,_ !.,,.!'�"7'

18TH•19TH C REVIVAL

II'' I , I I
20TH C MODERN
I

.8
ISUMIC L..

ilW .ea.�
·-
INDIAN Palazzo Strozzi
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/) • By Benedetto da Maj ano
FILIPINO .C • Representati ve of the Florenti ne pal ace of that peri od
• Open corti le and piano nobile
• Astyl ar exteri or of uniform rusti cati on
• Corni ce of 1/13 the height, 2.1 m projecti on
 A Renaissance
6. Antonio da Sangallo
• S light ly a ltered plan - extended vestibule and campanile,
r-::-;;,,;.�· and el aborated the central dome
mr7.
,. ,;
• Died

.. 7. Michelangelo
I
w j
• Undertook the project at 72 years old - present building
owes most of its outstanding features to him
• Greek-<:ross plan, strengthened dome, redesigned
surrounding chapels
S. Peter, Rome
• Most important Renaissance building in Italy 8. Giacomo del la Porta
• With cathedral, piazza and the Vatican, forms a wor ld­
famous group 9. Domenico Fontana
• Completed dome in 1590
• 120 years, outcome of the works of many architects
under the di rection of the pope 10. Vignola
• Added s ided cupolas
1 2 Architects:
1 1. Car lo Maderna
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.) 1. Bramante • Lengthened nave to form Latin cross and built the
NEAR EAST L..
• His design was selected from several entries in a gigantic facade
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:, competit ion
• He proposed a Greek cross plan and a dome similar to 1 2 . Bernini
ROMAN (l.) the Pantheon in Rome • Erected noble entrance piazza 198 m wide with Tuscan
EARLYCHRISTIAN � • Foundation stone laid in 1506 colonnade
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE � 2. Giuliano da Sangallo
GOTHIC (U • Upon death of Julius II in 1513
RENAISSANCE -l-
18TH•19TH C REVIVAL Q 3. Fra Gioconda
20TH C MODERN
4. Raphael -
.8 �1L ._,�_.,.D
ISUMIC L..
• Proposed a L atin cross plan

·-
INDIAN
• Died
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C 5. Baldassare Peruzzi • Completed pl an is a Latin cross with an internal length o f
• Reverted to Greek cross 183 m, w idth o f 137 m
• Died • At crossi ng, majestic dome of 41.9 m internal diameter
• Largest church in the wor ld
 Renaissance
FRANCE

COUNTRY HOUSES
• Country houses took the place of forti fied castl es

Some examples:
Chateau de Justice, Rouen
Chateau d'O, Mortree
Chateau de Josselin Chateau de Ma/sons
Chateau de Blois • One of the most harmoni ous of all chateaux
Chateau d'Az a y -Rideau • Desi gned by Francois Mansart on a symmetrical E-pl an
Chateau de Chenonceaux

•· • • • ·•·:-i 1i·•· 1 i I
�Ey1:-• r, tii'ffJif"i'
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST L..
(l.)

EGYPTIAN ::::l
GREEK
.µ
�@
...
Palaise du Louvre, Paris
• Built from Francis I to Napoleon Ill
• Together wi th Tui lleries, 45 acres consti tuti ng one of the
most imposing palaces in Europe

-
(l.)
·.C
ROMAN
EARLY CHRI STIAN .µ

_,..
--
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC (U
.....................
--._.,..,
..__
RENAISSANCE

-.........._....__....
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISUMIC L.. "'"-, ,,,

_..
.8
·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C Chaleau de Chambord
• Desi gned by an Italian, Domenico da Cortona
• Semi-forti fied palace, most famous in Loire distri ct
 Renaissance
Petit Trianon , Versailles CHURCHES
• Designed by JA Gabriel for L ouis XV
• One of most superb pieces of domestic architecture of
the century

Church of the Val de Grace, Paris

• Proj ecting portal by Francois Mansart, dome by
L emercier

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:,
ROMAN (l.) St. Gervais, Paris
EARLYCHRISTIAN � • earliest wholly-classical church facade
BYZANTINE .C • by Salomon de Bresse
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC (U
RENAISSANCE -l-
18TH•19TH C REVIVAL Q
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISUMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C

St. Etienne du Mont, Paris

 Renaissance
ENGLAND STUART BUILDINGS

PERIODS
IJT'lf
ELIZABETHAN (1558 lo 1603 AD)
• Duri ng the rei gn of Queen Elizabeth
• Establishment of Renai ssance styl e in England, followed
Tudor architecture Banqueting House, Whitehall, London
• Transiti on style with Gothic features and Renaissance • Designed by Inigo Jones
detail
�--•r•�
JACOBEAN (1603 to 1625 AD)
" f il.ffiw t I I ( •TI
STUART (1625 to 1702 AD) 1 1 11 1 1 1 I I 1 1 I · ·c
• 1st Phase: Inigo Jones was infl uenced by Italian Queen's House
Renaissance • Infl uenced by Palladian architecture
• 2nd Phase: Chri stopher Wren was infl uenced by French
Renaissance

GEORGIAN (1702 to 1830AD)

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L.. ELIZABETHAN MANSIONS
EGYPTIAN ::J • Statesmen, merchants and gentry built mansi ons in the
GREEK t:, countryside to suit their positi ons
ROMAN (l.) • E-shaped plan or H shaped
- plan
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
BYZANTINE .C Hardwick Hall , Derbyshire
ROMANESQUE � • Great hall, ki tchen and office, livi ng rooms, grand St. Paul's Cathedral, London
GOTHIC (U staircase, long gallery, wi thdrawing room or sol ar, towers, • Desi gned by Chri stopher Wren '-
RENAISSANCE -l-
Q
gables, parapets, balustrades, chimney stacks, ori el and • Area of 6000 sq.m and a large central space under dome
18TH•19TH C REVIVAL bay wi ndows for big congregations
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISUMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
GEORGIAN HOUSES
FILIPINO .C
Blenheim Palace , Oxfordshire
• Most monumental mansi on In Engl and
• Exampl e of central block wi th wings
 Renaissance
SPAIN & PORTUGAL •
EARLY PERIOD (1492 to 1556AD)
• Grafti ng Renaissance detai Is unto Gothic forms

In Spain:
• Pl ateresque, ri ch and poeti c styl e, so named for its
si milari ty to silversmi ths' work - plateri a
• Infl uenced by Moons h art • extremely florid and
decorati ve, from the minuteness of detail

in Portugal:
• Manueline Styl e (from Ki ng Manuel I, 1495 to 1521 AD)
• Decorati ve rather than structural in character, inspi red by
the voyages of discoverers

CLASSICAL PERIOD (1556 to 1690 AD)

• Close adherence to Italian Renaissance art The Escorial, Madrid
• Austere group of buildings, composed of the monastery,
BAROQUE PERIOD (1650 to 1750 AD) college, church and pal ace wi th state apartments
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.) • Classical rules disregarded
NEAR EAST L.. • Churrigueresque, fantasti cally extravagant expression, by
EGYPTIAN ::J Jose de Churri guera, (1650 to 1723 AD)
GREEK t:,
ROMAN (l.) ANTIQUARIAN PERIOD (1750 to 1830 AD)
EARLYCHRISTIAN � • Returned to ancient classical models
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC (U
RENAISSANCE -l-
18TH•19TH C REVIVAL Q
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISUMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C
The University , Salamanca
• The facade is a Pl ateresque desi gn masterpiece
• Admirable craftsmans hip
 Renaissance
GERMANY

Heidelberg Castle
• Exemplifies progressive developments of the Ear ly
Renaissance on the castle
• Saalbau, Hei nrichsbau, Friedrichsbau
• Great watchtower and irregular court

0
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
•
NEAR EAST L.. f...
EGYPTIAN ::::l
GREEK
.µ

-
(l.)
·.C
ROMAN
EARLY CHRI STIAN .µ
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE �

. •-. . . .
GOTHIC (U
RENAISSANCE

- ...
• I I t I
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • I tI •
20TH C MODERN

L..

:� ,. r..,.,.-,.
ISUMIC
.8
·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C
Monastery, Melk
• One of most striking Baroque monuments
 18111-19111 C: Revival

Tho Hlstorlcal
Tlmollno ofArchhocturo

Egyptian B yzanti ne

P r e. •Hlstorlc Greok Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renal ss an ce 18111·191t1 C:

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.) Rev ival
NEAR EAST L..
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:,
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN � Near East
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISUMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C
 18111-19111 C: Revival
• Home-based cottage industri es were rendered obsol ete
by the invention of the steam engine by Watt in 1785
• Goods could be made more cheaply
• Factories sprouted al I over Britain where coal was
available to fuel the engines, other countries followed suit

Social and Political changes:

� • Centuries-old monarchies gave way to democratic
Institutions - American Declaration of Independence
(1776) and French Revolution (1789)
• Urbanization and r ise in popul ation
• Growth of the bourgeoisie or middle class

0
• Professionals and businessmen

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:,
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U Technological innovations:
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
• Railways to easily transport peopl e and goods
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL HISTORY • Improved drainage and sanitation
20TH C MODERN • Coal-gas and gas lamps, later electricity
• Lift or elevator
.8
ISUMIC L.. • Revolutionary changes affecting every aspect of life
• Growth of communications

·-
INDIAN
• The lndustri al Revolution started in Britain new • Ship-building and the Suez Canal
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
machines and innovative processes hel ped change • International exhibitions of science and industry
FILIPINO .C nations from agricultural to industrial ones
• Spread to conti nental Europe and to North Ameri ca
• Created a new type of worker - the wage laborer or
prol etarian
 18111-19111 C: Revival
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Periods in Britain:

• The need to create an imposing effect -research into old EARLY VICTORIAN (1830 to 1850 AD)
styl es HIGH VICTORIAN (1850 to 1870 AD)
• Conservation of historic relics or monuments had begun LATE VICTORIAN & EDWARDIAN (1870 to 1914 AD)
• Interest in Classicism, in the Romanesque, the Gothic, AFTERMA TH (after World War I)
the Renaissance, the Baroque
• "age of revivals" - eclecticism, taste for exotic forms,
combining native and foreign styles

• "age of innovation" - use of newly available materials

• Form follows F u nction (Louis Sullivan)

Due to inventions in metall urgy and construction, new

material s became available for building:
• structural iron and cast-iron
• iron and glass
• zi nc The Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol
• steel • Designed b y lsambard Brunel
• rei nforced concrete -first used by Auguste Perret • Pylons of Egyptian character
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L.. New building types:
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:, • Industrial Buildings and Warehouses
• Houses of Parliament
ROMAN (l.) • Railways and Transport Stations - spread all over
EARLYCHRISTIAN � Europe
BYZANTINE .C • Museums - took the place of ari stocratic private
ROMANESQUE � collections of art
GOTHIC /U • Department Stores -in Pari s, L ondon, Brussels, other St. George's Hall, Liverpool
RENAISSANCE
Q
commercial areas • Designed b y Harvey Lonsdale Elmes
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Hospitals, Public Banks, Fire and Police Stations, • Most magnificent Nee-Classical monument in Britain
20TH C MODERN Exhi bition Halls r',
I
.8
ISUMIC L..
New emerging style:

·-
INDIAN
• The Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
• in the tradition of craft gui lds in the Middl e Ages
FILIPINO .C • led b y artist-craftsman William Morri s, architect Philip
Webb and writer John Ruskin
• furniture, glassware, fabrics, wal lpaper, etc - decorated City Hall, Swansea 1
with repeating stylized floral patterns • Designed b y S ir Percy Thomas
 18111-19111 C: Revival

Westminster New Palace (Houses of Parliament), London The Conservatory, Carlton House, London
• Designed by Si r Charl es Barry • Cast-iron for structural and decorati ve purpose
• Non-classical desi gn: Gothic detail by Pugin
• Vi ctori a tower, Clock tower "Bi g Ben"
• First major public building of Gothic revi val

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.) St. Giles, Cheadle, Staffs
NEAR EAST L.. • Designed by Pugin Palm House, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:, • Desi gned by Deci mus Burton and Richard Turner

ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U The University Museum, Oxford
RENAISSANCE
Q
• Desi gned by Benjamin Woodward
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • landmark of High Victorian Gothic
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISUMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
Crystal Palace, London
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
• Desi gned by Si r Joseph Paxton
FILIPINO .C • One of the most remarkable buildings in 19th century
Britain - free of any traditi onal precedent
The Cathedral Guilford • Housed the Great Exhibiti on of 1851, erected in Hyde
• Designed by Si r Edward Maute Park, moved to Sydenham in 1852 to 1854
 18111-19111 C: Revival
Periods in Continental Europe:

185010 1870AD
• Comparable to High Vi ctori an i n Britain
• Renaissance and Gothic revi val
• Structural use of iron

1870 to 1914 AD
• Use of metal s was intensified, especi ally in exhibiti ons
• Anti que forms instead of Renai ssance

ART NOVEAU (1893 to 1906 AD)

• Deri ved from the "Arts and Crafts Movement" in Bri tain
• An art free of any histori cal style

The Votivkir c he, Vienna

• Nao-Gothi c by Heinri ch von Ferstel
PRE-HISTORIC (l.)
NEAR EAST L..
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:,
ROMAN (l.)
\
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
BYZANTINE .C • Deliberate si mplificati on of structural elements 1n
ROMANESQUE � buildings and interiors, handmade obj ects and furniture
GOTHIC /U • Forms of nature for ornamentati on in the facade
RENAISSANCE • Floral styl e, freely-shaped wri thing vegetal forms
Q .,
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
I
20TH C MODERN Versions:
• France - Le Modem Styl e
.8
ISUMIC L..
' 'r
• Germany - Jugendsti l
• ••
·-
INDIAN
I
�'6 ,. �• '
• Austri a - Sezes sione
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
• Italy- Sti le Liberty
FILIPINO .C • Spain - Modemismo
The Church of Sacre-Coeur, Paris
• Nao-Byzanti ne by Paul Abadie
 18111-19111 C: Revival

-:1ffr!

The Schauspielhaus, Berlin

• Greek-revival style by KF von Schinkel

The Opera House, Paris

• Nao-Baroque by Char les Garnier

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:, The Library of St. Genevieve, Paris
• Nao-Renaissance by Henri Labrouste
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
BYZANTINE .C The Victor Emanuel II Monument, Rome
ROMANESQUE � • Nao-Classical by Giuseppe Sacconi
GOTHIC /U
RENAISSANCE Others:
Q
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Reighstag, Berlin - Paul Wal lot
20TH C MODERN Parliament, Budapest - lmre Steindl
Dresden Opera - nee-Renaissance by Gottfried Semper

.8
ISUMIC L..
The Altes Museum, Berlin - Greek-revival style

·-
INDIAN
Thorwaldsen Museum, Copenhagen - Greek-revival
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
The Opera House, Cologne - French Nao-Baroque
FILIPINO .C The Post Savings Bank, Vienna - Art Noveau by Otto
The Stock Exchange, Amsterdam Wagner
• Nao-Romanesque by HP Bar lage
 18111-19111 C: Revival
Art Noveau Architects:
• Vi ctor Horta in Brussels
• Antoni Gaudi in Barcel ona
• Raimondo D'Aronco in Constanti nople and Turi n
• Joseph Hoffman in Vi enna
• Charl es Renni e Macki ntosh in Glasgow

The Palau Gue/1, Barcelona

• Desi gned by Antoni Gaudi
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.) • Seems to presage Art Noveau in its forms
NEAR EAST L..
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:,
ROMAN (l.) The Entrance Pavilion, Exposition Universe/le 1889
EARLYCHRISTIAN � • Designed by Gustav Eiffel and mauri ce koechlin
BYZANTINE .C • Extensive use of iron, 300m hi gh
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN Casa Mila, Barcelona
• Desi gned by Antoni Gaudi

.8
ISUMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C

The Galerie des Machines, Exposition Universe/le 1889 Sagrada Familia, Barcelona
• By Vi ctor Contamin, engineer, and CLF Dutert, archi tect • Art Noveau by Antoni Gaudi
 18111-19111 C: Revival
Periods in America: The White House, Washington DC
• President' s official residence
POST-COLONIAL (1790 to 1820 AD) • Designed by James Hoban, Irish architect
• NeoC
- lassie elements • English Palladian style

FIRST ECLECTIC PHASE (1820 to 1860 AD)

• Greek-revival style, a ls o Gothic and Egyptian styles

SECOND ECLECTIC PHASE (1860 to 1930 AD)

1" Stream:
• Romanesque and Gothic inspi ration
• Inf luenced by Arts and Crafts movement in England
• HH Ri chardson, Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright

2"" Stream:
• Italian and French Renaissance, ancient Greek and
Roman, late Gothic inspiration
• Inf luenced by the Ecole des Beaux-Aries
PRE-HISTORIC
Monticello, near Charlottesville, Virginia
• Designed by Thomas Jefferson, 3rd American president
• Palladian style

-
(l.) • Structural experi ment and achievement: metal frame
NEAR EAST L.. construction, non-load-bearing curtai n wall, elevators
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:, • Produced the skyscraper - America's s ingle greatest
contribution to architecture
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Robie House, Chicago

.8
ISUMIC L..
• Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
Winslow House , River Forest, Illinois (aka Prairie House)
FILIPINO .C • First important work of Frank Lloyd Wright

Taliesin East, Spring Green , Wisconsin

• Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright
 18111-19111 C: Revival

(F
:I
•
.,..----;

Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois The State Capitol, Richmond, Virginia
• by Frank Lloyd Wright • Designed by Thomas Jefferson
• First neo-classical monument in America, based on
Maison Caree, Nimes
• Ionic order
PRE-HISTORIC

,
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:,
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
The United States Capitol, Washington DC

.8
ISUMIC L..
• First designed by Dr. William Thorton along Palladian

·-
INDIAN
lines
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
• Numerous modifications after the war
FILIPINO .C • Crowning dome Lincoln Memorial, Washington DC
• One of the wor ld's best known buildings • Designed by Henry Bacon
• Greek Doric style
 18111-19111 C: Revival
Merchants Exchange, Philadelphia
• Designed by William Stri ckland
• Greek-revi val

The Marshall Field Wholesale Warehouse, Chicago,

Illinois
• Desi gned by HH Ri chardson

The Auditorium Building, Chicago, Ill inois

• Designed by Dankmar Adler and L ouis Sullivan

----
13ESl313EiBBB88B
• Nao-Byzanti ne interi or

The Reliance Building, Chicago

• Designed by Burnham and Root
The Monadnock Building, Chicago
• Designed by Daniel Burnham

The Second Leiter Building, Chicago

• Metal -framed bui ldi ng

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.) The Gace Building, Chicago
NEAR EAST L.. • Desi gned by Louis Sullivan and Hol abird and Roche
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:, The Schlesinger-Mayer Store
ROMAN (l.) • Desi gned by L ouis Sullivan
EARLYCHRISTIAN � • Suggesti on of Art Noveau styl e
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE � The Larkin Soap Co. Building, Buffalo, NY
GOTHIC /U • Desi gned by Frank Lloyd Wri ght
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL The Woolwor th Buildin g, NY
20TH C MODERN • Desi gned by Cass G ii bert
• Gothic styl e

.8
ISUMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
The Wainwright Building, St. Louis
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
• Desi gned by Adler and Sullivan
FILIPINO .C
Empire State Building
• Designed by Shreve, Lamb and Harmon
• 85 storeys
 20111 C: Modern

Tho Hlstorlcal
Tlmollno ofArchhocturo

Egyptian Byzanti ne

Pre.•Hlstorlc Gre<>k Roman Early Christi an Romanesque Gothic Renal ss an ce 18111·191t1 C: 2o�c,
PRE-HISTORIC Rev ival Modern
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
::J
t:,
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN � Near East
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U
Q
RENAISSANCE
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISUMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C
 20111 C: Modern
FAMOUS ARCHITECTS

Marcel Breuer
• Architect and designer
• Best known for the design of tubular steel Wassily Chair
• Studied at the Bauhaus - become director of the school's
furniture department in 1924
� • Designed a series of noted structures including
innovative houses and the Whitney Museum of Art

UNESCO Secretariat Building , Paris

0 I

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST I-.
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:, HISTORY
Eero Saarinen
Works incl ude:
ROMAN (l.) - Dulles International Airporl Building , near Washington
EARLYCHRISTIAN � - The General Motors Technical Center, Warren , Michigan
More innovations:
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
.C
�
• Curtai n wall ...
• Steel and plate-glass
GOTHIC /U • Folded s lab by Eugene Freyssinet
RENAISSANCE •
Q
4- • Flat slab by Robert Maillart
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Laminated ti mber
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISUMIC 1-
• Functionalism in design !
I '-' ��
--�
·
1____. rf?
·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
TWA Terminal, JFKennedy Airport
FILIPINO .C • Undulating shape was meant to evoke the excitement o f
high speed flight
• Even interior details: lounges, chai rs, signs, and
telephone booths harmonized with the curving "gull
w inged" shell
 20111 C: Modern
Oscar Niemeyer Frank Lloyd Wright
• Worked w ith city planner Lucio Costa to conceive and
build Brasilia, Brazil's capital in a record time of just four Johnson Wax Co. Building

L.
years
• Functionality and the use of pre-stressed concrete
dominate his designs
• Also designed the cathedral, the national theater and the
presidential palace

Parliament Buildin g , Brasilia

Falling Water, Pennsylvania

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
::J
t:,
EGYPTIAN Eric Mendelsohn
GREEK • Dynamic, sculptural quality
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN � Bnstein Tower, Potsdam
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U
Q
RENAISSANCE
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISUMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C Also designed:
- Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, NY
- Imperial Hotel in Tokyo - he played a decisive role in the
renewal of Japanese architecture
 20111 C: Modern
le Corbusier Buckminster Fuller
• Based in Swi tzerl and and France, he dominated • Created the Dymaxi on House, the first "machine for
European scene for nearl y half-a-century livi ng" - a portable home insi de from metal alloys and
• He believed that "the house is a machine to live in" - the plasti cs
program for building a house shoul d be set out with the • Desi gned all necessary mechanical systems and devi ces
same preci si on as that for building a machine in the center of the building, wi th livi ng spaces around it,
open to the arrangement tastes of the owner
Five Points of New Architecture
1. Framework structurally independent of walls The United States Pavilion at Expo 67, Montreal
2. Free-standi ng fayade - the free facade, the corollary of
the free plan i n the verti cal plane
3. Roof garden - restori ng, the area of ground covered by
the house Walter Gropius
4. Open planni ng - the free plan, achieved through the • Created prototype of modern archi tecture: free-standi ng
separati on of the load-beari ng col umns from the walls glass sheath suspended on a structural framework - aka
subdivi ding the space curtain wal I
5. Cube form elevated on stilts or columns - piloti ses • First used this on Hal lidi e Bui ldi ng, San Francisco in
elevating the mass off the ground 1918
• Established Bauhaus, a school or training intended to
relate art and architecture to technol ogy and the practi cal
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.) needs of modern life
NEAR EAST L..
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:,
..
. .,
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE � Chapel of Notre Dame, Ronchamp
GOTHIC /U
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN •

.8
ISUMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C

I
Villa Savoye at Poissy
• Reali zati on of his 'five poi nts' of new architecture
 20111 C: Modern
Frei Otto FAMOUS WORKS
• The seminal figure in the development of tensile
architecture
• Veered away from the si mple geometri c solutions and
built organic free forms that could respond to complex
planning and structural requirements

Munich Stadium for 1972 Olympic Games

Palazzetto de/lo Sport for 1960 Rome Olympics

• Designed by Pierre L uigi Nervi and Vitellozzi

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
T
NEAR EAST L..
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:,
ROMAN (l.) Other Personalities:
EARLYCHRISTIAN � • Otto Wagne,-, Austria
BYZANTINE .C • Richard Neutra, Austria
ROMANESQUE � • Rudolf Schindler, Austria
GOTHIC /U • Peter Behrens, Germany
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
• August Perret, France
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Hendrik Ber/age, The Nether lands
20TH C MODERN • JJP Oud, The Nether lands
• Victor Horta, Belgium
.8
ISUMIC L..
• Charles Rennie Mackintosh, UK

·-
INDIAN
• CFA Voysey, UK
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
• Louis Suffivan, USA
FILIPINO .C • Adolf Meyer Sports Haff for 1964 Tokyo Olympics
• Tony Garnie,- • Designed by Kenzo Tange
• Max Berg
• Mies van der Rohe
 20111 C: Modern

r .,

Sydney Opera House

• Designed by Jorn Utzon of Denmark
• He won the project in a competition for the design of a
performing arts complex in Sydney, Australia

World Trade Center

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.) • Original ly designed by Minoru Yamasaki
NEAR EAST L.. • Structural steel framing
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:, • Destroyed by the September 11 terrori st attacks
• Redesigned by Daniel Libeskind • 541 m tal l
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISUMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C The Chrysler Building, NY
• Designed by William van A len
• Art Deco style
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 Islamic

Tho Hlstorlcal
Tlmollno ofArchhocturo

Egyptian Byzanti ne

P r e. •Hlstorlc Gre<>k Roman Early Christian

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:,
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN � Near East Islamic
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISLAMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C
 Islamic
• Muhammad died in 632 AD, but his Muslim followers
were ready to spread his teachings
• Concerted efforts by conqueri ng Arabi c tri bes to spread
Isl am
• North into Central Asia
• Westward to Africa
• Al ong trade routes into India
� • Among the Turks and Mongols

• Spread of I sl am is associated wi th military conquest and

racial movements
• Establish a cul tural ti e wi th Arabi an heartl and, wi th

0
annual pilgri mage to Mecca

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:, HISTORY
ROMAN (l.)
• The religion of Isl am began in Arabi a
EARLYCHRISTIAN � SOCIETY
• 610 AD, Muhammad from Mecca saw vi sions of an angel
BYZANTINE .C • Message from Allah to stop worshipping false idols and • Tri bal groups
ROMANESQUE � • Publ ic life was reserved for men (women had a
to accept the will of god "Islam"
GOTHIC /U • Arabs of Mecca re ected thi s message secondary role -for domesti c and agri cultural work)
RENAISSANCE j
Q
• Christi ans and Jews ("people of the book") were gi ven
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • 622 AD, the Hegira • Muhammad moved to Medina and the freedom of worshi p and self-government
20TH C MODERN converted the people into Islam
• Withi n 10 years, the framework of religion and military • Many of the conquered citi es were already centers of
ISLAMIC Q
organi zati on tasked wi th spreading the faith was learning

·-
INDIAN .... • Muslims translated into Arabic many scholarl y wri ti ngs
established
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
• Medina then fought Mecca and in 630 AD destroyed all from Greek, Persian and Indian
FILIPINO .C its idols and converted it to Isl am • Rulers and scholars were interested in mathemati cs,
astronomy, geography, medici ne, philosophy and science
 Islamic
RELIGION ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
• Last of 3 great religions of Middle East
• Complete philosophy of life and government DESCRIPTION
• One god All ah, Muhammad is the prophet • Countri es al ready rich in building traditi on
• Fai th is held to be Allah's will for creation • Product of the rapid conquest of diverse terri tories by a
people wi th no archi tectural traditi on
• Acceptance of the transitory nature of earthly life • Synthesi s of styl es under one philosophy but in many
• Personal humility different circumstances
• Abhorrence of image worship
Isl am had a profound impact on its archi tecture:
• No essenti al difference in techni ques between religious
and non-religious buildings
• Important architectural endeavor is normally expended
on bui ldings havi ng a di rect social or community purpose
• Decorati ons tend toward the abstract, using geometri c,
calligraphic and pl ant moti fs, wi th a preference for a
uniform field of decorati on rather than a focal element
• Basic conservati sm discourages innovati ons and favors
established forms
• Symmetry and balance (as in the concept of perfect
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.) creati on)
NEAR EAST L.. • Centered upon God
EGYPTIAN ::J • Related to a pri nci pal axi s, the kibla, pointi ng towards
GREEK t:, Mecca
ROMAN (l.)
• •
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
�
/U Koran
• Muhammad wrote down the words of angels who brought
z:.:,

Q
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL him messages from Allah
20TH C MODERN • After his death, these accounts were compi led into a holy
book
ISLAMIC Q • Speaks of the power of Allah, to accept his will and to DECORATION

·-
INDIAN ....
prai se him • in lieu of human and animal forms: abstract and
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
geometric moti fs, calligraphy, fl oral abstracti on, geometri c
FILIPINO .C • 5 Pillars of Isl am: Declari ng faith in god, Prayer, Fasti ng, interl acement, mouldings and fri ezes, carvi ngs in bas
Givi ng to chari ty, Pi lgri mage to Mecca relief, stone inlay and mosaic, patterned bri ckwork,
• Also jihad or holy war is someti mes added as a pillar to ceramic and glass mosaic, painti ng, timber inlay,
spread the faith and defend it from attack Arabesques, screen or pierced grill es in marble
 Islamic
EXAMPLES PARTS OF A MOSQUE

MOSQUE
• The prophet Muhammad called on people to honor Allah
in prayer - mosques were built wherever Islam had spread
0 = I •-•-----•---•• 1 1 I I.
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• Building used for Friday prayer ;-
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• Prime purpose was contemplation and prayer 1 1 1 1 ;
• Coul d also be used as a school, place for transactions, !
■ ' I I I I •
storage for treasures, place for hearing official notices
• Masjid -s mal I prayer house
., _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ,. , , �
.................... ···•······ ..••...... J
�

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.) • Madrassah - religious college and mosque
NEAR EAST L.. • Sahn - cloistered or arcaded courtyard is a fundamental
EGYPTIAN ::::l • Inward-looking building feature
.µ
GREEK • Courtyard w ith sides punctuated with gateways, prayer • Fawwara - fountain

-
(l.)
·.C
ROMAN chambers and porches • Mihrab - niche oriented towards Mecca
EARLY CHRI STIAN .µ • No positive object of attention or adoration • Dikka - reading desk
BYZANTINE • Conceived around an axis towards Mecca • Maqs ura - screen
ROMANESQUE � • In every mosque, there is a wall with a hole or niche cut • Mimbar - raised platform for ceremonial announcements
GOTHIC /U into it, shewi ng the di rection of Mecca • lwan - open-fronted porch facing a court
RENAISSANCE • Minaret - tower from which a call to prayer is made
Q
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Ki bla - axis oriented towards Mecca
20TH C MODERN
Personalities:
ISLAMIC Q • Muezzin - caller who summons the faithful to prayer

·-
INDIAN .µ
• Imam - man who leads congregation in prayer
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/) • Caliph - successor to the prophet as military, judicial, or
FILIPINO .C spiritual leader o f Islam
I • Sufi - holy man
 Islamic

Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem (Kubbet-es-Sakhra)

• 688 to 692 AD
• Most important Isl amic structure
• Great central dome covers the sum mil of Mt Mori ah
(from where the prophet is believed to have made his ri de
to heaven)
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L.. The Great Mosque, Damascus
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:, • Earl iest survi vi ng large mosque, built in 705-71 1 AD
• Stood in a walled temenos
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U
•
RENAISSANCE
Q

t,
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISLAMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C

Dar al-lmara and Mosque of lbn Tulun, Cairo The Great Mosque, Cordoba
• 876 to 879 AD • 785AD
 Islamic
SARAY or SERAI TOMBS
• Palace w ith courtyard

The Taj-Mahal, Agra (1630 to 1653 AD)

• Built by the emperor Shah Jahan for his favorite wife
Mumtaz Mahal
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.) • Took 1 1 years to build and 20,000 to work on it
NEAR EAST L.. • Covered in white marble, which reflects the changi ng
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:, colors of the sun
• S i ts in a well-landscaped garden
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISLAMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C The Alhambra, Granada (1338 to 1390 AD)
• Fortified palace and complex of buildi ngs set in gardens
• One of most elaborate and richly decorated Islamic Tomb ofHumayun , Delhi
palaces • 1565AD
 Indian

Tho Hlstorlcal
Tlmollno ofArchhocturo

-
Egypti an Byzanti ne

..,,,
. �.
�

Pre.•Hlstorl c Greok Roman

•
,,

Early Christian
•
Romanesque
l1�,r-
Gothic Renal ssance 18111·191t1 C: 2o�c,
PRE-HISTORIC Rev ival Modern
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
::J
t:,
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN � Near East Islamic
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U
Q
RENAISSANCE
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Indian
8
ISUMIC L..

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C
 Indian
• 1500 BC Aryans from the north moved into India

□ Ma.uryan Empire
under K ing Ashoka
• Set-up 16 separate ki ngdoms all over
• Most powerful, the Magadha ki ngdom, conquered al l
other kingdoms
• Established the Mauryan Empi re in 300 BC under Ki ng
Ashoka

� Links:
• Mesopotamian Cultures (from 2500 to 1500 BC)
• Central Asi a (vi a mountain passes in the north)
• Persia and Greco-Roman Western Asi a (vi a Bal uchi stan)

0
• Successi ve military and economic incursions brought art
and architecture: Aryan, Persian, Greco-Roman,
Sassanian, Musl im, Portuguese, French, English

RELIGION

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L.. Hinduism
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:, HISTORY
• Main religion of India
• Al ong with Judaism, the worl ds oldest survi vi ng religion
ROMAN (l.) • From indigenous Dravi dians and Aryan invaders
• Third great civilizati on to emerge in a ferti le ri ver valley
EARLYCHRISTIAN � • Chief gods: Brahma, Vishnu, Shi va
• Indus river 2500 BC, present-day Paki stan and
BYZANTINE .C Northwest India • Belief in reincarnati on, the soul comes back to life in a
ROMANESQUE � different body
• Major citi es were Mohen o - Daro and Harappa
GOTHIC /U j
• Each city was rul ed by pri est-ki ngs, ci tadels atop the ci ty • Caste system: pri ests, warri ors and nobles, farmers and
RENAISSANCE
Q
• Lasted only 800 years traders, laborers and servants, untouchables
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN Buddhism
L..
• Many people disl i ked the way Hindu society divi ded

8
ISUMIC
people into castes

·-
INDIAN
• Gautama Siddhartha 563 - 483 BC, gave up his princel y
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
life to search for wi sdom
FILIPINO .C • After 6 years of wanderi ng, he found enlightenment
through a deep thinki ng process cal led medi tati on
• Overcome human weakness including greed and anger
• Salvati on or nirvana
 Indian
MANDIRA
• Hindu temple wi th a interior sanctuary called a vimana
• Capped by a taperi ng spire-shaped tower -s ikhara
• Porch-like mandapa halls for dancing and music

@)
STAMBHAS or LATHS
• Monumental pillars standing free wi thout any structural
functi on
• I
u
• Circular or octagonal shafts
• Capital Persepolitan in form, bell-shaped and crowned
wi th animal s carryi ng the Challra, wheel of law

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
EGYPTIAN ::J '
I'

GREEK t:, \

ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
BYZANTINE .C 7
ROMANESQUE � · _._.......__�
UJ12_�t:.J:i-:=.....,cc·IL':.,.
GOTHIC /U
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN it,ml,a

L..
,�t.andl� memoria! p, lbrln
8
ISUMIC
!wn an;h,ucture. l>e�rln� ,arved

·-
INDIAN
ptions. rell§lous emt>lems. ora
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/) tae. Al!>O. stamt,I,,
FILIPINO .C
n1<10l1tll1' stamita. » distln�ulshed
one t>ullt ur of stone c.ourses.
 Indian
• STUPAS
' ', • Buddhist memori al mound erected to enshri ne a relic of

·- ·- ·--�-...
• Buddha, to commemorate special events or mark a sacred
spot

., •
• Regarded as symbols of the universe

.-
,.
• • Based on the pre-histori c funerary tumulus
•
. ...,
•
I
1 • Arti ficial domical mounds rai sed on a platform
)
'' • With processi onal paths, rai ls, gateways, crowni ng
I I
umbrella called a chattri

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)

-
NEAR EAST L..
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:, VIHARAS
......
ROMAN (l.) • Buddhist monasteri es often excavated from solid rock
EARLYCHRISTIAN � • Central pillared chamber orquadrangle surrounded by
BYZANTINE .C verandah
ROMANESQUE � • Small sleeping cells on the sides
GOTHIC /U • In front stood the courtyard containing the stupa
RENAISSANCE
Q
4- L •

18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
I,
L..
8
ISUMIC

·-
INDIAN
C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C
CHAITYAS
• Buddhist shrine also carved out of solid rock
• Formed like an aisl ed basilica with a stupa at one end
 Chinese

Tho Hlstorlcal
Tlmollno ofArchhocturo

,
Egypti an Byzanti ne

,,
•
Pre.•Hlstorlc Greok Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renal ssance 18111·191t1 C: 2o�c,
PRE-HISTORIC Rev ival Modern
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
::J
t:,
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN � Near East I slamic
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U
Q
RENAISSANCE
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISUMIC L.. Indian Chinese & Japane-.se

-
INDIAN
CHINESE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C
 Chinese
□ Chi n Kingdom

□
in 1000 BC
Shang Kingdom
in 206 BC

• 221 BC, Shi Huangdi of Chin took control and became

the first emperor of China
• Ruled wi th armies and offi ci als
• Organi zed huge number of laborers to work for hi m

0
• Built the Great Wall of China to repel northern enemies
• Terra-cotta army of 6000 life-size soldiers, horses and
chari ots was buri ed wi th the emperor
• Shi Huangdi died in 210 BC, Chin dynasty was repl aced
by Han and western Jin dynasti es

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST I-. SOCIETY
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:, HISTORY
• Foreign trade by land and sea
• Theori sts, schools of philosophy Confuci us, Lao-Tzu
ROMAN (l.) • Wri ti ng, calendar and money
EARLYCHRISTIAN � • Arts, painti ng, calligraphy, architecture
BYZANTINE .C
ROMANESQUE � RELIGION
GOTHIC /U Religious and ethical infl uences:
RENAISSANCE
Q
• Confucianism, code of social conduct and phi losophy of
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL life, family and ancestor worshi p
20TH C MODERN • Taoism, uni versal love as soluti on to social disorder
• Buddhism

.8
ISUIIIIC 1-
• Only ancient ci vi lizati on that has conti nued to thi s day

-
INDIAN
• Succession of emperors and dynasti es and warri ng GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY
CHINESE &JAPANESE (/)
states • Larger than Europe in area, 1/13 of total land area of the
FILIPINO .C • 1750 BC, a kingdom emerged in the middle reaches of worl d
the Yellow Ri ver in China, ruled by Shang Dynasty • Mountainous with extensi ve ferti le valleys, great plains
• Lasted 1000 years but broke up into many smaller and deserts, excellent harbors
ki ngdoms • Metal s, trees, bamboo, cl ay
 Chinese
EXAMPLES PAI-LOUS
• Monumental, ceremonial gateway and basic symbolic
PAGODAS structure in Chinese architecture
• Buddhist temple, most typical Chinese building of • Erected as memorials to eminent persons
religious significance • Led to temples, palaces, tombs or sacred places
• Later gained a secular nature: monuments to v ictory o r a • Related to the Indian torana and Japanese tori i
memorial to hold relics
• Based on the Indian stupa and stambha • Trabeated form, in stone or wood
• Bold proj ecti ng roofs
• Octagonal in plan • 1, 3 o r 5 openings
• Odd number o f stories, 9 or 13
• Roofs proj ecti ng from each o f its many floors, turned up
eaves
• S lopes inwards to the top

r
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
EGYPTIAN ::J
n
GREEK t:,
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
BYZANTINE .C ""',
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISUMIC L..

-
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO .C
 Chinese
TEMPLES FORTIFICATIONS

The Greal Wall of China

• Most famous of ancient Chinese buildings
• by Shi Huangdi

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.) • Chief feature was the roof
NEAR EAST L..
• Supported on ti mber uprights and independent of walls • 3700 miles long, from Pacific Ocean to Gobi Desert
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:, • A sign of dignity to place roofs one over the other
• Up-tilted angles, with dragons and grotesque ornaments • Most ly gray grani te blocks, but al so used whatever
ROMAN (l.) materials were available in the locality
EARLYCHRISTIAN � • Lofty pavilions, 1 storey each • 6 to 9 m high, w ith 1.5 m high parapets
BYZANTINE .C • Successive open courts and porticoes, kitchens, • Base is 7.6 m thick, 4.5 m thick at top
ROMANESQUE � refectories, sleeping cells for priests • Paved road wide enough for 5 horses to run abreast
GOTHIC /U • 25,000 towers, 1 2 m high and 700 ft apart (2 bow shots
RENAISSANCE apart)
Q
PALACES & HOUSES
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Imperial places and official residences
20TH C MODERN • Isolated, 1-storeyed pavilions resembling temples

.8
ISUMIC L..
• Governed by building regulations limiting the dimensions

-
INDIAN
and number of col umns
CHINESE & JAPANESE (/)
• emperor - 9 bays
FILIPINO .C • prince - 7
• mandarin - 5
• ordinary citizen - 3
 Japanese
□ Extent ofChinese Emp ire
• In 16th century, Portuguese traders came to trade and
Chri sti an missi onari es came to convert the Japanese

D
in 1760AD • The threatened shoguns expelled forei gners, kill ed
Japan Chri sti an converts, stopped trade, closed Japan to the
outside world unti l 19th century
• Littl e contact wi th Europe, more of Chinese influence

RELIGION
• Shinto, indigenous poly-demonism
• Buddhism

GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY

0
• Off the eastern coast of China, Asi an mai nland
• Pri nci pal isl and Honshu, and smal ler isl ands at north and
south
• Earthquakes & volcanoes
• Hilly and forested country
• Stone, ti mber, bamboo

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:, HISTORY
ROMAN (l.)
• Created in the 3rd century AD by ancestors of the
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
present emperor
BYZANTINE .C • 7th century, was divi ded into provi nces each wi th a ruler
ROMANESQUE � • Feudal ism, wi th a caste system of emperor and nobles,
GOTHIC /U military, people
RENAISSANCE
Q
4- • More powerful were the shoguns or warri or lords, each
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL fighti ng wi th each other
20TH C MODERN

.8
ISUMIC L.. • In 1603 AD, under the shogun Ieyasu Tokugawa, Japan
was united and brought to peace

-
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE (/)
• The Tokugawa dynasty ruled for 250 years
FILIPINO .C
 Japanese
EXAMPLES PAGODAS

TEMPLES

• Derived from the Chinese pagoda

• Square plan
• Mostly 5 storeys, 45 m in height
• Vi rtually suspended around a central timber (stable
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.) against earthquake shocks)
NEAR EAST L..
• Wide projecting roofs to each storey, subt ly curved
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:, • Shinto tern pies and Buddhist ternpies
DWELLINGS, TEA HOUSES, BATH HOUSES
ROMAN (l.) • No other architecture reveals the structural and aesthetic
EARLYCHRISTIAN � qualities of wood
BYZANTINE .C • Unpainted wood without any surface treatment
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U Typical 1-storey rectangular plan:
RENAISSANCE
Q
• Vestibule

ll
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Veranda, engawa
20TH C MODERN • Livi ng and dining
• Guest rooms
.8
ISUMIC L..
Featured the tori i gateways • Recess for f lowers and art

-
INDIAN
• Monumental, free-standing gateways to a Shinto shrine • Rooms for host and hostess
CHINESE & JAPANESE (/)
• Derived from the Chinese pai-lou • No distinction between living and sleeping apartments
FILIPINO .C • Two upright pillars or posts supporting 2 or more
horizontal beams, usually curving upward • Room determined by tatami or f loor coverings 1 x ½ ken
• Worshippers have to pass under this for prayers to be (1.Bx 0.9 m)
effective
 Filipino
- Route of Magellan's Voyage

0
In 1519
The Philippines

• Indians in 4th and 5th century BC

• Chinese in 3rd and 4th century AD
• Arabs - converted some parts to Islam in 1300 AD
• Trade center of the Ori ent - Sulu was frequented by

0
ships from China, Cambodia, Sumatra, Java, India, Arabia

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:,
-
·.C
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN -1-J
BYZANTINE Spanish Rule:
ROMANESQUE � • 1521 Ferdinand Magellan landed
HISTORY
GOTHIC /U • 1564 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi brought Christianity
RENAISSANCE
Q
4- Pre-Colonial: • Systematically and efficient ly Christianized most part o f
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Immigration vi a land-bridges as ear ly as 250,000 years the country
20TH C MODERN ago, and later, sea-vessels • Introduced European institution and thought
L.. • Immigrants o f Malay origin, food gatherers and hunters • Economicall y linked Manila with Mexico and the rest o f
ISUIIIIC
0 • 3000 BC, joined by advanced agricultural race from the world - via the Spanish Galleon Trade

·-
INDIAN ....
Indonesia, with barangays as tribal system
(/)
• laws on marriage, inheritance, ownership, crime, and • Brief occupation by the British forces (1762-1764);
FILIPINO ,C attempted seizure by Dutch and Chinese
behavior
• elaborate animistic religion • Spanish colony until 1900's
• Nationalist movement by Jose Rizal, unsuccessful revolt
by Aguinal do
 Filipino
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

DESCRIPTION

Bui lding Capability:

• Even wi th ties to nearby countries, our ancestors saw no
American Rule: need for large megal ithic structures, etc
• Isl ands were sold or ceded to America, as a result of • Nevertheless showed engineering capability and prowess
Spanish war with USA w ith the Rice Terraces of Northern Luzon
• Continued fighti ng
• Democracy was introduced - allowed a self-government Settlements
called the Commonwealth Era • big villages along key trade centers
• near the s e a s- hore, beside rivers and streams - for
Japanese Invasion: purposes of travel, communication and sanitation
• December 1941
• Established a puppet government Filipino Architecture:
• Liberation when Gen. McArthur returned in July 1945 ·shaped by the climate, terrain, vegetation, and fauna
• Independence in 1946 around it
• two elements in making a house: 1 ) tradition or following
• 3rd largest English-speaking country in the world the generally accepted form and structural patterns; and 2)
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.) • Citadel of Chri stianity and democracy in East Asia chance or "playing it by ear", allowing minor modifications
NEAR EAST L.. • Mixture of races: Malay, Chinese, Spanish, American for the builder and his family
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:, RELIGION • Tropical architecture
ROMAN (l.) • Islam • Light
EARLYCHRISTIAN � • Roman Catholicism • Open and trans parent
BYZANTINE .C • Protestantism, Aglipayan, Igl esia ni Kristo
ROMANESQUE �
GOTHIC /U GEOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
• Archipelago of 7100 islands - mountainous and
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL fragmented
20TH C MODERN • 3 mai n island groups: L uzon, Visayas and Mindanao
L..
• Southeast Asia, Pacific Ocean - strategi c position - in the
ISUMIC
0 path of Far East trade

·-
INDIAN ....
• maj or earthquake and volcanic belt
(/) • in the path of typhoons from the Pacific
FILIPINO ,C
CLIMATE
• Dry and wet season
• Typhoons and tropica l storms
 Filipino
EXAMPLES • usually with steep thatch roof
• vari es across regional and ethnic lines
CAVE DWELLINGS
• earliest human habitati on Cordillera Region
• Tabon Cave, Palawan had been inhabited for 30,000
years
• caves in Angono, Ri zal with anci ent petrogl yphs

TREE HOUSES
• perched on forked branches of trees, up to 60 feet above
the ground
/SNEG
• prevented attack by animals and human enemies KALINGA
• by the Gaddang and Kalinga of L uzon
• Manobo and Mandaya of Mi ndanao
• Moros of L ake Lanao KANKANAI

LEAN-T OS
• wi nbreaks or wi ndscreens as the first attempt at building /FUGAO
• served as shelters during a hunti ng or food-gatheri ng
journey
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.) • made of light branches and fronds, but strong enough to Mindanao & Sufu Region
NEAR EAST L.. wi thstand a strom
EGYPTIAN ::J .,._
GREEK t:, • Negritos of Zambales
• Agtas of Palanan, lsabela
ROMAN (l.)

• I• .
BADJAO ��� SAMAL
EARLYCHRISTIAN � BAHAY KUBO or NIPA HUT
BYZANTINE .C • "balai" and spanish "cubo" or cube - cube-shaped house,
ROMANESQUE � from its boxy appearance
GOTHIC /U • primiti ve style of dwelling probably started around 200
RENAISSANCE
Q
BC, with the coming of iron tool s
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • well- adapted to tropical climate
MARANAO
20TH C MODERN • of wood, rattan, cane, bamboo, palm leaves, cogon and
nipa
ISUMIC L..
0
·-
INDIAN ....
El evated one to five feet from the ground - si/ong Panay Region
(/) • protecti on from the moist ground and fl ood Other Regions lvatan, Mangyan, Subanun, Mandaya
FILIPINO ,C • protecti on from vermin and other ani mal s
• encl osed area as s leaping quarters
• si/ong used for storage for tool s and crops, an animal
encl osures, or burial ground
 Filipino
SPANISH HOUSES: BAHAY-N A B
- ATO FIRST FLOOR:
• Zaguan, for caroza
Evolved from the Bahay Kubo: a tropical house • Quadra, horse stable
• Steep, hi p roof • Bodega, storeroom
• Post and lintel constructi on
• El evated I ivi ng quarters SECOND FLOOR:
• Economy of materi als • Stairway
• Space fl owi ng from one room to next • Caida, ante-sala from stai rs
• Light and airy structure • Sal a, livi ng room
• Comedor, dining room
Spanish, Nao-Classi cal, Gothic, and Baroque influence: • Coci na, ki tchen
• grandeur and solidity • Dis pensa, pantry
• Ornamentati on • L etri na or Comun, toilet
• Bario, bath
Vi gan Houses, Antillan Houses, lvatan Houses • Azotea, open terrace
• Al jibe, water ci stern
• Cuarto, Alcoba, Dormitori o
• Entresuelo, vault
• Bal con, balcony
• Pati o, courtyard
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
EGYPTIAN ::::l /
.µ
GREEK

-
(l.)
·.C
ROMAN
EARLY CHRI STIAN .µ · r··-··
-&,.,.-
BYZANTINE ...... 11.1, -..;\ •
ROMANESQUE � ""-J.-
1
GOTHIC /U ' \f4......,r
c,(�·,ott ,'!-,,
.,. t,Jo,r'
-
RENAISSANCE
Q
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN J!).

ISUMIC L..
0
INDIAN .µ
C-EBE &JAPANESE
FILIPINO
·-
,C
C -
( ,r.
 Filipino
SPANISH CHURCHES Taal Chur c h, Batangas
• by Fr. Martin Aguirre
Calasiao , Pangasinan • biggest church
• 2nd best bell tower
• by Fr. Ramon Dal inao Sta. Ana Church, Manila
• by Fr. Vicente Ingles
Laoag Church, /locos Norte • restored by Juan Nakpil
• by Fr. Joseph Ruiz
• sinking belltower Sta. Domingo Church, QC
• by Jose Maria Zaragosa
Las Pinas Church
• by Fr. Diego Cera Sta. Nino , Cebu
• by Diego de Herrera
Laboe, Bohol
• biggest number o f murals on walls and ceilings UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST
• San Agustin, lntramuros
Manila Cathedral • Miagao Church, llo-ilo
• by Bishop Domingo Salazar • San Agustin , Paoay, /locos Norte
• Sta. Monica , /locos Sur
Miagao Church, llo-ilo
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.) • by Fr. Fernando Comporedondo
NEAR EAST L..
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:, Morang Church, Rizal
• exqui s ite Spani sh Baroque style
ROMAN (l.) • by Fr. Blas dela Madre
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
BYZANTINE .C Panay Church
ROMANESQUE � • largest bell, from 30 sacks of coins donated by
GOTHIC /U townspeople
RENAISSANCE
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18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Quiapo Church
20TH C MODERN • restored by Juan Nakpil and Jose Maria Zaragosa
ISUMIC L..
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INDIAN ....
• by Fr. Juan Macias
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FILIPINO ,C San Sebastian
• one of first steel buildi ngs
• steel from Belgium by Eiffel
 Filipino
ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY IN THE PHILIPPINES

SCHOOLS

Escuel a Practica Y Profecional de Artes Oficio de Manila

• 1890
• taught maestros de obras

Liceo de Manila
• MO-P "Maestros de Obra-Practica"
• MO-A "Maestros de Obra-Academia"

Escuel a de lngenieria Y Arquitectura

• Closed after one year

Mapua Institute of Architecture (1925)

• 1st school of Architecture

Adamson University
• 2nd school of architecture
PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L.. UST College of Architecture (1930)
EGYPTIAN ::J
GREEK t:, • 3rd school of architecture

ROMAN (l.) ORGANIZATIONS

EARLYCHRISTIAN � • Philippine Architects Society
BYZANTINE .C • Philippine Institute of Architects
ROMANESQUE � • League of Philippine Architects
GOTHIC /U • Association of Phil. Government Architects
RENAISSANCE • In 1975, PIA + LPA + APGA = Uni ted Architects o f the
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18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Philippines
20TH C MODERN

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ISUMIC L..

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C-EBE &JAPANESE (/)
FILIPINO ,C
 Filipino
EARLY AMERICAN PERIOD

DanielBurnham - ci ty plan of Manila and Baguio

William Parsons
Juan Arellano
Tomas Mapua - 1st registered architect in country
Alejandro Legardo
Antonio Toledo Manila Hole/
Carlos Barredo • 1" hotel in Asia, 1 " with elevator
• Original ly by William Parsons, renovated by Locsin in
Masoni c Temple, Esco/ta 1975
• 1st concrete building in Escolta

Philippine Normal School

• Phil. Normal University

University ofthe Philippines

• Padre Faura

National Museum Philippine General Hospital

PRE-HISTORIC • 1st was the Legislative Building • by William Parsons
(l.)
NEAR EAST L..
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EGYPTIAN lntendencia Building
GREEK • adjacent to Manila Cathedral
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN � Luneta Hotel
BYZANTINE .C • 2nd hotel in Asia
ROMANESQUE � • French Baroque style
GOTHIC /U UST Main Building
• by Roque Rueno
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RENAISSANCE
4-
Army and N avy Club
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • rest and recreation for American soldiers
20TH C MODERN
De La Salle College
ISUMIC L..
0 • by Tomas Mapua

·-
INDIAN ....
(/) Rizal Monument
FILIPINO ,C • obelisk

St a. Isabel College Post Office Building

• by Juan Arellano
 Filipino
COMMONWEALTH PERIOD

Juan Nakpil- 1" National Artist for Arch.

Pablo Antonio - 2"' National Artist for Arch.
Enrique Bautista
Gonzalo Barreto
Fernando Ocampo
Andres Luna y San Pedro FEU Main Building
Leandro Locsin - 3"' National Artist for Arch. • by Pablo Antonio
....
Agriculture & Finance Building

Crystal Arcade , Esco/la

Quezon Institute
• By Juan Nakpil

Lyric Theater, Esco/ta Metropolitan Theater

• By Juan Nakpil • by Juan Arellano
PRE-HISTORIC Ideal Theater, Avenida Rizal
(l.)
NEAR EAST L.. • by Pablo Antonio
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EGYPTIAN
GREEK Jai Alai Building - demolished in 2001
ROMAN (l.) • Art Deco, streamIi ne style
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
BYZANTINE .C Ambassador Hotel
ROMANESQUE � • by Fernando Ocampo, 1st skyscraper (4 storeys) College of Engineering and Liberal Aris, UP Dillman
GOTHIC /U • by Cesar Concio

Q
RENAISSANCE Syquia Apartments , Ma/ate
4-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • by Pablo Antonio
20TH C MODERN
Natividad Building, Esco/ta
ISUMIC L..
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·-
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(/) Regina Building, E scolla
FILIPINO ,C • by Andres Luna y San Pedro

The Church of the Risen Lord, UP by Cesar Cancio

 Filipino

•.•
-
The Iglesia Ni Cristo Cathedrals
• by Carl os Santos Vi ola
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The Quezon Monument

• by Federico !lustre

The Mera/co Building

• by Jose Zaragoza

PRE-HISTORIC
(l.)
NEAR EAST L.. ,
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GREEK t:,
ROMAN (l.)
EARLYCHRISTIAN �
BYZANTINE .C The Central Bank of the Philippines
ROMANESQUE � Philippine Heart Center • by Gabri el Formoso
GOTHIC /U • by Jorge Ramos
RENAISSANCE
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18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISUMIC L..
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FILIPINO ,C

The Quiapo Mosque Asian Institute of Management

• by Jorge Ramos • by Gabri el Formoso
 Filipino
by L eandro Locsin:

The New lstana, Brunei

SM Megama/1
• by Antonio Si ndiong

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PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST L..
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The Cultural Center of the Philippines

GREEK
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RENAISSANCE
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18TH-19TH C REVIVAL The Parish of the Holy Sacrifice, UP Diliman
20TH C MODERN

ISUMIC L..
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FILIPINO
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Robinson's Galleria
• by William Coscolluela The Philippine Stock Exchange
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 Types of Vaults Famous Building Groups Biggest Churches
1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3.
4. 4. 4.
5.
5 Orders of Architecture Campanile vs Belfry
1. Chinese vs Japanese Pagodas
2. 1.
3.
4. Types of Domes 2.
5. 1.
2.
Egypt Methods of Natural Lighting 3. Types of Crosses
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. Periods of Renaissance
1. Types of roofs
Gateways 2. 1.
1. Egypti an - 3. 2.
2. Greek - 4. 3.
3. Indian - 4.
4. Chinese - 12 Architects of St. Peter's 5.
(1) 1. 6.
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2. 7.
Pyramid vs. Ziggurat 3.
1. 4. 5 Points of New Architecture

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3. 8. 3.
9. 4.
4- 10. 5.
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Hellenic vs Hellenistic 12.
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Architects of Stuart Period, Britain 1 . France -
·-
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.c 2"' Phase - 3. Austri a -
4. Ital y -
5. Spain -
 Types of Vaults Famous Building Groups Biggest Churches
1. Wagon/ Barrel / Tunnel Vaul t 1 . Pyramids at Gi za 1 . St. Peter's, Rome
2. Wagon with Intersecti ng Vault 2. The Acropolis, Athens 2. Sevil l e Cathedral
3. Cross Vaul t 3. Pisa Cathedral 3. Milan Cathedral
4. Hernis pheri cal Dome/ Cupola 4. St. Peter's, Rome 4. Cologne Cathedral
5. St. Paul's, London
5 Orders of Architecture Campanile vs Belfry
1. Dori c Belfry - attached to church Chinese vs Japanese Pagodas
2. Ionic Campanile - detached from church 1 . Chinese - octagonal plan, Japanese
3. Cori nthian - square
4. Tuscan Types of Domes 2. Chinese - 9 or 13 storeys,
5. Composite 1 . Simple Japanese - 5 storeys
2. Compound
Egypt Methods of Natural Lighting 3. Melon, Serrated, Onion or Bulbous Types of Crosses
1. Clerestory shape 1 . L ati n cross
2. Skylight 2. Greek cross
3. Temple door Periods of Renaissance
1 . Earl y Renaissance Types of roofs
Gateways 2. High Renaissance 1 . Gable
1. Egypti an - Pylon 3. Baroque 2. Hip
2. Greek - Propylaeum 4. Rococo 3. Hipped gable
3. Indian - Torana 4. Mansart
4. Chinese - Pai-lou 12 Architects of St. Peter's 5. Gambrel
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5. Japanese - Tori i 1 . Donato Bramante 6. Butterfl y
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2. Giuli ano da Sangall o 7. Rainbow

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Pyramid vs. Ziggurat 3. Fra Gioconda
1. Pyramids have sloping faces; 4. Raphael 5 Points of New Architecture

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2. Pyramids used stone as bui lding
materi al, zi ggurats used mud-bri cks
6. Antonio da Sangallo
7. Michelangelo
of walls
2. Free-standi ng fa�de
L.. 3. Pyramids have si des facing the 8. Giacomo della Porta 3. Roof garden
ro cardinal points, ziggurats have 9. Domeni co Fontana 4. Open planning
4- comers facing the cardinal points 10. Vignola 5. Cube form elevated on sti lts or
0 1 1 . Carl o Maderna columns
Hellenic vs Hellenistic 12. Bernini
L.. Helleni c - religious archi tecture Art Noveau Styles
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Helleni sti c -civi c archi tecture Architects of Stuart Period, Britain 1 . France - Le Modem Styl e
·-
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.c 2nd Phase - Christopher Wren 3. Austri a - Sezessione
4. Ital y - Sti le Liberty
5. Spain - Modemismo