PHILIPPINE

HISTORY
 UNDERSTANDING HISTORY

As a science, history is a body of organized knowledge – a chronological

record of the significant events of the past that have a remarkable bearing
on the present.
In its broadest meaning, history is the study of past events. It generally
presents the known past.

Content of history as a subject:

1. Persons – the key players in shaping history.
2. Time – an essential concept of history. If time is lost in discussion, history
will lose its meaning. It situates the events in its proper perspective in the
continuum of events. It shows the progression of events, thus, creating an
understanding on how events developed one after the other.
3. Chronology – it puts orders to series of events. It requires discussing the
events in the order of their occurrence in time. Without it, history loses its
meaning.
4. Place – the location of the event is equally important. Events do not happen
in a vacuum, and persons do not exist in the mind only. These realities
have to exist somewhere.
5. Value of Events – by virtue of the fact that events are recorded in history,
there must be significance in them.
6. Sources of Data – the reliability of the sources of the historian‟s data is
important in the reliability of recorded history.

Arnold Toynbee stated that history reflects the progress of civilizations and
societies. He viewed the past as succession of civilizations rather than
political entities. He said that the failure of a civilization to survive was the
result of its inability to respond to challenges.
Renato Constantino defined history as “the recorded struggle of people for
ever increasing freedom and for newer and higher realization of the human
person”. It is not about the history of man as individual, but man as the
associated man. Man interacts with nature and with other men, thus,
consciously changing his own perspective and to some extend, the
system of environment. He supposed that Philippine History is a story of
struggle.

Importance of History:
• Serve as a guide to present and succeeding generations in facing
the challenges of the times.
• Enable us to grasp the direction of the country‟s development and identify
the factors that impede real progress.
Map of the Philippines
 Geography and Resources of the Philippines
- found in the Western Pacific Ocean
- situated in the Southeastern portion of Asia
- bounded on the north by Taiwan
west by South China Sea and
Vietnam east by the Pacific Ocean
south by the Celebes Sea and Indonesia
southwest by Malaysia and Singapore
- dubbed as the “crossroads of the Pacific” because of its central location in
the Far East
- an archipelago of 7,107 islands and islets
- has a total land area of 300,000 square kilometers
- Manila is the capital and largest city and the chief port and main
commercial center as well
- Luzon is the biggest of the three major geographical groups with an area of
141,395 square kilometers.
- Visayas has an area of 56,606 square kilometers and Mindanao has an area
of 101,999 square kilometers.
- Y‟Ami Isle is the northernmost point while Saluag Isle is the
southernmost point.
- has the longest irregular coastline in the world
- longer than the coastline of Great Britain and twice the coastline of the
United States.
- has 61 natural harbors (Manila Bay is the finest natural harbor in the Far
East)
• Mankayan, the oldest and largest copper mine in the country still exist.
• The greatest iron-bearing area in the country is Surigao.
• The world‟s deposit of nickel has been discovered in Nonoc Isle, off
the coast of Mindanao.
• The country has tropical climate with two seasons – dry and wet.

Rainy season occurs from May to November. During this period, the wind
blows from the southwest. Often, the country experiences typhoons from the
months of June to October. The dry season occurs from December to April,
when the wind blows from the northeast.
• The country has over 50 active volcanoes.
The most active among them are:
Iraya (Batanes) Bulusan (Sorsogon)
Pinatubo (Zambales) Kanlaon (Negros)
Taal (Batangas) Makaturing (Lanao)
Banahaw (Quezon) Apo (Davao del Sur)
Mayon (Albay) Hibok-hibok (Camiguin)

• Topographic elevations less than 600 meters in altitude are considered

hills. The most popular of these in the country are the Chocolate Hills, with
more than 1,000 of them in Bohol. During the dry months of February until
May, these dome-shaped limestone hills turn chocolate-brown as the
grass wither.
• famous of the Philippine woods is narra, proclaimed as the country‟s
national tree.
• referred to as the forests of the sea is the mangrove.
• the country has 201 species of mammals, 179 are terrestrial and 22 are
marine.
• some unique animals in the world are also found in the Philippines:
Tamarraw (Mindoro) – looks like a dwarf carabao , Tarsier (Bohol)
Calamian deer (Palawan) – world‟s smallest deer
• there are about 25,000 species of insects in the islands.
• the largest and smallest bats in the world are found in the country.
• the world‟s second largest eagle is the Philippine Eagle.
• the bird Kalaw was dubbed by Spanish colonizers as “clock of the
mountains”.
• the world‟s largest shell is in the country known as Tridacna Gigas. The
smallest shell in the world, the Pisidium, is also found in the country.
• large rivers traverse the principal islands of the country like the Cagayan
River (longest river of the country)
• between Samar and Leyte is the San Juanico Strait, the narrowest strait in
the country. Laguna de Bay is the largest freshwater lake in the Southeast
Asia. Lake Calibato is the deepest among the lakes of Laguna de Bay.
• in the middle of the tropical blue and emerald green waters
of the Sulu Sea and Palawan lies the Tubbataha Reef, one of
the sandbars and reefs known for its rich beautiful dive sites
and marine resources.
• Central Plain in Luzon is the largest plain in the archipelago known as the
“Rice Granary of the Philippines”
• there are about 10,000 species of flowering plants and ferns in the
country. Of the 1,000 varieties of orchids that bloom in the country, the
waling- waling is regarded as the “Queen of Philippine Orchids”
• the world‟s largest fish is also found in the country. This is the Whale
Shark.
• three mountain ranges are situated in Northern Luzon:
Sierra Madre Range (the largest and longest range in the country)
Cordillera Range (where Mount Pulag, the second highest peak in the
country and the Banaue Rice Terraces are situated)
Caraballo Range (bounded to the south by the Central Plain Luzon)
• the city of Baguio amidst the region of Cordillera is one of the most popular
vacation destinations. Owing to the scenic attractions as well as cool
temperature, it has become the “summer capital” of the country.
• in the Visayas, the most prominent mountain ranges are found across
major islands. The islands in the Visayas have mountainous terrains
except Samar and Bohol.
• in Mindanao, there are four major mountain ranges:
Diwata Range Daguma Range
Tago – Apo Range Kalatungan – Kitanglad Range
 National Territory of the Philippines

Article 1 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution defines the territory of the

Philippines as follows:
“The national territory comprises Philippine archipelago, with all the
islands and waters embraced therein, and all other territories over which
the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial,
fluvial and aerial domain, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the
subsoil, the insular shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters,
around, between and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless
of their breadth and dimensions, shall form part of the internal waters of
the Philippines.”
The national territory of the Philippines is consists of:
(1) Philippine archipelago
(2) all other territories over which the Philippine has sovereignty
or jurisdiction; and
(3) the internal waters of the Philippines.
The Philippine archipelago is defined in the following:
(1) The Treaty of Paris, signed December 10, 1898, between Spain and
the United States.
(2) The Treay of Washington, signed on November 07, 1900, between
the United States and Spain ceding Cagayan, Sibutu and Sulu.
(3) The Treaty ofJanuary 02., 1930, between United States and Great Britain
ceding the Turtle and Manganese Islands.
 Archipelago is derived from the Greek word pelagos which means
sea. It is a sea or part of a sea studded with islands, or a large group of
islands in an extensive body of water.

R.A. 6766 on October 23, 1988, created the Cordillera Autonomous Region.

R.A. 6734 on Nov. 19, 1989, created the Autonomous Region of

Muslim Mindanao.

R.A. 7901 on Feb. 23, 1995, created the CARAGA Administrative Region.
 The archipelagic doctrine of territoriality projects the idea that the
Philippines as an archipelago should be regarded as a simple unit. The
waters around, between, and connecting the islands or archipelago,
irrespective of their breadth and dimension, form part of internal waters of
the state, subject to its exclusive sovereignty.

P.D. 1596 signed on June 11, 1978 – the

Philippines claims the Kalayaan Group of
Islands as part of Philippine territory
on the basis of historic rights and legal titles.

Kalayaan is now a municipality of Palawan.

By historic right or legal
title, the Philippine territory
stipulated in the 1987
Constitution, includes
Sabah and the Spratly
Islands.
 By history, Sabah was once owned by
the Sultan of Sulu which was later
purchased by a British company and
which in turn transferred its leasehold
right to the British government. When
the British government granted
independence to Malaysia in 1963,
Malaysia Sabah was turned over by the British
Brunei government to Malaysia.
Philippines
 The Spratly islands are being claimed by
four neighboring Asian countries.
However, the ownership of these islands
is still to be resolved by the International
Court of the United nations.

Philippines China Vietnam Malaysia Taiwan

 REGIONALIZATION
The Philippines is further grouped into seventeen (17) regions:
Region Provinces
Capital
Luzon
Region I Ilocos Ilocos Norte Laoag City
Ilocos Sur Vigan City
La Union San Fernando City
Pangasinan Lingayen
Region II Cagayan Valley Batanes Basco
Cagayan Tuguegarao City
Isabela Ilagan
Nueva Vizcaya Bayombong
Quirino Cabarrogias
Region III Central Luzon Aurora Baler
Bataan Balanga City
Bulacan Malolos City
Nueva Ecija Palayan City
Pampanga City of San Fernando
Tarlac Tarlac City
Zambales Iba
Region IV-A CaLaBarZon Batangas Batangas City
Cavite Trece Martires City
Laguna Sta. Cruz
Quezon Lucena City
Rizal Antipolo City
Region IV-B MIMAROPA Marinduque Boac
Occ. Mindoro Mamburao
Or. Mindoro Calapan
City
Palawan Pto. Princesa City
Romblon Romblon
Region V Bicol Albay Legazpi City
Camarines N. Daet
Camarines S. Pili
Catanduanes Virac
Masbate Masbate City
Sorsogon Sorsogon City
CAR Cordillera Administrative RegionAbra Bangued
Apayao Kabugao
Benguet La Trinidad
Ifugao Lagawe
Kalinga Tabuk
Mt. Province Bontoc
 NCR National Capital Region Kalookan
Las Piñas
Makati Malabon Mandaluyong Muntinlupa Manila Marikina Parañaque

Pasay
Pasig
Quezon
Valenzuela
Navotas
Pateros
San Juan
Taguig
Visayas
Region VI
Western Visayas Aklan Kalibo
Antique San
Jose
Capiz Roxas City
Guimaras Jordan
Iloilo Iloilo City
Bacolod City Negros Occ.
Region VII Central Visayas Bohol Tagbilaran City
Cebu Cebu City
Negros Or. Dumaguete
City Siquijor Siquijor
Region VIII Eastern Visayas Biliran Naval
Eastern Samar Borongan
Leyte Tacloban
City Northern Samar Catarman
Southern Leyte
Maasin City Western
Samar Catbalogan
Mindanao
Region IX Zamboanga Peninsula Zamboanga Dipolog City
del Norte
Zamboanga Pagadian
City del Sur
Zamboanga
Ipil Sibugay
Region X Northern Mindanao Bukidnon
Malaybalay City Camiguin
Mambajao
Lanao del Norte Tubod
Misamis Occ. Oroqueta City
Misamis Or. Cagayan de Oro City
Region XI Davao Region Compostela Valley Nabunturan
Davao del Norte Tagum
Davao Oriental Mati
Davao del Sur Digos City
Region XII SOCCSKARGEN Cotabato Kidapawan City
Sarangani Alabel
S. Cotabato Koronadal
City Sultan Kudarat Isulan
Region XIII CARAGA Agusan del Norte Butuan City
Agusan del Sur Properidad
Surigao del Norte Surigao
City Surigao del Sur Tandag
Dinagat Islands San Jose
ARMM Basilan Isabela City
Autonomous Region Lanao del Sur Marawi City

In Muslim Mindanao Maguindanao Shariff

Aguak Sulu Jolo
Tawi-tawi Panglima
Sugala Shariff Kabunsuan
Datu Odin Sinsuat
 WAVES OF MIGRATION
According to the Migration Theory, our country was settled by three (3)
kinds of people.
1. NEGRITOS – the first people to come to the Philippines by crossing the
land bridges which then connected the Philippines from Mainland
Asia about 25,000 years ago.
- less than 5 feet tall and called “Negritos” because they had
black skin, short kinky hair, thick lips and black noses. They wore
little clothing.
- had no government, no writing, and no permanent homes.
- they wandered in the forest and lived by hunting, fishing and
gathering wild plants and fruits.
- they used bow and arrow for hunting.
- today, there are still Negritos in the hills of Zambales.
2. INDONESIANS – the first immigrants to come by sea to the Philippines.
- came about 5,000 years ago.
- they sailed by boats from South Asia.
- drove the Negritos into the mountains and lived in low
lands.

TWO (2) TYPES OF INDONESIANS

1. tall with light skin, large forehead, high nose and thin lips
2. shorter and darker, with a large nose, thick lips and heavy jaw.
 - more advanced than the Negritos and lived in permanent homes.
- used fire to cook their food.
- lived by hunting, fishing, and small farming.
- painted their bodies with colorful tattoos.
- today, the Indonesian minority tribes are in some interior parts
of our country like the Apayaos, Gaddangs, Ibanags, and Kalingas of
Northern Luzon, Tagbanuas of Palawan, and the
Bagobos, Manobos, Mandayas, Bukidnons of Mindanao.
3. MALAYS – came after the Indonesians about 2,000 years ago.
- also arrived in boats from Southeast Asia.
- medium in height, brown-skinned, with dark eyes, flat noses
and straight black hair.
- drove the Indonesians into the forests and lived in
lowlands. - more civilized than the Indonesians.
- lived in larger villages, had
government, writing, music, arts, and sciences. - lived by
agriculture, fishing, mining, and trading.
 THE TABON MAN
In 1962, archaeologists Fox and Santiago discovered sensational items at
Tabon cave in Palawan facing the South China Sea and a very close to
Borneo.

Evolutionists believed that the first man in the Philippines lived in Palawan
about 25,000 years ago. Palawan then was connected to the Asian
Mainland. Thus, they are called the “Tabon Man”.
Skulls, tools, (and other fossils), jars, charcoal were found thus, they made
a conclusion that they belong to the Stone Age culture. This means that
they only used stone tools and weapons.

they did not yet know how to use metal.

 According to the evolution theory, the first Filipinos or the Tabon Man
hunted wild animals with crude stone weapons.

They did not know how to farm or raise animals.

They were short, with bushy eyebrows and a low forehead.

They lived in very harsh surroundings. It was a daily battle for

survival. Most of their time was spent looking for food.

called the In other parts of the world, the ancestors of man are

“Java man” or “Peking Man”, or others. Life for them was

also tough.
 EARLY CULTURE OF THE FILIPINOS
ECONOMIC LIFE * agriculture
* other industries such as poultry, stock raising,
weaving, lumbering, and mining.

SOCIAL CLASSES * maharlikas – datus or noble

timagwas (timawas) – the freemen
oripen (alipin) – the dependents
a. namamahay
b. saguiguilid
MARRIAGE CUSTOMS * marriage arrangements (buya system) were
done by parents as an expression of their
continuing care * it was a tradition that they
married in a very early age * the groom gave a
dowry or bigay-kaya to the family of the bride
consisted of anything of value *
the groom has to work in the house of the girl or in the
fields of a given certain period of time
* DIVORCE was practiced
- adultery on the part of the wife
- desertion in part of the husband
- lose of affection
- cruelty of both
- insanity
- childlessness
GOVERNMENT and LAWS * barangay was administered by a chieftain called
datu * they practice confederal pangampong (major
principalities)
* each pangampong was subdivided into soko
(districts), ingod (townships), agama (smaller
barangay or village)
* datu – served as the chief executive,
legislator, and judge assisted by the elders acting as
the council of the elders or advisory council to the
datu * two early written code of
laws: a. Luwaran
b. Principal Sulu
* Kali – judges
* Pandita - priests
 * the elders acted as the “jury”
* in case of difficulty to resolve on the part of the
jury, the judge (datu) imposed the well-accepted
“trial by ordeal” or pasuerte such as trial by
combat, bultong or wrestling, trial by boiling
water or trial by river and other
forms.
EARLY RELIGIOUS BELIEFS * the ancient Filipinos believed in many
gods, with no concept of god as an absolute being
* Bathala or Bathalang
Maykapal was their first rank god
among their gods *
these gods were believed to be self-willed, capricious,
whose will is unfathomable either in wrath or grace
* believers of animism or nature worship
* spirits of nature
* worshipped their dead ancestors
* believers on the immortality of life thus, they
took care of the dead, by worshipping dead
body thoroughly and poured buyo , ointment
which was believed to be
preservative and dressed for protection.
LANGUAGE * Austronesian or Malayo Polynesian language
was the common language used by the
early Filipinos together with the rest of the
Southeast Asian people * they used this
language not only for their daily
conversations but also as a medium of
communication for foreign trade and
commerce
* eight major dialects:
- Tagalog
- Iloko
- Pangasinan
- Pampango
- Cebuano
- Hiligaynon
- Samarhon
- Maguindanao
EDUCATION * the early Filipino children were taught with their
parents and elders in the barangays
as teachers * bothoan – early regular
barangay school * reading,
writing, and arithmetic * boys were
trained to fishers, farmers *
girls were taught weaving, cooking, sewing and other
household chores to make them good housewives
* in literacy, almost every Filipino knew how to read
and write
* two (2) major reasons why only few of their
writings have come to us today:
a. their primitive trilogy of writing materials used, like
leaves and bark of trees, could not sustain to its
originality
b. Spanish missionaries destroyed many
early manuscripts on the ground
that
they were the works of the devil
SCIENCES and CALENDAR * ancient Filipinos had their own concepts of
mathematics and geometry
* they could count up to 100,000,000
* numerical
terms: isa (one)
pao (ten)
daan (hundred)
libo (thousand)
yuta (one hundred thousand)
angao (one million)
kati (ten
million)
bahala (one hundred million)
 * weighing and measuring
devices; kaban (25 ganto)
salop (one gata)
kaguitan (one half ganto)
* the Ifugaos used calendar which contains 364
days a months, and year to determine the number of
days, years for planting and
harvesting
kept thirteen months of the year one* tumonoh or calendar
day is added to keeper holds and
strings representing the thirteen
* in case of leap year,
make it 365 days
 EARLY FILIPINO INTERDEPENDENCE WITH OTHER ASIAN NEIGHBORS

• The Philippines‟ richness in natural resources and the ancient Filipino

ingenuity developed their early communities into a level of self-sufficiency.
• Importation of other cultures then, demonstrates the most practical value
of early Filipino life and thought such status has laid the major underlying
ground in shaping the early economic concept of Asian interdependence.
 A. ARABS – the earliest known group of
foreigners to trade with our
ancestors. - they
traded with the Indians, Chinese as well
as the early Southeast Asian people
- the earliest record so far about the
Philippine contact with other countries
was that of FA-HEIN in 414.

He, together with his shipmates was accidentally drifted by a storm

to the west coast of Palawan. He traveled India for 6 years at the beginning of
the fifth century particularly in Ceylon and the southern coasts, where trading
posts of both the Indian and Arabs caused some little but precious
information about the Philippines.
 - By 1380, MUkDUM an Arab missionary, proceeded to
Sulu, spreading the doctrine of Mohammedanism
- Ten years later, RAJAH BAGINDA of Sumatra
converted some Sulu natives to Islam
- followed by ABU BAKAR in 1450 who
married Bagindas‟ daughter PARAMISULI
- later, Sheriff KABUNSUAN
from Malaysia, converted many tribes and became the
first sultan of Mindanao (Maguindanao) - with such
new Muslim zeal, the Muslim Filipinos were also
welcomed by the rest of the Islamic world.
 B. CHINESE – the Arabian trade with the olden
Philippines was valuably
recognized by the Chinese
during the Tang Dynasty in 932
A.D. This was the period when the Chinese
empire had advanced her trade and
commerce to Indian Ocean.
- The Philippine relations with China
started in the 9th century A.D. When
Arab traders carried Philippine
goods to China.- The early scholars reported that the valuable goods
loaded in these Arabian ships were produced in MA-I w/c means “Land
of the Barbarians.” This term referred not only to the Philippines but
to all countries surrounding China. - Later, Chinese goods
entered the Philippine Coastal areas and spread into the
interior. These goods were exchanged with our gold dust and indigenous
products.
 C. INDIANS – evidence of sculptures and in
bronzes were found w/c
apparently influenced by India. the Gupta art of
of India was founded by 375 A.D. This was the unified in- India in A.D.
the Gupta Empire
Chandragupta II in
first great empire

ASOKA – the greatest emperor of the Gupta Empire sent Buddhist

missionaries in the 3rd century helping the expectation of Indian
cultures to Southeast Asia. - Sri Vijaya and Majapahit –
Indianized states emerged monopolizing trade in Southeast Asia
- The Muslim
Malays who came to the Philippines were Indianized in culture, some of
them being Indian converts. However, the Indian culture that they
brought with them was very much overlaid by ISLAM.
 SPANISH COLONIZATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

• The Asian richness dazzled the Spanish minds as an effect of Spain‟s

continuous search for betterness.
• The events which led down as historical backgrounds for the coming of
Magellan:
1. The Closure of Constantinople
• Asian economic interdependence resulted to a greater bulk of production
which was brought to the Mediterranean World.
• Spices, silk, perfumes, dyes, precious metals, and other luxurious oriental
goods were brought to the west (Europe) .
• Among these commercial centers, Constantinople was the chief terminus
off trade.
• By 1453, Constantinople was captured by the Muslim Turks.
2. The Tales of Marco Polo
• Europeans desire of reaching the East (Asia) was further stimulated by the
accounts of Marco Polo.
• The book of Marco Polo provided a better knowledge of the East.
• His book fired the imagination, which led them to revive the ancient belief
on the sphericity of the Earth.
3. Prince Henry the Navigator and the Age of exploration
• The idea of looking for a new route to reach the East (Asia) had nor been a
reality without influential peoples to finance a journey and courageous men
daring to explore.
• Prince Henry of Portugal sent out explorations to discover the African
Coast.
• Gil Eannes – rounded the Cape Bojador in 1433
• Bartolome Diaz – rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1488
• Vasco da Gama – reached Calicut, India in 1497
• Christopher Columbus – discovered the „New world‟ (America) in 1492
• Pope Alexander VI – demarcated a line of which all territories not under a
Christian monarch should be under Spain, leaving the territories East of
the line to Portugal in 1494.
 Pope Alexander
VI

Prince Henry the Christopher Columbus

Navigator
 *MAGELLAN‟S HISTORICAL TABLE*

1480 – born in Portugal – of noble lineage

1509 – gallantly fought in Malacca. He was promoted to the rank of captain
1517 – went to Spain to present his plan to travel westward to reach the East.
King
Charles I agreed to finance the expedition with 5 ships and 265 men.
1519 – August 10, attended a Holy Mass for the voyage. Sailed from Seville to
Port San
Lucar.
1520 – March31, anchored at Port San Juan because of storms and colds.
April 1, mutiny broke out
October, “discovered” the Strait of Magellan
November, trans-Pacific voyage began
1521 – March, reached Guam
March 16/17, reached Samar – “rediscovery of the Philippines”
March 18, landed at Homonhon hungry. The Filipinos
hospitability received and gave them food and drinks.
March 25, reached Limasawa. Received by Rajah Kolambu who sailed
the first recorded blood compact between a Spaniard and a
Filipino in the islands.
March 31, Easter Sunday – the first Christian Mass in the Philippines.
Took possession of the land. Fr. Pedro De Valderama officiated the
first Christian Mass.
April 8, entered Cebu with his Malay slave Enrique
April 15, a mass was held on the shore of Cebu. 800 Cebuanos
were converted to Christianity.
April 27, the Battle of Mactan
May 2, a feast was held in Cebu. 27 Spaniards were massacred
MAGELLAN’S ROUTE
 SPANISH INTERESTS IN THE PHILIPPINES
The hardship and heroic death of Magellan never ended the Spanish early voyages to
the Philippine islands which consequently drawn the definite Spanish objectives in
coming to the Philippines.

Spanish Leader Objecties Results

Expedition
Loaisa’s Voyage Juan Garcia de Loaisa To plant or to gain His feet was stocked by storms as
* Andres de Urdaneta foothold in the they sighted the Pacific.
(chronicler) East. Several ships was separated and his
flagship was leaking and
overcrowded, until he died. He was
succeeded by Sebastian del Cano
who also died four days later. The
survivors reached the Moluccas
where they encountered the
Portuguese.
Saavedra‟s Alvaro de 1. To ascertain whether It was a failure. Though he
Voyage Saavedra Magellan‟s pilot, Juan reached Mindanao, but he
Serrano was still was driven away by the
alive and to ransom hostile Filipino natives.
any other held He died at sea on October
prisoner. 9, 1529.
2. To look for * The Treaty of Zaragosa was
Loaisa who died arranged and concluded with
in the Pacific and the provisions focused on
Cabot who the purchasing of Spanish
returned to King‟s right over the
Spain. Moluccas to Portugal.
3. To search for a
good place for
settlement, load
ships with spices
and send them back
to Spain.
 Ruy Lopez de
Villalobos

Juan Garcia de Loaisa

Miguel Lopez de
Legaspi

Alvaro de Saavedra
CEBU
Juan de Camus, found the image of Sto. Niño, which was believed to be given
by Magellan to the queen of Cebu as a gift.
Cebu was then named San Miguel but later changed to Santisimo Nombre
de Jesus in honor of the Holy Child. Legaspi erected a triangular fort – the
Fort San Pedro. Legaspi became the first Spanish Governor-General in the
Philippines and adopted a policy of attraction to gain Cebuanos faith and
confidence.
Tupas finally entered into a treaty with Legaspi. This was the
Spanish government. The provisions were:
1. Any Cebuano who commit a crime against a Spaniard shall be delivered
to the Spanish authorities for punishment, and likewise, any Spaniard who
commits a crime against a Cebuano shall be punished by the Spanish
authorities.
2. Any native who may visit the Spanish camps shall not bear arms.
MANILA
Three years after the first treaty in Cebu, Legaspi moved to Panay because
of the well-heard food supplies on the islands.
Salcedo, the 18 year old grandson of Legaspi joined de Goite in conquering
Manila in 1570.
Manila was an Islamized village administered by Rajah Sulayman (Manila‟s
first historic ruler). It was situated at the present Fort Santiago.
The most interesting side light report on Manila was the discovery of
Panday Pira who was the first Filipino inventor of locally made cannons
called Lantaka.
Lakandula, uncle of Sulayman and the last king of Tondo,
acted as mediator between Legaspi and Tupas. Manila
was transformed into the Spanish capital of the Philippines.
SULU AND MINDANAO
Moroland is one of the many Filipino regions reagrded as home of peace
and violence. It comprises the provinces of Lanao, Cotabato, Zamboanga,
and Sulu. It was preoccupied with the spoils of wars. Rajah Sulayman,
Manila‟s rule, was a well-known figure to the Muslims of Sulu. He was
known as Rajah Mura (young Rajah) and a good partner in trade.
The Spaniards failed to win the hearts of the Muslims because of the
following reasons:
1. The Muslim is intensely proud of his own group.
2. Muslim kinship turned to be a meaningful alliances. The Muslims
regarded their territory as part of DURAL ISLAM (Homeland of Islam). Any
foreign invasion of these lands could cause a JIHAD, a holy war of
defense.
THE CORDILLERAS
Cordillera is a chain of great mountains which transverse northern Luzon.
This great mountain province is subdivided into Apayao, Kalinga, Bontoc,
Ifugao, and Benguet and became very famous of its gold deposits.
Filipinos born in these places were known as
Igorots.

What first attracted the Spanish conquestadores

was the Igorot gold.
After years of costly and unsuccessful attempts
to occupy the mines, the Spaniards gave
the project up. Most of them got sick and discouraged.
The environmental (physical and social) elements responsible for the
Cordillera‟s sustenance of its being independent were the following:
1. its high elevation – ruggedness of the terrain made the conquerors felt
disinterested to stay and administer
2. missionaries and troop commanders were less united in the ideas on
how to accomplish their mission of colonization
3. the enduring resistance of the Filipino Igorots. The Spanish 3 big
G‟s (god, Gold, Glory), was almost untouched by the Cordilleras.
 COLONIAL SYSTEM
The Philippine conditions was a reflection of the political, economic and
socio-religious development of Spain from 1500‟s 00‟s.
Monarchial Absolutism – was the system of government under which the
king enjoyed unlimited power.
Mercantilism – an economic system in which the king was involved in
extensive intervention of any economic life to foster national growth.
The Spanish government was highly centralized in form. Its supreme
authority in administering the colonies was vested in the Consejo de Indias
composed of a president, called “High Chancellor of the Indies”, and eight
councilors.
The royal orders and edicts such as the law of the Indies or Recopilacion,
the medieval Spanish legal code or Las Siete Partidas, became the guides
of any governor-general in administering the Philippines.
 1. GOVERNOR-GENERAL
The absolute power of the Spanish king was reflected in him. He enjoyed a
vast governmental powers and privileges:
1. he controlled the legislative, executive and judicial branches
2. he acted as vice-patron of the church in the island with a right to
nominate new bishops and assign stipends of the missionaries
3. he controlled the treasury
4. he served as supreme military commander
 2. COUNTERVAILING AGENCIES
1. Royal Audencia – served as advisory council to the governor-general
2. Residencia – served as the court where governor-general at the end of
his term stood for trial
3. Visita – a secret investigation conducted by the Visitador-General
dispatched by the Consejo de Indias. It also acted as the “eyes and
ears” of the king of Spain.
 LOCAL GOVERNMENT
The Philippines was divided into provinces and special districts.

1. ALCALDE MAYOR
He was the head of the alcaldia (province) who have legislative power.
Since his annual salary was only P 300, he was always immune to bribery.
He was engaged in profiting governmental positions such as:
a. he was empowered to collect taxes from the people.
b. he forced payment of taxes in kind to people especially in times of
meager harvests.
c. he was engaged in trade called Indulto de Comercio which virtually gave
him a monopoly of commerce in the province.
d. he lent money from the Obras Pias and other loan agencies in Manila
and made him a big lender at excessive interests.
 2. GOBERNADORCILLO
He was equivalent to the present town mayor whose position was
hereditary.
The following are the qualifications:
1. he must be a native born 2. must be 25 years old 3. able to read and write
in Spanish 4. never guilty of any crime

3. CABEZA DE BARANGAY
He was equivalent to the present Barangay
Captain
 UNION OF CHURCH AND STATE
What made the Philippine government unique was the union of church and
state. By virtue of the Patronato Real, the Spanish king has the right to rule
lands discovered. Historians acknowledge the fact that the real
representative of the Spanish Crown was the church nor the state.
 PHILIPPINE SOCIETY UNDER SPANISH RULE
⚫ Encomienda System To compensate the gigantic services rendered by
the Spanish conquestadores , the Spansih
king gave themn a reward through land grants
called encomienda, derived from the
verb
“encomiendar” which means “to entrust”.
The encomiendero undertook the following
obligations:
1. defense of his encomienda from external attack
2. maintenance of peace and order
3. support of misssionaries who would teach
Christian
doctrine to the people
In return, every encomiendero was given a right to collect tributo (tribute)
in the
amount or any form.
 Forced Labor (Polo System) This was the most hated Spanish
system in
colonial system in the Philippines.
This was the compulsory rendering of
services of all male Filipinos from
16 to 60
years old for 40 days, later reduced
to 15
days.

The Polistas or forced laborers were obliged to work along various Spanish
projects such as constructing roads and bridges, churches, or building
galleons (Spanish vessels).

Falla, an exemption fee from forced labor was allowed for those who can
afford.
• Galleon Trade This was an economic activity in the Philippines
during the Spanish period. The goods coming
in and out from the islands annually were brought by a
galleon or Spanish luxury vessel to
Acapulco, Mexico in exchange of Mexican
silvers. Thus, this was otherwise known as Manila –
Acapulco Trade.
This was abolished by King Ferdinand VII due to:
1. the recommendation of Ventura de los Reyes,
the first Philippine representative to the Spanish
Cortes, and
2. the Mexican War for Independence which
heightened during the second decade of the 1800‟s.
The Economic Society of Friends These were two of the significant
activities in and the Tobacco Monopoly the Philippines from
the hands of the Spaniards
created by Governor-General Jose
Basco.
Economic Society of Friends was a society
of wealthy Spanish in the Philippines who put
up capitals to help the agricultural
development in the country.
Tobacco Monopoly was the compulsory
cultivation or planting of tobaccos of Filipino
farmers to some selected provinces in order
to increase the revenue of Spain.
This monopoly resulted to:
1. large revenue for the Spanish government in the Philippines
2. making the Philippines a tobacco producer, independent from Mexico
3. compulsory labor
4. declining of food production because the Spanish government
compelled the Filipinos to produce nothing but tobaccos
5. bribery and widespread smuggling on the part of the Filipino farmers
to secure a better price for their products

6. the creation of the Royal Company of the Philippines

Royal Company of the Philippines – was designed to stimulate agriculture
and industry within the Philippine
Islands, as well as to diversity and expand
their overseas commerce.
 EARLY FILIPINO REVOLTS
The motives or causes of revolts are categorized into:
1) land problem (dubious conflicting acquisition of land by Spanish
colonizers)
2) political (former datus lost their regular annual tribute of gifts and
their
political influence from their barangay members)
3) religious motive (Spanish friars declared native priestesses and
priests who
continued their “pag anito” or their animism as idolatrous,
superstitious and
unlawful)
4) economic (opprressive Spanish economic institutions such as
galleon trade,
tobacco monopoly, indulto de comercio, taxation, and others)
 1500s-1600s

YEAR PROVINCE RESISTANCE/REVOLTS MOTIVES/CAUSES

1521 Cebu Battle of Mactan Refusal on Magellan’s order to pay tribute

1565 Cebu Tupas’ Resistance Legaspi’s colonization of Cebu refusal to surrender

1567 Cebu Dagami’s Resistance Refusal to surrender

1574 Manila Lakandula’s Revolt Governor-General sequestered their landed properties,

toleration of encomienderos’ abuses and oppression
1584 Cebu Don’s Rebellion Dubious conflicting acquisition of land by Spanish
colonizers
1587-88 Manila Agustin de Legaspi and Martin Continued acquisition of land and properties
Pangan’s Revolt
1621-22 Bohol Tamblot’s Revolt Not surrendering their tangible means of income and time-
honored personal prestige
1622 Leyte Bankaw’s Revolt Building an appropriate temple to their diwatas

1625-26 Apayao Miguel lanab and Alababan’s Spanish attempts to proselytize various cultural
Revolt communities by employing new Christianized chieftains

1663 Iloilo Tapar’s Revolt Proclaimed himself as “God Almighty”/he and his followers
id not accept any need for Spanish curate
 1700s-1800s

YEAR PROVINCE RESISTANCE/REVOLTS MOTIVES/CAUSES

1718 Cagayan Francisco Rivera’s Revolt He appropriated himself the title “Papa Rey” (Pope King)
and described by the Spaniards as the only rebel chief with
anti-religious ideas and despotic to his rebel followers.
He deprived his followers to freedom of worship by
instructing them to give back their rosaries, scapulars and
other religious objects to the Dominican missionaries.
1744- Bohol Dagohoy’s Revolt Forced labor, unjust payment of tribute, refusal of the priest
1829 to give a Christian burial and administer the sacrament of
extreme unction to his brother Sagarino who was killed in a
duel.
1763 Ilocos, Abra, Diego Silang’s Revolt Refusal to pay annual tribute of one real fuerte, drafting of
and Cagayan polistas and other unscrupulous practices such as Indulto
de Comercio, tobacco monopoly, etc.
1832-41 Tayabas Apolinario de la Cruz’ Revolt He was not admitted to a religious order because he was an
(Quezon) Indio.
Founded the Cofradia de San Juan de Dios centering around
the cults of San Francisco and the image of Our Lady of
Peace and Good Voyage of Antipolo.
The early revolts were all failures due to
their neighbors (Indios) collaboration with
the Spanish authorities by divulging the
secret plan of the rebels and joined in
smashing them.

When finally caught, the rebels were

publicly executed.
Don His head was placed at stakes along the beaches of Spanish Ayuntamiento (City
Hall) to the shores of Pasil, san Nicolas
Agustin de Legaspi and Their heads were stuck on pikes and placed in wicker baskets for public
Martin Pangan exhibition. The sites of their houses were plowed and sowed with salt and all
their properties were sequestered.
Bankaw His head was impaled on a bamboo stake at the public plaza.
His second son was equally decapitated and four of his babaylans (native
priests) were shot and one was burned alive.
Francisco Rivera He was liquidated by his won followers.

Apolinario de la Cruz His body was quartered and his head was hung in front of his house. His two
(Hermano Pule) hands and two feet were hung inside cages in the guard house of Tayabas.

Diego Silang He was excommunicated then later assassinated by a friend, Miguel Vicos who
was hired by BishopUstariz. About 90 of his followers were hung and his wife
Gabriela Silang was compelled to watch their slow death before she was
executed.
AWAKENING AND BIRTH OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM
 Factors which led to the Birth of Filipino
Nationalism;
1) Emergence of Filipino ilustrado class
2) Influx of Western Liberal Ideas
3) Secularization Movement
4) Cavite Mutiny
5) Execution of GomBurZa
 BONIFACIO AND THE KATIPUNAN

LA LIGA FILIPINA
- a civic society which aimed to:
1. unite the whole archipelago in one compact, vigorous and homogenous
body
2. have mutual protection in every want and necessity
3. defend against violence and injustice
4. encourage instruction, agriculture and commerce and
5. study and application of reforms
- established on July 3, 1892 at Ilaya Street, Tondo, Manila iside the house
of a rich Chinese businessman, Doroteo Ongjunco.

Ambrosio Salvador was elected as President.

 It only existed for four days because Rizal was imprisoned at Fort
Santiago on July 7, 1892 and later exiled to Dapitan.

Governor-General Eulogio Despujol was responsible for Rizal‟s

exile.

The historical factors which led to the failure of the Reform Movement and
Rizal‟s La Liga Filipina vividly marked clear indications that peaceful
means for a libertarian struggle were ineffective thus, the Katipunan was
born.
THE KATIPUNAN
- a revolutionary society which aimed to:
1. unite the Filipinos into one solid nation
2. win the independence

- was founded by Andres Bonifacio on the night of July 7, 1892 at

Azcarraga Street, Tondo, Manila inside the house of Deodato Arellano,
the former secretary of LaLiga Filipina.
Andres Bonifacio - the Father of Philippine Revolution
- the son of a poor tailor of Tondo, Santiago
Bonifacio and Catalina de Castro
- acquired primary education from a
Visayan teacher Guillermo Osmeña
- both his
parents died when he was 14

Emilio Jacinto - the Brains of the Katipunan

- wrote the primer or the bible of the Katipunan,
the Kartilla
- founded the official organ or
newspaper of the Katipunan, the
Kalayaan.
Deodato Arellano - first President of the Katipunan
Kataastaasang Sanggunian - the highest governing adopted by Katipunan
the in recruiting members.

Degrees of Membership:
1st degree – Katipun
Anak ng Bayan (password)
2nd degree – Kawal
Gomburza
3rd degree - Bayani
Rizal
 PREPARATION FOR WAR

Expansion of the Katipunan The appearance of Jacinto marked the

progress of the Katipunan in
terms of awakening and the
winning of the masses‟ support to the cause
of the revolution.

In March 1895, Emilio Aguinaldo was

inducted by Bonifacio to
become a member of the Katipunan.
 BONIFACIO ASKS JAPAN‟S AID

Jose Noritario Tagawa - an employee of a Japanese Bazaar in

Manila helped arranged the
communication between
Bonifacio and Admiral Kamimura

Bonifacio in his hopeless situation of acquiring external arms

support from Japan, had no other recourse except to adopt the Katipunan
self-aid policy.
The Katipunan and Rizal On June 15, 1896, Dr. Pio Valenzuela,
Bonifacio‟s secret emmisary, was sent
to Dapitan to (1) tell Rizal the
Katipunan plan for the Philippine
Revolution; (2) ask Rizal‟s
endorsement for such plan to gain
sympathy from all sectors and insure
success; and (3) tell Rizal about the
Katipunan‟s plan to help him escape.
The Discovery of the Katipunan The Katipunan was discovered
when a weakling Katipunero,
Teodoro Patiño took his revenge on Apolonio
dela Cruz by telling the secrets of the
Katipunan to his sister, Honoria.
Honoria on the other hand, who
worked in the Augustinian Orphanage,
divulged the Katipunan secrets to Sor
Teresa de Jesus. With the advice of Sor
Teresa de Jesus, Patiño told Fr. Mariano Gil
all about
what he learned of the Katipunan.
The friars, then, made personal search
inside Diario de Manila, the
periodicals where Patiño and
dela Cruz were working. Pertinent materials
were found such as the lithographic
stone used to print the Katipunan receipts
and documents on the rules of the society.
 THE REVOLUTION BEGINS
The Cry of Balintawak - Bonifacio ordered his men to bring out and tear
their
cedulas, symbolizing not only for Spanish
civil
disobedience but for overthrowing the
oppressive
government of Spain. The rebels with
tearstained eyes
shouted for independence: “Long Live the
Philippines!
Long Live the Katipunan!”.

Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora) - the Grand Old Woman of the

Revolution
 AGUINALDO‟S REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT

Baldomero Aguinaldo - Aguinaldo‟s first cousin who

influenced him to join a Masonic Lodge in
Cavite

Santiago Alavrez - persuaded Aguinaldo to join the

Katipunan

Aguinaldo‟s major role of the Katipunan

- to keep the Cavite Katipunan councils more compact and away from any
Spanish suspicion.
The essential point of the Tejeros Assembly
- to end the Katipunan

Elected Officers:
Emilio Aguinaldo - President
Mariano Trias - Vice-President
Artemio Ricarte - Capt. General
Emiliano Riego de Dios - Secretary of War
Andre Bonifacio - Secretary of Interior
Daniel Tirona - a Magdalo who questioned the capability of
Andres Bonifacio as Secretary of
Interior

Artemio Ricarte - pacified Bonifacio during the incident with

Daniel Tirona

Santa Cruz de Malabon - the church (inside the convent) where

Aguinaldo and the other officials, except Bonifacio, were
inaugurated.

Acta de Tejeros - a document declaring the Tejeros

election irregular and invalid
Naik Agreement - a document resolving for the establishment of
another revolutionary government
independent from that of Aguinaldo

Lt. Lazaro Makapagal - commissioned by Aguinaldo to execute

Bonifacio at Mt. Magpatong,
Maragondon, Cavite.

Charges against Bonifacio:

1. Treasons
2. Attempted assassination of Aguinaldo
3. Seditions
SALAMAT!