RESPIRATORY DISEASES

Hemoptysis:-Coughing out of blood includes both blood-

stained sputum and frank haemoptysis. Massive
haemoptysis is defined as 600–800 mL of blood in 24
hours.
Acute bronchitis:- Acute infection of mucous membrane
of trachea and bronchi produced by viruses, bacteria or
external irritants.
Chronic Bronchitis:- A clinical disorder characterised by
productive cough due to excessive mucus secretion in
the bronchial tree not caused by local
bronchopulmonary disease, on most of the days for at
least 3 months of the year for at least two consecutive
years.
Bronchiectasis :- It is a destructive lung disease
characterized by chronic (permanent/irreversible)
dilatation of the bronchi associated with persistent
though variable inflammatory process in the lungs.
Asthma:- It is a syndrome of variable airflow
obstruction. It is characterized pathologically by
bronchial inflammation with prominent eosinophil
infiltration, physiologically by bronchial hyper-reactivity,
and clinically by variable cough, chest tightness and
wheeze.
COPD:- COPD is a common, preventable lung disorder
characterized by progressive, poorly reversible airflow
limitation often with systemic manifestations, in
response to tobacco smoke and/or other harmful
inhalational exposures. 
Emphysema :-it is a component of COPD characterised
by abnormal permanent enlargement of the airspaces
distal to the terminal bronchioles.
Pneumonia:- it is a inflammation of lung parenchyma.
Lung Abscesse:- Circumscribed suppurative inflammation
of lung by pyogenic organisms leading to cavitation and
necrosis.
TB :- it is a highly variable communicable disease that is
caused by the tubercle bacillus that affects especially
the lungs but may spread to other areas (such as the
kidney or spinal column), and that is characterized by
fever, cough, difficulty in breathing, formation
of tubercles, caseation, pleural effusions, and fibrosis.
Respiratory failure :- can be defined in two ways:
• Failure of oxygenation resulting in PaO2 <8.0 kPa
• Failure of ventilation resulting in PaCO2 >6.7 kPa with
accompanying acid-base changes.
Pneumothorax:- it is air in the pleural cavity.
Pleural effusion:- it is an accumulation of fluid in the
pleural space as a result of excessive transudation or
exudation from pleural surfaces.
Empyema:- it is a collection of pus in the space between
the lung and the inner surface of the chest wall (pleural
space).