What Research is not

 NOT merely gathering information

 NOT merely rummaging around for hard-to-locate information
 NOT merely transporting facts from one location to another
The research process is
 ITERATIVE
-A researcher sometimes needs to move back and forth between two or more steps along the way.
 CYCLICAL
-Research typically involves a cycle in which one study spawns additional, follow-up studies. Research
begets more research.
-(Leedy and Ormrod, 2015)
Quantitative Research – emphasizes objective measurements, systematic investigation of phenomena by
gathering quantifiable data and performing statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques.
Qualitative Research - requires non-numeral data, which means that research uses words rather numbers

 Quantitative research is a type of inquiry where relations are established through the collection of
numerical data which are analyzed to derived generalization.
 It is a systematic scientific analysis of data and their relationship.
CHARACTERISTICS
1. Objective
Data gathering and analysis of results are done accurately, objectively, are unaffected by researcher’s
intuition and personal guesses
2. Fast Data Collection
Depending on the type of data needed, collection of data is quick and easy. It uses standardized research
instruments that allow data from a large sample size efficiently.
3. Large Sample Size
To obtain more meaningful statistical result, the data must come from a large sample size.
4. Generalizable and Reliable Data
Data taken from a sample can be applied to the population if sampling is done accordingly..i.e.,
sufficient sample size and random samples were taken.
5. Faster Data Analysis
The use of statistical tools give way for a less time-consuming data analysis.
 6. Visual Result Presentation
Data is numerical which makes presentation through graphs, charts, and tables possible for better
conveyance and interpretation.
7. Replication
The quantitative method can be repeated to verify findings enhancing its validity, free from false or
immature conclusions.
STRENGTHS
1. It is objective. Since it provides numerical data, it can’t be easily misinterpreted.
2. The use of statistical techniques facilitates sophisticated analyses and allows you to comprehend a
huge number of vital characteristics of data.
3. The numerical data can be analyzed in a quick and easy way. By exploring statistically valid random
models, findings can be generalized to the population about which information is necessary.
4. Quantitative studies are replicable. Standardized approaches allow the study to be replicated in different
areas or over time with the formulation of comparable findings.
WEAKNESSES
1. Quantitative research requires a large number of respondents. It is assumed that the larger the sample
is, the more statistically accurate the findings are.
2. It is costly. Since, there are more respondents compared to qualitative research, the expenses will be
greater in reaching out to these people and in reproducing the questionnaires.
3. It lacks the necessary data to explore a problem in depth
4. The respondents are limited to choose only from the given responses.
5. If not done seriously and correctly, data from questionnaires may be incomplete and inaccurate.
Researchers must be on the look- out on respondents who are just guessing in answering the instrument.
Kinds of Quantitative Research
The kind of research is dependent on the researcher’s aim in conducting the study and the extent to which the
findings will be used.
1. Descriptive Research.
This design is concerned with describing the nature, characteristics and components of the population or
a phenomenon. For example, you want to determine how many hours senior high school students spend
in social media, the number of malnourished students who failed in the achievement test, and how
healthy is the food served during recess in public schools.
2. Correlational Research.
It is the systematic investigation of the nature of relationships, or association between and among
variables. It is also concerned with the extent of relationship that exists between or among the variables.
3. Evaluation Research.
This kind of research aims to assess the effects, impacts or outcomes of practices, policies or programs.
Assessing the implementation of nursing are in a hospital and determining the impact of a new treatment
procedure for patients is an example.
4. Survey Research.
This is used to gather information from groups of people by selecting and studying samples chosen from
a population. This method has two categories, namely: cross- sectional, if the information is collected
from a sample in just single point in time, and longitudinal if the researcher collects information on the
same subjects over a period of time.
 5. Causal- Comparative Research.
It is also known as ex post facto (after the fact)research. It is used to investigate CAUSAL relationship
between previous and present conditions. For example, a researcher is interested in how weight
influences stress- coping level of adults. Here, the subjects would be separated into different groups as
underweight, normal, and overweight. This is ex post facto because of the pre- existing characteristic
(weight).
6. Experimental Research.
This research utilizes scientific method to test cause- and-effect relationships under conditions
controlled by the researcher. An independent variable is manipulated to determine the effects on the
dependent variables.
Ex. The effect of part-time employment on the achievement of senior high school students.
a. Pre-experimental Design: it provides no control group, or no way of equating groups that are
used.
O1=Pretest X=Treatment(Intervention) O2=Posttest
b. Quasi-Experimental: provide of control of when and to whom the measurement is applied. , but
the random assignment has not been applied , the equivalence of the group is unlikely.
O1=Pretest X=Treatment(Intervention) O2=Posttest
O3=Pretest C=Control O4=Posttest
c. True Experimental Design: the equivalence of the experimental and control group is provided
by random assignment of subjects to experimental and control treatment. It is the strongest type
of design.
Posttest Only Equivalent Group Pretest Posttest Equivalent Group
R X=Treatment(Intervention O1=Posttest R O1=Pretest X O2=Posttest
)
R C=Pretest O2=Posttest R O3=Pretest C O4=Posttest
Importance of Quantitative Research Across Fields
Field Contribution/Application Example
Social Science • Show effects of intervention to group behavior The effects of pandemic on social
• Understand cultural or racial conflicts behavior and economic stability
• Human satisfaction and stressors
Agriculture • Increase the yield of crops The effectiveness of organic and
and Fisheries • Prevent and cure crops and livestock diseases inorganic fertilizer to vegetable
production
Sports • Enhance athletic performance Diet and exercise techniques for
different kinds of sports
Business • Offer device marketing strategies Effectiveness of Facebook ads on sales.
• Improve marketability
Arts and • Show relationship between color and architectural The effects of music on learning and
Design space behavior.
• Maximize use of Multimedia and adaptation for
recreation, business marketing and lifestyle changes.
Environmental • Determine Cause and effects of climate change The environmental factors affecting
Science natural calamities
Variables
-Anything that may assume varied numerical or categorical values.
- It is an object, event, idea, feeling, time, period or any other type or category you are trying to measure.
-For instance, sex is a variable. It may be male or female Socio- economic status is a variable, Educational
attainment of parents is another variable.
Kinds of Variables

Numerical Variable
- A type of variable that is expressed in terms of numbers rather than natural language descriptions. It can
be collected in number form. This quantitative variable can be used as a form of measurement.
Categorical Variable
-A type of variable that can be stored into groups or categories with the aid of names or labels. This
grouping is usually made to the characteristics. Each element can be placed only one category according to
its qualities.
1. Continuous Variable
- A variable that can take infinite number on the value that can occur within a population.
-In general, a continuous variable is one that is measured, not counted.
-Examples are height, temperature, weight, time, distance and the like.
a. Interval variable
-is a measurement where the difference between two values does have meaning. It is defined as a
numerical scale where the order of the variables is known as well as the difference between these
variables.
** Measurement is the process of assigning value to a variable
b. Ratio variable
-is defined as a variable measurement scale that not only produces the order of variables but also
makes the difference between variables known along with information on the value of true zero.
- Because of the existence of true zero value, the ratio scale doesn’t have negative values. The
ratio between two points has a meaning.
2. Discrete Variable
- are numeric variables that have a countable number of values between any two values. A discrete
variable is always numeric. For example, the number of customer complaints or the number of flaws or
defects.
a. Nominal variable
-also called the categorical variable scale, is defined as a scale used for labeling variables into
 distinct classifications and doesn’t involve a quantitative value or order. Words, letters and even
numbers are used to classify the data.
b. Ordinal Variable
-is defined as a variable measurement scale used to simply depict the order of variables. The
distance in between and among them may not be the same across all levels of the variables.

Independent Variable
-cause variable or the one responsible for the conditions that act on something else to bring about changes
is the independent variable.
Dependent variable
-also called outcome variable is the result or effect of the changes brought about by the independent
variable.
Antecedent Variable
-happens before the independent and dependent variables
-It may affect the relationship between the two variables or it might just affect the two variables separately
without their being direct relationship between IV and DV.

Extraneous Variable
 - any variable that you do not intentionally studying in your experiment or test but can affect the dependent
variables.

Intervening Variable
- variable that cannot be observed in an experiment, but as already intimidated, it can used to explain a
cause, connection or association between and among variables in the study