B.Tech END TERM EXAMINATION -2021 Semester: 7th sem, EE Sub: Electrical Drives (UEEO7B01) Date: 06-12-2021 Time: 9:30am- 11:30am. Full marks: 50, Duration: 2 hrs. Each question of Group-A is of 4 (four) marks and that of Group-B is of 2 (two) marks. Instruction to candidates: ‘a, Write answers in paper with pen. 'b. Write name and enrollment number on top of each sheet. c. Take photo shot of answer sheet / (s) and convert to single POF file. d. Send the file as attachment to e-mail id: rupnarayanray@gmail.com. « Submission process should be completed within 15 minutes of end of the scheduled time of exam. f, The students must be online in the Google meet with video mode during the whole exam process. Group-A |. Explain the major disadvantage of dynamic braking. 2. What are the problems encountered in open loop control of IM drive (constant flux}? - Brietly discuss about major classes of motor duty. 4. Derive the equation of thermal model for computation of temperature rise of de motor during running condition, 5. Draw and explain counter current braking circuit of phase controlled and chopper-controlled de shunt motor.Group-A(i) Rheostatic or Dynamic braking: In this method, the armature of the running motor is disconnected from the supply and is connected across a variable resistance R. However, the field winding is left connected to the supply. The armature, while slowing down, rotates in a strong magnetic field and, therefore, operates as a generator, sending a large current through resistance R. This causes the energy possessed by the rotating armature to be dissipated quickly as heat in the resistance. As a result, the motor is brought to a standstill quickly. Fig. shows the dynamic braking of a shunt motor. eer Motoring Dynamic Braking The braking torque can be controlled by varying the resistance R. If the value of R is decreased as the motor speed decreases, the braking torque may be maintained at a high value. At a low value of speed, the braking torque becomes small and the final stopping of the motor is due to friction. This type of braking is used extensively in connection with the control of elevators and hoists and in other applications in which motors must be started,Some problems encountered in the operation of this open loop drive are the following :@The speed of the motor cannot be controlled precisely, because the rotor speed will be slightly less than the synchror sus speed and that in this scheme the stator frequency ind hence the synchronous speed is the only control var' able @The slip speed, being the difference between the ¢ ynchronous speed and the electrical rotor speed, cannot be maintained, as the rotor speed is not measured in this scheme. However, the frequency (or synchronous speed) is not the real speed because of a slip is function of the motor load. This can lead to operation in the unstable region of the torque- speed characteristics @ The effect of the above can make the stator currents exceed the rated current by a large amount thus endangering the inverterconverter combination. 2dDepending on this, concept of motor duty class is introduced and on the basis of this duty cycles of the motor can be divided in eight categories such as 1. Continuous duty 4 2. Short time duty 3. Intermittent periodic duty A. Intermittent periodic duty with starting 5. Intermittent periodic duty with starting and braking 6. Continuous duty with intermittent periodic loading 7. Continuous duty with starting and braking 8. Continuous duty with periodic speed changesContinuous Duty This duty denotes that, the motor is running long enough AND the electric motor temperature reaches the steady state value. These motors are used in paper mill drives, compressors, conveyors etc. 14 AYShort Time Duty In these motors, the time of operation is very low and the heating time is much lower than the cooling time. So, the motor cooks off to ambient temperature before operating again. These motors are used in crane drives, drives for house hold appliances, valve drives etc. Tt 4, (iw Oo G ofIntermittent Periodic Duty Here the motor operates for some time and then there is rest period. In both cases, the time is insufficient to raise the temperature to steady state value or cool it off to ambient temperature. This is seen at press and drilling machine drives. 4 aeIntermittent Period Duty with Starting In this type of duty, there is a period of starting, which cannot be ignored and there is a heat loss at that time. After that there is running period and rest period which are not adequate to attain the steady state temperatures. This motor duty class is widely used in metal cutting and drilling tool drives, mine hoist etc. rt | Starting Running | xo oO rest :Intermittent Periodic Duty with Starting and Braking In this type of drives, heat loss during starting and braking cannot be ignored. So, the corresponding periods are starting period, operating period, braking period and resting period, but all the periods are too short to attain the respective steady state temperatures, these techniques are used in billet mill drive, manipulator drive, mine hoist etc. a % T@ Continuous Duty with Intermittent Periodic Loading XC) In this type of motor duty, everything is same as the periodic duty but here a no load running period occurs instead of the rest period. Pressing, cutting are the examples of this system. @ Continuous Duty with Starting and Braking It is also a period of starting, running and braking and there is no resting period. The main drive of a blooming mill is an 3“ example. ® Continuous Duty with Periodic Speed Changes gw) In this type of motor duty, there are different running periods at different loads and speeds. But there is no rest period and all the periods are too short to attain the steady state temperatures.Thermal Model of a Motor We know that when an electrical motor and drive operates, there is a generation of heat inside the motor. The amount of heat generated inside the motor should be known as accurately as possible. That’s why thermal modeling of motor is necessary. The material of the motors and the shapes and size of the motors are not unique but the generation of heat does not alter very much depending on these characteristics. So, a simple thermal model of any motor can be obtained assuming it to be a homogeneous body. The main aim of this modeling is to choose the appropriate rating of a motor so that the electric motor does not exceed its safe limit during operation.At time ‘t’, let the motor has following parameters P1 = Heat developed, Joules/sec or watts p2 = Heat dissipated to the cooling medium, watts — W = Weight of the active parts of the machine. h = Specific heat, Joules per Kg per °C. A = Cooling Surface, m? d = Co-efficient of heat transfer, Joules/Sec/m?/°C 0 = Mean temperature rise °CNow, if time dt, let the temperature rise of the machine be dé, Therefore, heat absorbed in the machine = (Heat generated inside the machine — Heat dissipated to the surrounding cooling medicine) Where, d0 = pidt— podt....... ee (i) Since, p2 = dA... Substituting (ii) in (i), we get of =p —D@ (Where C=WhandD = dA) Here, C is called the thermal capacity of the machine in watts/°C and D is the heat dissipation constant in watts/°C. When we acquire the first order differential equation of the equation — do OF =P DO we get 0 = Our + Ke 7/7. +. + (iii) Where, Q,, =p: / Dand 1 =C/D.We obtain the value of K by putting t = 0 in equation (iii) and get the solution as 8 =6..(1— Ke~"/7) + 6 ~ "7" So, from the above equation we can find out the rise in temperature inside a working machine, which is very near to being accurate and if we plot a graph for the variation of temperature risk with time during heating and cooling and thus the thermal modeling of a motor gets completed. A ° heating Heating and Cooling curvesGroup-BGroup-B 1. Name the four quadrant operations of dc drive 2. Which factors should be taken into account for selection of motor rating? 3. What isthe purpose of using freewheeling diode during plugging of chopper-controlled drive? 4, What isthe limitation of discontinuous current mode in converter-controlied de drive? 5. In rapid transit system which braking system is preferred and why? 6. Why negative notch is present in case of de drive controlled by full converter? 7. What is the main advantage of constant flux operation of IM drive? . Name the externally adjustable parameters of closed loop control strategy for constant flux IM drive. 9. Define passive load of a motor. 10. Write the general drive equation and explain torque balance for stability. 11. Why the triggering angle of converter is restricted to 155 degrees in slip energy recovery scheme? 12. Why PI controller is chosen as speed controller in de motor closed loop control? 13, What is the function of inner current loop in a speed-controlled de motor drive? 14, In case of motor with active load, why extra precaution is necessary during counter current braking? 415. Which braking method is best suitable for obtaining high braking torque?SELECTION OF POWER RATING OF MOTORS From the point of view of motor rating for various duty cycles in section 1.6 can be broadly classified as: v Continuous duty and constant load Vv Continuous duty and variable load 1 v Short time ratingPurpose of using Freewheeling Diode: @ (1) The Freewheeling Diode improves the waveform of the load current of Rectifier circuits, inverter circuits, and chopper circuits by making it continuous.In addition to saving energy, regenerative braking also Te SCC Cee hice nC On ieanatdekcTats accelerate simultaneously during peak hours. G) see ieee eeIn regenerative braking, when the electric tram or train is going downhill, DU RU ee OR my absorbing energy and acting like a mechanical brake. @ QL3. Constant V/F Control Of Induction Motor @ This is the most popular method for controlling the speed of an induction motor. As in above method, if the supply frequency is reduced keeping the rated supply voltage, the air gap flux will tend to saturate. This will cause excessive stator current and distortion of the stator flux wave. Therefore, the stator voltage should also be reduced in proportional to the frequency so as to maintain the air-gap flux constant. The magnitude of the stator flux is proportional to the ratio of the stator voltage and the frequency. Hence, if the ratio of voltage to frequency is kept constant, the flux remains constant. Also, by keeping V/F constant, the developed torque remains approximately constant. This method gives higher run-time efficiency. Therefore, majority of AC speed drives employ constant V/F method (or variable voltage, variable frequency method) for the speed control. Along with wide range of speed control, this method also offers ‘soft start’ capability.® In the closed loop induction motor drive the limits on the slip sped, boost voltage and reference speed are externally {Mfiflable variables. The external aajistment allows the tuning and matching of the induction motor to the converter and inverter and the tailoring of its characteristics to match the load requirements.Load torques which always oppose the motion and change their sign on the reversal of motion are called passive load torques 7 ® u Torque due to friction, cutting etc.‘iN L f ae 2 | a \ Vind | > a | i ; Aris aide ey Alaii eaae “tre. watlet, doch. ia lrrnechaenl 02 lpm Asad , we ovill wee eto ! oh ad. — the cpelad omelet Hama AE VIE | és dtp ir ee) i ‘ian. OIt( = ~ 4a” Uae J é if \ an 2 5 x Novem : le = ss “he Tp CunagohaA__ beeacce ’ =r =o Aneta haccebd ica, th 5 aA 4 Ke heMIR nce Regt Lakme cae eee iol LM =ed re) NG eee kerma kn munca eC eer Uae Om mew CLL} Se ROK RR aR ec Rc east Me el Tee oe RnR ia Os)© The Closed Loop Speed Control of DC Motor schemes are provided with inner current control loop in order to TT URC AL CM ae Ure Coe Core and decelerate the drive at the maximum permissible current and torque during transient operations.1. Which braking method is the best method for obtaining high braking torque? a) Regenerative braking b) Plugging c) Dynamic braking d) Rheostatic braking © * View Answer Answer: b Explanation: Plugging is the best braking method among all braking techniques. In plugging the value of the armature current reverses and the mechanical energy is extracted. A very high braking torque is produced in case of plugging.