INDEX

Index Terms Links

active systems 153

ALARP 32 42 45
AND gate 70
ANSI/ISA-84.01-1996 18 162
approximation 81
as low as reasonably practicable (see
also ALARP) 31
atmospheric stability 105
auto-ignition 155
average consequence 155

basic event 69
basic process control system 145
benchmarking 41
benefit-to-cost ratio 33 39 194
blast wave 102
BLEVE (see also boiling liquid
expanding vapor explosion) 96 98 102
BLEVE/fireball 96
boiling liquid expanding vapor
explosion 96 102
BPCS 145

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business interruption 95 189 192

calibration 183 185

minimum value 185
prototypical 185
capital density 109
chance 61
checklist 51 55 57
combustion 97 154
commissioning 25
common cause 71 74
common cause failure 63
complementary 63
conceptual design 21
confidence level 76
consequence 5 88 92 94
106 108 166 169
175 189
average 137
consequence analysis 22 87 89 95
109
models 111
statistical 90
continuous mode 162
cost benefit ratio, see benefit-to-cost
ratio
cost-benefit analysis 45 192 194

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cost-effective 195 197

de manifestus 42
de minimus 42
demand mode 162
demand rate 170 174
design conditions 151
dispersion 104
dispersion modeling 104
Dow Chemical Exposure Index 89
Dow Fire and Explosion Index 89

effect zone 88 94 106

EIL (see environmental integrity level)
endpoint 94 105
environmental impact 186 189 192
environmental integrity level 189 195
EPA
offsite consequence analysis 11
risk management plan 11
event
combination 62 65
complementary 63 133 142
independent 62 66
individual 65
mutually exclusive 64

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event (Cont.)
type 62
event tree 119 133 137
branch 132 141
chemical release 95
outcome 132 134 141
event tree analysis 119 123 131 138
141 143 157
expected loss, see expected value
expected value 35 37 106 194
explosion 102 154
explosion probability 155
external risk reduction facilities 153

failure mode 79
failure modes and effects analysis 52
failure probability
average 80 209
maximum 80 209
failure rate 75 79 81 83
databases 78
farmer curve (see also F-N curve) 36
fatal accident rate 38
fault propagation modeling 117 122 128 131
157
fault tree 69
fault tree analysis 61 69 120 124
fault tree symbols 70

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FIL (see financial integrity level)

final elements 145
financial integrity level 192 195
financial risk management 45
fireball 96 101
flash fire 97 100 103 155
FMEA (see also failure modes and
effects analysis) 52
F-N curve 36 207
frequency 7 133 141
frequency of dangerous failure 163
functional safety 17
fusible plugs 152

gas release 95
gate-by-gate analysis 69
gates 69

harm 6
hazard 92
hazard identification 22 50
hazard matrix 165 177 183 185
188
hazards and operability study, see
HAZOP
HAZOP 51 53 55 57

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Human Error Analysis and Reduction

Technique (HEART) 148
human factors 147

IEC 61508 18 162

IEC 61511 18 162
ignition 154
immediately dangerous to life and
health (IDLH) 106
impact 95
impact analysis 88
importance 69
incident 93 95
incident outcome 93 137
incremental analysis 195
independent 62 65
independent protection layer, see
protection layer
individual outcome case 95
initiating event 92 131 156
157
multiple 156
installation 23 25
intermediate event 70 92

jet fire 97 100

jury awards 44

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jury verdicts 45

lawsuit awards 44
layer of protection analysis (see also
LOPA) 10 141 157 177
outcome 143
layer of protection, see protection
layer
liability, third-party 44
likelihood 5 7 117 166
169 174 178
likelihood analysis 23 117
liquid/liquefied gas release 95
logic 65
gates 70
solver 145
logical AND 65 70 135 143
logical OR 65 70 83
LOPA 10 141 145 156
168 177
(see also layer of protection
analysis)
LOPA diagram 142 144
loss of containment 95
loss-of-containment event 93
lost production 108

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marginal analysis (see incremental

analysis)
Markov analysis 121 127
matrix (see also hazard matrix) 166 168
matrix (see hazard matrix)
mean time to failure 75
mechanical integrity 151
minimal cut set 69
mission time 80
mitigating event 142
Monte Carlo simulation 69
MTTF 76
see also mean time to failure 75
multi-attribute utility 197
mutually exclusive 64 71 82 133

NIOSH 106
normally occupied buildings 106
nuisance trip 195

occupancy 107 155 169 175

odds 61
operator intervention 146

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operator response (see also operator

intervention) 148
OR gate 70
overpressure 102

P&IDs (see also piping and

instrumentation diagrams) 56
passive systems 153
personnel safety 189
PFD 79 82 163
(see also probability of failure on
demand) 75
PHA 50
reports 53
see also process hazard analysis
physical explosion 96 104
physical relief device 152
piping and instrumentation diagrams 56
PLL 38 106
pool fire 98
population density 107
probability 7 61 66 75
79
83 133
addition 65 70 82
multiplication 65 70 135 143
145
probability of avoidance 169 172 175

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probability of failure on demand 75

79 82 143 145
209
probable loss of life 38 106 108 171
174
process flow diagrams 56
process hazard analysis 50
property damage 95 189 192
protection layer 142 146 177

qualitative 8 32 89 165
183 185 192
traps 9
quantitative 8 165 177 182
185 192

radiation 98
rain out 98
receptors 6 92 94 106
release modeling, see release
phenomena modeling
release phenomena modeling 91
reliability block diagram 119 125
reliability data 75
relief valve 152
replacement cost 108

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risk 5 29 32 38
analysis 22
aversion 38 183 208
corporate tolerance criteria 43
de manifestus 31 39
de minimus 31
frequency-based 179
geographic 35
government tolerance criteria 41
indices 89
individual 35 37 41 44
182 185 207
integral 35
matrix (see also hazard matrix) 161
numerical criteria 44
reduction 5 29 32 181
194
societal 35 38 41 208
target 179
tolerable 8 29 32 41
183 185 207
voluntary 34
risk graph 161 169 183 185
187
risk matrix (see also hazard matrix)
rupture disks 152
rupture pins 152

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safe state 49
safety instrumented function 3 49 161
safety instrumented system 3 145
safety integrity level 2 161
safety life cycle 17 25
analysis phase 21
operation phase 25
realization 24
realization phase 23
safety requirements specification 23
semi-quantitative 90
sensitivity 69
sensors 145
settlements, lawsuit 44
severity 166
see also consequence 6 88
shock wave (see also blast wave) 101
SIF (see also safety instrumented
function) 49 163 181
identification 49
SIL 161 168 179 181
190 195
assignment 4 161
assignment equation 164
benefits 12
classification 3
determination 3

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SIL (Cont.)
see also safety integrity level
selection 3 5
SIL table 163
SIS 145
SLC 17 21 25
SRS (see also safety requirements
specification) 23
statistical analysis likelihood 117
statistics 61
summation of future earnings 34

third-party liability 192

see also liability, third-party
tolerable frequency 179 181 183 185
top event 70
toxic 104

uncertainty 69
undeveloped event 70
uniform basis 197
use factor 150

validation 25
values, revealed 33

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vapor cloud explosion 97 103

verification 25
vulnerability 106

what-if 51 55 57
willingness to pay 34

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