Materials Today: Proceedings 44 (2021) 17–22

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Materials Today: Proceedings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

Evaluation of mechanical properties of concrete manufactured with fly

ash, bagasse ash and banana fibre
Akshay Dhawan a,⇑, Nakul Gupta a, Rajesh Goyal b, K.K. Saxena c
a
Department of Civil Engineering, GLA University Mathura 281406, India
b
Construction and Project Management, NICMAR Delhi NCR, Bahadurgarh 124507, India
c
Department of Mechanical Engineering, GLA University Mathura 281406, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Concrete is the most dynamic engineering material in construction industry because of its strength prop-
Received 17 May 2020 erties as well as its durability. The consumption of raw materials not only depleted natural resources but
Accepted 2 June 2020 also increases the toxic material in the environment by the construction industries. The substitute prod-
Available online 22 July 2020
ucts have been found to save the environment and natural resources up to some extent. In the same con-
text, some usual composition of concrete mix is replaced by industrial/ natural wastes such as Fly Ash,
Keywords: Sugarcane bagasse ash and Banana fibre. The samples were prepared with the different composition
Waste utilization
using different % replacement of cement and sand. Therefore, concrete mix is developed using fly ash (re-
Sugarcane bagasse ash
Concrete
placing 20% of cement) and partial replacing sand by an industrial waste i.e. Sugarcane bagasse ash (re-
Banana fiber placing 0%,10%,20% of sand) with adding banana fiber (0%,2.5%,5%). Samples were evaluated and
Fly ash compared with standard concrete mix under characteristic compressive strength and flexural strength.
Mechanical properties It was observed that observed that addition of 2.5% of banana fibre in Cement; partially replaced by
20% of Fly Ash, and Sand; partially replaced by 10% of Bagasse Ash is the best Combination which gives
better mechanical properties.
Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
ence on Materials, Processing & Characterization.

1. Introduction
Concrete is a kind of composite material used in constructions
of buildings. The concrete is formed by binding together fluid
cement, water, sand and aggregates [1]. The most commonly used
concrete is the Portland Cement Concrete. One of the main con-
stituents of concrete is cement which is harming the environment
at a very fast rate.
Cement is a fine grey powdery substance which is made by
burning a mixture of clay and lime, and sets hard when it is mixed
with water. The manufacturing of cement involves several pro-
cesses like crushing, milling and proportioning of lime, silica, alu-
mina, iron and gypsum. Cement is a binder material which is a
substance that helps in binding different materials together [2].
This property makes it an excellent constituent of concrete. Pro-
duction of Cement generates high amount of CO2. Cement is the
3rd largest producer of man-made CO2 in the world after transport
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: akshay.dhawan2789@gmail.com (A. Dhawan).
sector and energy generation sector [3].It is estimated that about
0.97 tons of carbon dioxide is released to the environment for
the production of 1 ton of cement. Carbon dioxide is one of the cat-
egories of greenhouse gas and is largely responsible for global
warming [4]. This prompts us to study the various alternatives to
cement to make the concrete environment friendly. The usage of
waste materials or by products from the manufacturing industries
can be used as a partial replacement of cement in concrete without
reducing the desired strength of the concrete.
Fly Ash is one of the pozzolonic materials produced by burning
the coal in thermal power plants. It is also known as pulverised fuel
ash, hopper ash; chimney ash and constitutes about 80% of total
ash generated in power plants. Instead of disposing this huge
amount of fly ash in land, it can be effectively used as a replace-
ment of cement in concrete. Many research and studies has stated
that in concrete fly ash can be replaced about 50–60% of cement.
This type of concrete is known as High Volume Fly Ash Concrete
which produces mixtures that show high workability, high ulti-
mate strength, and high durability. Utilization of fly ash in concrete
minimizes the carbon dioxide emission problems to certain extent

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.06.006
2214-7853/Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials, Processing & Characterization.
18 A. Dhawan et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 44 (2021) 17–22
and also fly ash is less expensive compared to Portland cement [5].
Fly Ash is a non bio-degradable material and is commonly used as a
substitute of cement for production of concrete. There are two
types of Fly Ash available namely Class C fly ash and Class F fly
ash respectively. Fly ash can be replaced by cement between 15%
and 35% without having any impact on the compressive and flexu-
ral strength of concrete[6].Manufacturers of concrete usually limit
the quantity of fly ash to be around 25 percent or less by weight
[7]. More percentage of fly ash in the concrete reduces the slump
value and reduces the workability of the mix.
Nowadays, natural resources are depleting in the entire world
whereas, at the same time the wastes generating from the indus-
tries are increasing at a very fast rate. The sustainable development
for construction will include the use of non-conventional and inno-
vative materials, and recycling of waste materials in order to com-
pensate the depletion of natural resources and to find alternative
ways for conserving the environment.
Now-a-days good sand is not readily available and these
resources are also exhausting very rapidly. Demand for manufac-
tured fine aggregates for making concrete is increasing day by
day as river sand cannot meet the demands in construction. There-
fore, it is very important to find some substitute to natural river
sand. The sand which is produced by proper machines can be
proved to be better substitute to river sand. The sand must be of
proper gradation and such sand will have few drawbacks and will
be more cost efficient.
Sugarcane is one of the major crops grown in over 110 countries
and its total production is over 1500 million tons worldwide [8]. In
India only, sugarcane production is over 300 million tons per year
which causes about 10 million tons of sugarcane bagasse ash as a
non-usable waste material [8,9]. After extracting of all economical
sugar from sugarcane, around 40–45% fibrous residue is obtained
in the same industry as fuel in boilers for heat generation leaving
behind 8–10% ash as waste, known as sugarcane bagasse ash
(SCBA) [10]. The SCBA comprises of high amounts of un-burnt mat-
ter, silicon, aluminum and calcium oxides. But, the ashes which are
obtained directly from the mill are non-reactive because these are
burnt under uncontrolled conditions and at very high tempera-
tures. Therefore, the ash becomes an industrial waste and poses
disposal problems. Therefore, properties of final product is fully
reflected with various processing parameters and their ingredients
[11]. It is important to study the use of SCBA as a partial replace-
ment of fine aggregates in cement concrete because the availability
of natural sand is declining in the last decades as a result of ecolog-
ical and environmental limitations.
Concrete containing hydraulic cement, water, aggregate, and
discontinuous discrete fibres is known as fibre reinforced concrete.
The important role of fibres is to recover the cracks that get
develop in the concrete and increase the ductility of concrete ele-
ments, improvement on post cracking behaviour of concrete. It
increase more resistance to impact load, controls plastic shrinkage
cracking and drying shrinkage cracking and lowers the permeabil-
ity of concrete matrix and thus reduce the bleeding of water. The
fibre increases the toughness property of concrete. A materials
ability to absorb energy and plastically deform without getting
fractured is known as toughness. It can also be defined as resis-
tance to fracture of a material when stressed. Disperse fibres offer
various advantages of steel bars and wire mesh to reduce shrinkage
cracks [12]. The fibres are less sensitive to corrosion than the rein-
forcing steel bars and the fibres can reduce the labour cost of plac-
ing the bars and wire mesh. The weakness in tension can be
overcome by the use of conventional steel bar reinforcement and
to some extent by the inclusion of a sufficient volume of certain
fibres. The use of fibres also alters the behaviour of the fibre–ma-
trix composite after it has cracked, thereby improving its
toughness.
Al-Jabri et al. [11]focuses on experiments investigating the
effects of using copper slag as sand in high performance concrete.
Various samples of concrete were made with different proportion
of copper slag as replacement of sand ranging from 0% to 100%,
and various tests were carried out like flexural strength and dura-
bility, workability, density, compressive strength and tensile
strength. The results showed that with the increase in percentage
of copper slag the density and workability of concrete increases.
Moreover, addition of copper slag up to 50%; increases the com-
pressive strength and tensile strength of concrete but, with further
increase in copper slag after 50%; concrete strength reduces due to
increase in free water content. Thus, it is recommended that cop-
per slag can be replaced by sand up to 40% for increase in strength
of high performance concrete.
Sales and Lima [12] used sugarcane bagasse ash as a replace-
ment with sand by 20–30% and found greater compressive
strength than the standard sample. They also reported that the
replacement of sand in concrete by sugarcane bagasse ash can
enhance the strength up to30MPa.
Andreão et al. [13] got an idea about sawdust formed from tim-
ber industry, which was treated as a waste. Such sawdust bears
pozzolanic properties with an index value of 75.9%. Properties of
sawdust were comparable with fly ash. They replaced sawdust
with cement with proportion ranging from 0 to 30%. The of con-
crete samples with replacement of variable percentage of OPC con-
cretes at 5%, 10% and 15% with saw dust and found compressive
strength as 93%, 78% and 68% of the compressive strength of stan-
dard samples, respectively. These results showed a great future of
sawdust ash as a replacement material of cement in concrete
works.
K.R.A.O.M. V [13] experiments on the use of sisal and banana
fibre to improve the strength and applications of concrete. The
study reported that the ability to resist cracking and spelling were
improved by using Banana Fibre. In this Experiment three different
proportions of sisal fibres and banana fibres (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%) having
30 mm length have been tested in M25 Concrete. In results, com-
pressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength is more
in the fibre reinforced concrete than conventional M25 grade of
Concrete.
Therefore, in the present work, development of mix concrete by
replacing the cement from industrial waste in variable composi-
tions to know the mechanical properties of mix concrete.
1.1. Materials used
1.1.1. Cement
All the concrete mixes were prepared by using ordinary Port-
land cement of 43 grade (OPC 43), confirming to IS 8112:2013
[14], as the binder. The cement was manufactured by Ultra Tech
cement. The specific gravity, initial and final setting times were
found in the laboratory testing. Characteristic of the cement binder
is shown in Table 1.
Specific Gravity of cement was 3.15 [15].
Table 1
Physical properties of 43 grade ordinary portland cement.
Physical Properties Values of Requirements as per
OPC used IS8112-1989
Standard Consistency 28.9% –
Initial Setting Time 43 Minutes Minimum of 30 min
Final Setting Time 270 Minutes Maximum of 600 min
Specific gravity 3.15 –
Compressive strength in 29 Not less than
N/mm2 at 3 days
Compressive strength in 39.5 Not less than
N/mm2 at 7
 A. Dhawan et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 44 (2021) 17–22 19

1.1.2. Coarse aggregate Table 3

Crushed angular and graded aggregate were procured from Nar- Sieve analysis of coarse aggregates.

naul, Haryana. The coarse aggregate with a maximum nominal size Sieve Size (mm) Cumulative Percentage Passing
of 20 mm were used for making the concrete. Sieve analysis of the IS 383 – 2016
coarse aggregates was done to determine the fineness modulus. 20 mm 92.84 90–100
Specific gravity was determined using pycnometer test. Table 2 16 mm 64.28 –
and Table 3 indicates the characteristic of these aggregates. 12.5 mm 39.3 –
10 mm 29.66 25–55
4.75 mm 0.9 0–10
1.1.3. Fine aggregate
The Zone 3 graded sand having a specific gravity of 2.6 and fine-
ness modulus of 2.81 is used. The details of the Sieve analysis are
mentioned in the Table 4 and Table 5. Table 4
Physical properties of fine aggregate.

1.1.4. Bagasse ash Physical properties Values

Bagasse Ash is issued as a partial replacement of sand. Bagasse Specific gravity 2.6
Ash was produced by burning the sugarcane bagasse after sun dry- Fineness modulus 2.81
ing for a week in hot summers and then burning it to produce the Water absorption 0.74%
bagasse ash. The chemical composition of Bagasse Ash found is Bulk density (kg/m3) 1662
Free moisture content 0.12%
mentioned in Table 6.

1.1.5. Banana fibre

Table 5
Banana fibre was purchased from professional vendor. Usually,
Sieve analysis of coarse aggregates.
banana fibres collected as by-product in agro based industries are
dried. Banana fibres of diameter 1 mm and length of 40 mm were Sieve Size (mm) Cumulative Percentage Passing
Fine Aggregates IS 383 – 2016
used. Density of banana fibre is 1.35 g/cc. The physical properties
and Chemical properties of the same have been mentioned in 10 mm 100 100
4.75 mm 99.2 90–100
Table 7 and Table 8 respectively.
2.36 mm 95.9 85 – 100
1.18 mm 87.3 75 – 100
1.1.6. Fly ash 600 lm 73.1 60 – 79
Class F fly ash (specific gravity 2.72) is used in the investigation. 300 lm 28.9 12 – 40
150 lm 8.05 0 – 10
The details properties and chemical composition of fly ash as per
ASTM C 311 standard [16] are shown in Table 9.

2. Methods Table 6
Sugarcane bagasse ash components
and their mass in percentage.
2.1. Mix preparation
Component Mass (%)
The concrete mix is designed as per standard of IS 10262 – 2019 SiO2 71.9
for the conventional concrete. A polycarboxylic based admixture Al2O3 6.7
Brocrete C800 is used as a super plasticiser. The dosage of this Fe2O3 5.8
CaO 3.8
admixture which is added during the manufacture of concrete is K2O 2.7
taken as 0.92% by weight of cementatious content. M20 grade of MgO 2.2
concrete was adopted and the w/c ratio of 0.423 was initially con- Na2O 1.5
sidered for the design mix. The quantity of the ingredients and the Loss of Ignition 3.5
mix proportion obtained after the design mix. Quantity of ingredi-
ents and mix proportion for 1 m3 of concrete are mentioned in
Table 10.
Table 7
Physical properties of banana fibre.
2.2. Specimen casting
Properties Value

Concrete mix of M20 was manufactured through mix design in Width or Diameter (in mm) 80 to 250
the ratio of 1:1.6:3.1 and tested for compressive strength and flex- Density (g/cc) 1.35
Tenacity (MN/m2) 539 to 754
ural strength. Thereafter, 9 different samples of 6 cubes each were
Elastic Modulus (GN/m2) 9 to 16
cast. The size of the cube is 150 mm  150 mm  150 mm. The fly

Table 2
Physical properties of coarse aggregate.
Table 8
Physical Properties Values Chemical properties of banana fibre.
Specific gravity 2.6
Constituents Percentage (%)
Fineness Modulus 2.72
Water Absorption (%) 0.5% Cellulose 55
Bulk density (kg/m3) 1585 Lignin 18
Free moisture content (%) 0.2% Extractives 8
Aggregate Impact value (%) 11.1 Moisture 12
Aggregate Crushing value (%) 25.22 Ashes 9
20 A. Dhawan et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 44 (2021) 17–22

Table 9 2.5% of the banana fibre, the strength improves by about 6 percent
. Chemical compositions (wt.%) of fly ash used and thereafter decreases when we add 5% of the banana fibre in
in this study.
Sample 3.
Oxides Fly ash The ultimate strength of the concrete was developed in Sample
Silica (SiO2) 50.50 no. 5 when Cement was displaced by 20% of fly ash and sand was
Alumina (Al2O3) 26.57 replaced by 10 percent of sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA). 2.5% of the
Calcium oxide (CaO) 2.13 banana fibre was also added to Sample 5 to gives its optimum
Ferric oxide (Fe2O3) 13.77
Potassium oxide (K2O) 0.77
result. The strength of Sample no. 5 was approximately 14 percent
Magnesium oxide (MgO) 1.54 better than the conventional concrete. Sample 6 displayed the
Sodium oxide (Na2O) 0.45 reduction in strength upon adding 5% banana fibre [19].
Phosporus pentoxide (P2O5) 1.00 As is showcased in the graph, Sample 7 displays reduction in the
Sulphuric anhydride (SO3) 0.41
strength when Cement is displaced by 20 Percent of cement, Sand
Loss on ignition (LOI) 0.60
is replaced with 20% SBA and no banana fibre is added. The
strength further decreases by 11% and 20%, with the addition of
banana fibre in the proportion of 2.5% and 5% respectively, as is dis-
Table 10
Quantity of ingredients and mix proportion for 1 m3 of concrete. played from sample 8 and sample 9 [20]. The 91 days strength also
showed more or less similar results.
Ingredient Quantity Actual W/C ratio Mix Proportion
This increase in the strength of the sample 5 mix with increas-
Cement 310.82 kg 0.423 1: 1.6: 3.10 ing SBA and addition of banana fiber percentage is due to the
Fine Aggregate 497.32 kg
improved compactness of the concrete. As the SBA content is
Coarse Aggregate 983.44 kg
Water Content 132.47 kg
increased the voids in the concrete gets filled, thereby leading to
Super plasticizer 2.86 kg a more dense composition. Once the voids get completely filled
with the fines of SBA and Banana Fiber, any further increase in
the % fines leads to the lessening of the strength. This reduction
ash replacement of cement was kept at 20 percent while sugarcane is primarily due to the increased inter-particle friction. Hence by
bagasse ash was used to replace sand in the range of 0–20 percent addition of 2.5% of banana fibre in Cement; partially replaced by
at the interval of 10 percent. The banana fibre was added in the 20% of Fly Ash, and Sand; partially replaced by 10% of sugarcane
range of 0–5 percent at the interim dosage of 2.5%. The cubes were bagasse ash was found to be most optimum and can be effectively
tested after 28 days and 91 days of curing [17]. used in place of normal concreting work.
Similarly, 9 samples of 3 beam each of size
700 mm  150 mm  150 mm were cast and cured for 28 days.
The beams are casted for testing flexural strength. Table11 repre- 3.2. Flexural strength
sents the proportions of each of the ingredients of the mix of each
of the samples. 9 samples of 3 beam each of size 700 mm * 150 mm * 150 mm
were cast and cured for 28 days. All the beams were tested after
28 days of curing using three point loading method in universal
3. Results & discussions testing machine. The flexural strength values were obtained by
putting the load values, obtained from the UTM, in the flexure
3.1. Compressive strength equation. The testing was done as per the Indian standard code
IS: 516-1959. The deflection values were also recorded using a
Suitable PC based admixture named Brocrete C-800 was added gauge. Table 14 and Fig. 2 represents the results of flexural
to improve the workability of the concrete mix of M20. All the cube strength and deflection values respectively.
samples were tested in compression testing machine under a grad- From Fig. 2, it is evident that the strength of Sample 2 and Sam-
ually applied load of 140 kg/cm2/minute. Test of 3 set of cubes of ple 5 is increased by almost 10% and 22% respectively as compared
each sample were conducted after 28 and 91 days of curing respec- to the conventional mix. Further, the flexure strength of Sample 3,
tively. The testing was done as per the Indian standard code IS: Sample 8 and Sample 9 got reduced by around 5%, 13% and 18%
516-1959 [18]. The results obtained are as shown.Fig. 1. and Table respectively as compared to conventional mix. The maximum
12&Table 13 deflection among all the samples occurred for Sample 5 mix and
It is evident from the graph that Sample 1, wherein 20% of the the value obtained in the dial gauge was 5.4 mm. Therefore, a com-
cement was displaced by fly ash, the compressive strength hap- bination of 20% fly ash, 10% SBA and 2.5% banana fiber yielded
pens to be almost the same. Sample 2 indicates that after adding maximum flexural strength in the concrete. Similar results on flex-

Table11
Percentage proportion of each ingredient for preparation of samples.

Sample Description Cement (%) Fly Ash (%) Sand Baggase Ash% Banana Fiber% Water Coarse Aggregate
Convention Concrete 100 0 100 0 0 100 100
1 80 0 100 0 0 100 100
2 80 20 100 0 2.5 100 100
3 80 20 100 0 5 100 100
4 80 20 90 10 0 100 100
5 80 20 90 10 2.5 100 100
6 80 20 90 10 5 100 100
7 80 20 80 20 0 100 100
8 80 20 80 20 2.5 100 100
9 80 20 80 20 5 100 100
 A. Dhawan et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 44 (2021) 17–22 21

Fig. 1. Compressive strength of concrete.

Table 12
Compressive strength of concrete after 28 days.

Conventional Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6 Sample 7 Sample 8 Sample 9
Characteristic Strength of 24.9 24.16 26.38 23.41 23.85 27.39 24.3 25.72 23.5 19.5
Concrete after 28 days 25 26.85 25.81 20.23 28.79 26.83 27.5 24.86 21.18 20.17
24.8 24.83 25.9 23.8 23.58 28.83 22.61 21.81 21.58 22.92
Mean Strength 24.9 25.28 26.08 22.58 25.40 27.68 24.80 24.13 22.08 20.86

Table 13
Compressive strength of concrete after 91 days.

Conventional Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6 Sample 7 Sample 8 Sample 9
Characteristic Strength of 27.9 27.15 29.38 26.31 26.55 30.69 27.3 28.82 26.5 22.5
Concrete after 91 days 28.06 29.55 28.91 23.33 30.99 29.03 30.4 27.96 23.88 22.97
27.69 27.83 28.7 26.5 26.78 31.63 25.71 24.81 24.28 25.92
Mean Strength 27.88 28.16 28.9 25.38 28.1 30.45 27.8 27.19 24.88 23.79

Table 14
Flexural strength of concrete after 28 days.

Conventional Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6 Sample 7 Sample 8 Sample 9
Mean Strength 24.9 25.28 25.46 22.58 25.40 27.68 24.80 24.13 22.08 20.86
Flexural Strength 3.72 3.92 3.96 3.56 3.9 4.44 3.8 3.75 3.41 3.12
Deflection Values 4.46 4.7 4.79 4.23 4.68 5.46 4.56 4.42 3.98 3.77

Fig. 2. Flexural strength of concrete.

22 A. Dhawan et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 44 (2021) 17–22
ure strength were observed by few researchers, when alone SBA
was used alone without banana fiber [21–23].
Similar to the compressive strength results, the flexural
strength also improved upto 22% when Cement was replaced with
20% fly ash, Sand was replaced with 10% SBA and 2.5% Banana fiber
was used as an additive, thereafter the flexural strength also
started decreasing. The reason for this trend in flexure may again
be attributed to the filling of the voids in the concrete and decrease
to the inter molecular interaction.
4. Conclusions
The effect on the characteristics of normal strength concrete
with partial substitution of cement and sand with fly ash and sug-
arcane bagasse ash respectively with banana fiber as an additive,
were studied. The properties obtained from the various samples
made up of different composition leads to following conclusions
in the present study:
 The strength of the concrete in compression and flexure by add-
ing 2.5% of banana fibre with Cement; partially replaced by 20%
of Fly Ash, and Sand; partially replaced by 10% of Bagasse Ash
reveals better strength as compared to other combinations as
proposed in this study.
 Concrete with partial replacement of cement by fly ash and par-
tial replacement sand by bagasse ash with adding optimum per-
centage of banana fibre can be considered for heavy section
member for any building.
 Concrete with partial replacement of cement by fly ash & partial
replacement of sand by Bagasse ash without adding any banana
fibre also yields good compressive and flexural strength. We can
use this concrete in low cost building and it is also very environ-
ment friendly.
 The shear deflection of the concrete are also in accordance with
the results obtained for the compressive strength and the flex-
ure strength.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Akshay Dhawan: Conceptualization, Methodology, Data cura-
tion, Writing - original draft. Nakul Gupta: Visualization, Supervi-
sion, Investigation. Rajesh Goyal: Validation, Writing - review &
editing. K.K. Saxena: Validation, Writing - review & editing.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
References
[1] B.K.H. Obla, D. Ph, M. Engineering, K. Obla, B.K.H. Obla, D. Ph, M. Engineering,
Specifying Fly Ash for Use in Concrete, Concr. InFOCUS, Spring. (2008) 60–66.
[2] P.J. Ross, Taguchi Techniques for Quality Engineering: Loss Function,
Orthogonal Experiments, Parameter and Tolerance Design, McGraw-Hill,
1996. https://books.google.com/books?id=CiunygZ90TsC.
[3] T.E. Limited, Manual for Life Cycle Aspects of Concrete in Buildings and
Structures, Taywood, Engineering (1987).
[4] S. Masoud, K. Soudki, Evaluation of corrosion activity in FRP repaired RC
beams, Cem. Concr. Compos. 28 (2006) 969–977, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
cemconcomp.2006.07.013.
[5] R. Poonkuzhali, P. Priya Rachel, Experimental investigation on high volume fly
ash concrete using manufactured sand, Int. J. Eng. Res. V5 (2016) 427–429.
[6] IS:1489(Part1), Product Manual For Portland Pozzolana Cement –Fly Ash based
according to IS 1489 (Part 1): 2015, Bur. Indian Stand. Dehli. 1489 (2018).
https://bis.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/IS-1489-Part-1-Final-Product-
Manual.pdf.
[7] L.B. Andrade, J.C. Rocha, M. Cheriaf, Influence of coal bottom ash as fine
aggregate on fresh properties of concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 23 (2009) 609–
614, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.05.003.
[8] A. Sales, S.A. Lima, Use of Brazilian sugarcane bagasse ash in concrete as sand
replacement, Waste Manag. 30 (2010) 1114–1122, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
wasman.2010.01.026.
[9] P.V. Andreão, A.R. Suleiman, G.C. Cordeiro, M.L. Nehdi, Sustainable use of
sugarcane bagasse ash in cement-based materials, Green Mater. 7 (2019) 61–
70, https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrma.18.00016.
[10] J. Torres Agredo, R.M. de Gutiérrez, C.E. Escandón Giraldo, L.O. González
Salcedo, Characterization of sugar cane bagasse ash as supplementary material
for Portland cement, Ing. e Investig. 34 (2014) 5–10. https://doi.org/10.15446/
ing.investig.v34n1.42787.
[11] K.S. Al-Jabri, M. Hisada, S.K. Al-Oraimi, A.H. Al-Saidy, Copper slag as sand
replacement for high performance concrete, Cem. Concr. Compos. 31 (2009)
483–488, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.04.007.
[12] K.K. Saxena, A. Lal, Comparative molecular dynamics simulation study of
mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes with number of stone-wales and
vacancy defects, Procedia Eng. 38 (2012) 2347–2355, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.proeng.2012.06.280.
[13] K.R.A.O.M. V, r h c v i o e f h f, 12 (2011) 143–154.
[14] IS: 8112- 2013, Ordinary Portland Cement, 43 Grade - Specification,Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi, India., Indian Stand. (2013).
[15] J. Chakraborty, S. Banerjee, Replacement of cement by fly ash in concrete, Int. J.
Civ. Eng. 3 (2016) 58–60. https://doi.org/10.14445/23488352/ijce-v3i8p110.
[16] Z.Z. Ismail, E.A. AL-Hashmi, Use of waste plastic in concrete mixture as
aggregate replacement, Waste Manag. 28 (2008) 2041–2047, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.wasman.2007.08.023.
[17] A. Jatale, Effects on compressive strength when cement is partially replaced by
fly-ash, IOSR J. Mech. Civ. Eng. 5 (2013) 34–43, https://doi.org/10.9790/1684-
0543443.
[18] Bureau of Indian Standards, Method of Tests for Strength of Concrete, IS 516 -
1959 (Reaffirmed 2004). (2004) New Delhi,India. https://doi.org/10.3403/
02128947.
[19] V. Prathima, R. Isnakula, S. Nadhim, Comparative Study of Conventional
Concrete With Banana Fiber Modified Concrete, 3 (2017) 2–5. www.ijsart.com.
[20] J.K. Prusty, S.K. Patro, S.S. Basarkar, Concrete using agro-waste as fine
aggregate for sustainable built environment – A review, Int. J. Sustain. Built
Environ. 5 (2016) 312–333, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsbe.2016.06.003.
[21] T. Gupta, S. Kothari, S. Siddique, R.K. Sharma, S. Chaudhary, Influence of stone
processing dust on mechanical, durability and sustainability of concrete,
Constr. Build. Mater. 223 (2019) 918–927, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.conbuildmat.2019.07.188.
[22] S.P.S. Rajput, An experimental study on crushed stone dust as fine aggregate in
cement concrete, Mater. Today Proc. 5 (2018) 17540–17547, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.matpr.2018.06.070.
[23] K.S. Prakash, C. Hanumantha Rao, Strength characteristics of quarry dust in
replacement of sand, IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 225 012074 (2017), https://
doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/225/1/012074.