Construction and Building Materials 184 (2018) 361–373

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Construction and Building Materials

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Effect of mineral admixtures on properties of recycled aggregate

concrete at high temperature
Ngoc Kien Bui a,b,⇑, Tomoaki Satomi a, Hiroshi Takahashi a
a
Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
b
Department of Civil Engineering, Thuyloi University, Hanoi, Vietnam

h i g h l i g h t s

The paper investigated effects of mineral admixtures on properties of RAC at high temperature.

Mineral admixtures enhanced residual strengths of RAC at high temperature.

At 500 °C, FA concrete performed better than MK, PSA, and SF concrete.

Addition method improved performances of RAC better than replacement method at 500 °C.

The equations were drawn to predict the residual strength of heated RAC.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This study presented experimental results of mechanical properties of RAC containing mineral admix-
Received 19 March 2018 tures at 500 °C. Four different mineral admixtures (fly ash (FA), waste paper sludge ash (PSA), silica fume
Received in revised form 18 May 2018 (SF), metakaolin (MK)) were used in RAC containing 100% coarse RCA through the addition or replace-
Accepted 30 June 2018
ment method. The results indicated that mineral admixtures significantly enhanced the resistance of
Available online 6 July 2018
RAC to the high temperature. The addition method increased the resistance of RAC to the high temper-
ature better than the replacement method. FA improved the residual compressive strength of heated
Keywords:
RAC the most followed by MK, PSA, cement, and SF although SF, MK, and PSA concrete showed the higher
Recycled aggregate concrete
High temperature
improvement of compressive strength than others at 20 °C. The addition of 5% and 10% FA in RAC
Silica fume increased 38.45% and 35.23% the residual compressive strength of heated RAC, respectively. The mineral
Waste paper sludge ash admixtures had an insignificant effect on the UPV values and density of RAC. The addition of mineral
Fly ash admixtures in RAC substantially improved the slope of ascending branch of stress-strain curves of heated
Metakaolin RAC. Moreover, the incorporation of mineral admixtures in RAC contributed to an increase in the elastic
modulus, toughness, and critical strain of RAC at the elevated temperature. The study also proposed the
equations to predict the residual compressive strength and elastic modulus of heated RAC, which can pro-
vide references for practical application of RAC.
Ó 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction CDW as a new aggregate source (recycled concrete aggregate

The amount of construction and demolition waste (CDW) is
increasing to an alarming level around the world due to several
reasons such as the rapid urbanization, the end of infrastructure
services, wars, natural disasters and other human activities [1].
To reduce environmental burdens as well as to contribute to
sustainable development of the construction industry, recycling
⇑ Corresponding author at: Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku
University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
E-mail addresses: bui.ngoc.kien.r3@dc.tohoku.ac.jp, kienbn@tlu.edu.vn
(N.K. Bui).
(RCA)) for concrete products has been intensively studied [2–7].
With the booming of the population and lack of equipment for fire
safety, buildings and infrastructure are facing a huge risk of
fire. The concrete structures need to satisfy the requirements of fire
safety according to construction standards [8]. Although the use of
RCA in concrete products (recycled aggregate concrete (RAC)) has
been approved, the performance of RAC exposed to high
temperatures has only received little attention [9]. The properties
of natural aggregate concrete (NAC) subjected to high tempera-
tures have been widely studied [10,11], whereas these features of
RAC subjected to elevated temperatures are still lack of
investigation.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.237
0950-0618/Ó 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
362 N.K. Bui et al. / Construction and Building Materials 184 (2018) 361–373

In the literature, several researchers explored the properties of (UPV), and density were proposed to predict the residual compres-
heated RAC with different percentages of RCA content. RAC sive strength of RAC.
containing 70% coarse RCA performed better than NAC at 500 °C
because of a higher quality of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ)
2. Methodology
between RCA and new mortar [12]. Xiao and Zhang [13] revealed
that at high temperatures (200–800 °C), the residual compressive
In order to appraise the effects of mineral admixtures on RAC
strength of RAC containing 30% RCA was lower than that of NAC
exposed to the high temperature (500 °C), the study adopted four
but the opposite trend was found in RAC containing more than
types of mineral admixtures including fly ash (FA), silica fume
50% RCA.
(SF), metakaolin (MK), waste paper sludge ash (PSA) with various
Vieira et al. [14] evaluated the behavior of RAC containing 20%,
ratios in RAC. The mineral admixtures were used in RAC containing
50%, and 100% RCA at high temperatures (400 °C, 600 °C, and
100% coarse RCA according to two methods: addition method and
800 °C). The outcomes indicated that the post-fire mechanical
replacement method. The replacement method was a conventional
properties of RAC was not significantly different from those of
method of using mineral admixtures for concrete. The proportion
NAC. The authors also observed that the relationship between
of cement in a concrete mixture was substituted by mineral admix-
the residual mechanical properties and the replacement ratios
tures to reduce the amount of cement in concrete mixtures. The
of natural aggregate (NA) by RCA could not be existed. Meng
addition method was defined that mineral admixture was calcu-
et al. [15] investigated the triaxial strength of RAC at high tem-
lated based on cement and added into the concrete mixtures. This
peratures and indicated that at 400 °C, the triaxial strength of
method kept a constant amount of cement in concrete mixture and
RAC was not affected by the replacement ratio of RCA in concrete.
added mineral admixtures to concrete mixtures.
Nevertheless, at 500 °C, the triaxial strength of RAC was gradually
This work was a part of our study program. In another part of
decreased with the increase of RCA content. The effect of RCA
the study program, the mechanical and durability properties of
content on the shear strength of RAC at high temperatures was
RAC containing 100% coarse RCA in the replacement method were
also insignificant, but the peak strain was slightly increased with
compared to those in the addition method at an ambient temper-
an increment of RCA content [16]. Sarhat and Edward [17] con-
ature (20 °C). However, the present study only focused on the
cluded that the residual performance of RAC containing any
effects of mineral admixtures on the performance of RAC subjected
RCA replacement ratios at high temperature can be comparable
to the high temperature. Findings from another part of the study
to that of NAC and the residual mechanical properties of RAC
program were used to explain relevant results in the present study.
were decreased with the increase of exposure temperatures.
This work examined the effects of mineral admixtures on the com-
Moreover, Laneyrie et al. [18] proved that the residual strength
pressive strength, UPV value, density, stress-strain curve, elastic
of RAC at high temperatures was slightly worse than those of
modulus, secant modulus, toughness and volume of permeable
NAC. Xuan at al. [9] demonstrated that the residual mechanical
voids of RAC after exposure to the high temperature. From the
properties of RAC subjected to 600 °C can be enhanced when
experimental results, the equations for predicting the residual
RAC contained 20–40% the carbonated RCA.
compressive strength and elastic modulus of heated RAC were
Khaliq and Taimur [19] studied the mechanical behaviors of
introduced, which can provide references for practical application
recycled aggregate high-strength concrete at high temperatures.
of RAC.
The authors indicated that the decrease in the compressive and
splitting tensile strength of recycled aggregate high-strength con-
crete was lower than that of natural aggregate high-strength con- 3. Materials

crete after exposure to elevated temperatures. The observation on
the surface of recycled aggregate high-strength concrete after
exposure to high temperatures also revealed that recycled aggre-
gate high-strength exhibited lower cracking and fewer color
changes than those of natural aggregate high-strength concrete.
Recently, the use of mineral admixtures for quality improve-
ment of RAC was proven at the ambient temperatures. However,
there were no available studies to discover the effects of mineral
admixtures on RAC subjected to high temperatures. The RAC con-
taining mineral admixtures might perform different behaviors at
elevated temperatures compared to the ambient temperature.
Therefore, in the present work, the experiments were carried out
to evaluate the changes in mechanical performances of RAC incor-
porating mineral admixtures at high temperatures.
The study reported on the mechanical properties of heated RAC
containing 100% coarse RCA and mineral admixtures. From the
experimental results of heated RAC, the empirical relationships
among the residual compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity
3.1. Cementitious materials
Portland cement ASTM type I was supplied by Hitachi Company. The density of
the cement was 3.15 g/cm3. Fly ash (FA) was JIS II class which provided by Tohoku
Electric Power Engineering and Construction Cooperation. The specific gravity of FA
was 2.31. Silica fume (SF) was Efaco silica fume type and produced in Egypt and its
specific gravity was 2.20. Metakaolin (MK) which had specific gravity of 2.57 was
supplied by O-Basf – The chemical company, USA. Waste paper sludge ash (PSA)
was obtained at Iwanuma Paper Factory, Miyagi prefecture, Japan. The specific grav-
ity of PSA was 2.73. The chemical composition of Portland cement and mineral
admixtures was measured by Epsilon 5 X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer –
PANalytical as shown in Table 1.
3.2. Aggregate
Natural coarse aggregate (NA) was obtained in the crushed stone quarry (Tokyo
Sekkai Kougyo Limited, Japan). RCA derived from CDW of old concrete structures
were provided by a local recycling aggregate manufacture plant and crushed by a
mobile machine at Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. The chemical components of aggregate
were detailed in Table 2. The coarse aggregate gradations for both NA and RCA had
12.5 mm nominal maximum aggregate sizes. Fine aggregate was crushed from

Table 1
Chemical composition of mineral admixture and cement (%).

Materials SiO2 CaO Al2O3 Fe2O3 MgO Na2O K2O TiO2 MnO
Cement 22.63 62.57 3.47 3.29 0.78 1.07 0.42 0.23 0.1
Silica fume 94.05 0.31 3.04 1.61 1.11 1.13 0.92 0.01 0.11
Metakaolin 49.71 0.06 54.77 0.34 0.03 0.81 0.01 1.48 0
Fly ash 58.8 5.51 24.9 5.35 1.44 1.16 1.34 1.18 0.05
Paper sludge ash 27.80 44.55 13.79 4.94 3.92 0.33 0.28 0.73 0.03
 N.K. Bui et al. / Construction and Building Materials 184 (2018) 361–373 363

Table 2
Chemical composition of aggregate (%).

Material Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 K2O CaO TiO2 MnO Fe2O3
NA 4.39 2.43 16.87 58.40 0.68 7.46 0.97 0.17 10.32
RCA 2.69 1.83 12.52 62.56 1.30 12.01 0.62 0.12 5.82

Table 3 3.3. Mixture design

Properties of natural aggregate and recycled concrete aggregate.
This study used the ACI 211.1 standard [20] to design concrete mixtures for
Aggregate Properties Fine aggregate Natural aggregate RCA both NAC and RAC with water to cementitious materials ratio of 0.45. The mixture
Relative density SSD 2.67 2.83 2.41 proportions of concrete were taken into account the moisture state of aggregate and
Apparent relative density 2.78 2.91 2.64 the amount of cementitious material to adjust the amount of water in concrete mix-
Relative density oven-dry 2.61 2.79 2.27 tures. The mix proportions of concretes were represented in Table 4. The mixtures
Water absorption (%) 2.44 1.29 6.50 with various percentages of mineral admixtures were prepared. The mineral admix-
tures were employed in RAC according to two methods:

– The replacement method: the amount of cement was substituted by the propor-
tion of mineral admixture at 5, 10, and 15%;
90 – The addition method: the amount of mineral admixture (5, 10, and 15%) was
added in the concrete mixture.
80
70 Lower Limit for
Fine aggregate Moreover, in CM5-A, CM10-A, and CM15-A samples, RAC was supplemented
60 Upper Limit for with 5, 10, and 15% Portland cement in the concrete mixtures, respectively. All con-
50 Fine aggregate
crete mixtures in this study used 100% coarse RCA, excepted NAC mixture which
Fine aggregate
40 contained 100% coarse NA. The label of concrete mixtures included two compo-
Upper Limit for
30
Coarse aggregate
nents. The first component of the label indicated % and type of mineral admixture,
20 Lower Limit for while the second component showed the method of using mineral admixtures in
Coarse aggregate the mixture (i.e., A – addition method, R – replacement method). For example,
10 Coarse aggregate
FA5-R indicated that a concrete mixture contained 5% FA and 100% coarse RCA in
0
0.1 1 10 the replacement method.

Fig. 1. Gradation distribution of coarse and fine aggregate. 3.4. Specimen preparation

natural stone. Fineness modulus of FA was 2.7. The physical properties of the aggre-
gates were shown in Table 3. The size distribution of coarse and fine aggregate was
shown in Fig. 1. The upper and lower limits of aggregate gradation distributions
were designed according to ASTM C33/33M-13 standard.
The study designed the mixing procedure for RAC with the resulting in a denser
concrete structure and higher strength as given in Fig. 2, which was based on the
previous studies [21–23]. The amount of water for concrete was divided into sev-
eral parts and poured into the mixer at different times separately during the con-
crete mixing procedure.

Table 4
Mixture proportions of concrete (kg/m3).

Name Water Cement Coarse aggregate Fine aggregate Fly ash Silica fume Metakaolin Waste paper sludge ash
NAC 208.33 428.889 972.93 725.40
RAC 240.74 428.89 831.61 747.46
FA5-R 240.60 407.45 831.61 739.39 21.44
FA10-R 240.50 386.00 831.61 734.12 42.89
FA15-R 240.36 364.56 831.61 725.95 64.33
FA5-A 240.88 428.89 831.61 747.46 21.44
FA10-A 240.97 428.89 831.61 747.46 42.89
FA15-A 241.11 428.89 831.61 747.46 64.33
SF5-R 240.60 407.44 831.61 739.39 21.44
SF10-R 240.46 386.00 831.61 731.32 42.89
SF15-R 240.32 364.56 831.61 723.26 64.33
SF5-A 240.89 428.89 831.61 747.46 21.44
SF10-A 241.02 428.89 831.61 747.46 42.89
SF15-A 241.16 428.89 831.61 747.46 64.33
MK5-R 240.64 407.44 831.61 742.08 21.44
MK10-R 240.55 386.00 831.61 736.70 42.89
MK15-R 240.50 364.56 831.61 734.01 64.33
MK5-A 240.84 428.89 831.61 747.46 21.44
MK10-A 240.94 428.89 831.61 747.46 42.89
MK15-A 241.01 428.89 831.61 747.46 64.33
PSA5-R 240.64 407.44 831.61 742.08 21.44
PSA10-R 240.55 386.00 831.61 736.70 42.89
PSA15-R 240.41 364.56 831.61 728.64 64.33
PSA5-A 240.85 428.89 831.61 747.46 21.44
PSA10-A 240.95 428.89 831.61 747.46 42.89
PSA15-A 241.09 428.89 831.61 747.46 64.33
CM5-A 240.74 450.33 831.61 747.46
CM10-A 240.74 471.78 831.61 747.46
CM15-A 240.74 493.22 831.61 747.46

Note: R for RAC samples following replacement method; A for RAC samples following addition method; CM = Portland cement.
364 N.K. Bui et al. / Construction and Building Materials 184 (2018) 361–373
Cementitious = admixture +
1/2 cement
RCA+1/3 water Mixed for
Mixed for 30 s 60 s
Fig. 2. Recycled aggregate concrete mixing procedure with mineral admixtures.
After casting, the concrete specimens were stored at room temperature for one
day at 20 °C. The day after casting, the specimens were removed from the molds
and were cured in the water at room temperature about 20 °C according to ASTM
C192/C192M-06.
4. Experimental program
4.1. Testing methods
The compressive strength of concrete was measured by Mae-
kawa ACA-200A-F1 machine with 2000 kN axial load capacity at
a rate of axial loading constant at 0.25 MPa/s according to ASTM
C39/C39M-14. The cylindrical specimens were prepared for each
concrete mixture with the size of 100 mm for diameter and 200
mm for height. The ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) values of RAC
were obtained from the Ultrasonic Nondestructive Tester – OYO
– 5251A in accordance with ASTM C597-09 standard. For the sake
of comparison, the tests on unheated specimens were also investi-
gated to examine the changes in the UPV values and the compres-
sive strength of RAC at the high temperature. The volume of
permeable pores of hardened concrete was determined following
ASTM C642-06.
4.2. Cooling and heating process
At age of 28 days, the specimens were heated in an electronic
furnace. The average heating rate of the furnace was 5 °C/min.
The exposure time at the peak temperature of 500 °C for 1 h was
carried out in the study. After being subjected to the high temper-
ature, the RAC specimens were cooled down in the furnace until
under 100 °C then they were removed from the furnace to cool
down in the temperature of about 20 °C for 1 day before testing.
5. Results and discussion
This section presented the experimental results of RAC obtained
in the laboratory. The results reported in the present study were
the average of three samples. The coefficient of variation of exper-
imental results was lower than 5%.
5.1. Density and volume of permeable pore space (voids)
The density of RAC was recorded at fresh state, 20 °C, 100 °C,
and 500 °C. The density results were given in Fig. 3(a)–(e). The loss
of density of RAC was greater than that of NAC when the temper-
ature was increased from 100 °C to 500 °C. This can be easily
explained that the RCA containing 100% coarse RCA exhibited more
porosity in the old adhered mortar than NAC [18]. Besides, RCA and
mineral admixtures had a lower density than NA and cement,
respectively [24]. At 20 °C, it can be seen that the little change of
the density of all specimens from fresh state and 7 days to 28 days
was observed because free water in concrete specimens was con-
sumed for the hydrated process of concrete. When the temperature
was increased from 100 °C to 500 °C, the density of RAC was sub-
stantially dropped due to the escape of both capillary water and
gel water [25]. The reduction of density due to exposure to the high
Fine
1/2 cement 2/3 water
aggregate
Mixed for Mixed for Mixed for Concrete
30 s 30 s 120 s
temperature of RAC incorporating SF and MK was higher than that
of PSA, FA concrete. This can be interpreted that the SF and MK
were more lightweight than FA and PSA. Furthermore, the reduc-
tion of the density of RAC following the replacement method was
greater than that of the addition method. The density of RAC was
decreased with an increment of the amounts of mineral admix-
tures in RAC. It was likely that the incorporation of mineral admix-
tures in RAC reduced about 0.2–5.79% the density of RAC at 20 °C
and 500 °C. Khodabakhshian et al. [26] suggested that the density
was not remarkably changed by the incorporation of SF, and the
density of concrete was decreased due to the less specific gravity
of SF relative to cement at high substitution ratios. However, with
the addition of cement from 5 to 15% in RAC mixtures, the density
of RAC was only increased by 0.41–0.88%.
The volume of permeable pore space content in RAC (permeable
voids in hardened concrete) was detailed in Fig. 3(f). The volume of
permeable pores in NAC was lower than that of RAC owing to the
more porosity of adhered mortar in RAC [18]. Generally, incorpora-
tion of mineral admixtures in RAC increased about 1–4% the vol-
ume of voids depending on mineral admixtures. This might be
due to the mineral admixtures trapped more air content in RAC
mixtures. FA and PSA increased the air void in RAC more than
MK and SF. It can be attributed to the addition of SF, MK enhanced
the pore structures of concrete and they acted as fillers and incon-
siderable effects on the density of concrete [26]. However, the
addition method reduced around 2–8.3% the air voids volume of
RAC in comparison with the replacement method. The addition
of 10% and 15% cement in RAC decreased the volume of permeable
pores in RAC about 5.17% and 2.57%, respectively.
5.2. Compressive strength
Fig. 4(a) showed the compressive strength of the concretes at
20 °C and 500 °C. It can be seen that the compressive strength of
NAC at 500 °C was approximately 45.95% lower than that of NAC
at 20 °C, while the compressive strength of RAC at 500 °C was
about 55.56% lower than that of RAC at 20 °C. This was associated
with the fact that the old mortar in RCA was the weakest zone in
concrete, which caused limitation in strength at both the ambient
and the high temperatures. Xuan et al. [9] also reported that the
reduction of compressive strength of RAC was higher than that of
NAC after exposure to elevated temperatures.
At 20 °C, mineral admixtures proved these roles in improving
the compressive strength of RAC containing 100% RCA as in Fig. 4
(b). It was interesting to note that RAC in the addition method
exhibited substantially greater the compressive strength than that
in the replacement method. This agreed with the previous findings
when FA was used as an addition of cementitious in RAC mixtures
[27]. It can be seen that the addition of mineral admixtures
increased the compressive strength of RAC better than the addition
of more cement in RAC mixtures. This can be explained that min-
eral admixtures can fill in cracks and pores of the adhered mortar,
as well as react with calcium hydroxide (CH) in an old and new
mortar to form C-S-H in RAC [28]. With the addition of 10% SF,
10% PSA, and 15% MK in RAC, the compressive strength was com-
 N.K. Bui et al. / Construction and Building Materials 184 (2018) 361–373 365

fresh 7 days (20°C) (a) (b) fresh 7 days (20°C)

28 days (20°C) 28 days (100°C) 28 days (20°C) 28 days (100°C)

Density of concrete (kg/m3)

2300 28 days (500°C) 2300 28 days (500°C)

2200 2200

2100 2100

2000 2000

1900 1900
SF5-R SF10-R SF15-R SF5-A SF10-A SF15-A MK5-R MK10-R MK15-R MK5-A MK10-AMK15-A
Concrete mixtures Concrete mixtures
2500
fresh 7 days (20°C) (c) 2500
fresh 7 days (20°C) (d)
28 days (20°C) 28 days (100°C)

Density of concrete (kg/m3)

Density of concrete (kg/m3)

2400 2400 28 days (20°C) 28 days (100°C)

28 days (500°C) 28 days (500°C)
2300 2300

2200 2200

2100 2100

2000 2000

1900 1900
FA5-R FA10-R FA15-R FA5-A FA10-A FA15-A PSA5-R PSA10-RPSA15-R PSA5-A PSA10-APSA15-A
Concrete mixtures Concrete mixtures
24
2600
Volume of permeable voids (%)

fresh 7 days (20°C) (f) Addition method

(e) 22 Replacement method
Density of concrete (kg/m3)

2500 28 days (20°C) 28 days (100°C)

28 days (500°C) 20
2400
18
2300
16
2200 14
2100 12
2000 10
NAC

5%SF
10%SF
15%SF

5%CM
10%FA

5%MK
10%MK
15%MK
RAC

5%PSA
10%PSA
15%PSA

10%CM
15%CM
5%FA

15%FA

1900
NAC RAC CM5-A CM10-A CM15-A
Concrete mixtures

Fig. 3. Density of concrete at fresh state, 7 days, 28 days at 20 °C, 100 °C and 500 °C containing mineral admixture addition and replacement: (a) silica fume, (b) metakaolin,
(c) fly ash, (d) waste paper sludge ash, (e) cement, and (f) volume of permeable pore space of RAC.

parable to that of NAC. In the replacement method, the compres-
sive strength declined with an increment of the mineral admixture
substitution ratios. Kou et al. [29] also reported the similar
findings.
In general, after exposure to 500 °C, the residual compressive
strength of RAC was significantly dropped about 44.81–67.15%
in comparison with that of the ambient temperature. Similar
results were found in the previous studies related to RAC sub-
jected to the high temperatures [12,14]. MK and SF concrete
mixes at 500 °C had a larger reduction in the compressive
strength than PSA, Portland cement, and FA concrete mixes.
Another observation conducted on NAC was previously noted that
the MK and SF concrete showed the higher losses in strength than
Portland cement concrete after being subjected to high tempera-
tures [30].
Furthermore, the incorporation of mineral admixtures in RAC
improved the resistance of RAC to the high temperatures. The min-
eral admixtures enhanced the ITZ and increased the bond strength
between new mortar and RCA, thus, the mechanical properties of
RAC blended with mineral admixtures were retained at a greater
level after exposure to elevated temperatures [10,31].
In the replacement method, the residual compressive strength
of RAC at 500 °C was considerably decreased with the increase in
substitution ratios of cement by mineral admixtures in RAC.
Besides, it was found that the FA enhanced the resistance of RAC
to the high temperature better than other mineral admixtures,
whereas SF decreased the resistance of RAC to the high tempera-
ture. Poon et al. [32] observed the residual compressive strength
of heated NAC incorporating SF and FA and suggested that FA con-
crete performed better than SF concrete at high temperatures
(400–600 °C). Interestingly, in the addition method, the residual
compressive strength of RAC added 5–15% FA increased 13.26–
38.45% in comparison with RAC without mineral admixtures,
whilst these values of SF only enhanced 0.38–11.74% the resistance
of RAC to the high temperature. Although the addition of FA in RAC
resulted in a lower compressive strength than other mineral
admixtures concrete at 20 °C, the addition of FA in RAC showed
the highest improvement in the residual compressive strength of
heated RAC.
Moreover, it can be seen that the incorporation of MK, PSA in
RAC led to an increase in the residual compressive strength of
RAC at 500 °C. The similar observation was reported on NAC con-
taining MK at high temperatures [30,33]. The residual compressive
strength of heated RAC was decreased with the increment of the
amount of MK in RAC for both methods, which was opposite
results at 20 °C.
366 N.K. Bui et al. / Construction and Building Materials 184 (2018) 361–373

Compressive strength at 20°C (a)

50 Compressive strength at 500°C

40

30

20

10

FA5-A
FA10-A
FA15-A

MK5-R
MK10-R
MK15-R

CM5-A
CM10-A
CM15-A
NAC
RAC
FA5-R
FA10-R
FA15-R

SF5-R
SF10-R
SF15-R

MK5-A
MK10-A
MK15-A
SF5-A
SF10-A
SF15-A

PSA5-R
PSA10-R
PSA15-R
PSA5-A
PSA10-A
PSA15-A
Concrete mixtures
Addition method Addition method
Replacement method Replacement method
RAC RAC
15%CM 150 5%FA 15%CM 150 5%FA
10%CM 10%FA 10%CM 10%FA
100 100
15%FA 5%CM
50 50

0 5%PSA 15%MK 0

10%PSA 10%MK

5%MK 15%PSA 5%MK 15%PSA

15%SF 5%SF 15%SF 5%SF
10%SF 10%SF
o o

Fig. 4. Compressive strength at normal temperature and high temperature (a), the relative compressive strength of addition method and replacement method compared to
RAC at 20 °C (b), at 500 °C (c).

The addition of 5–15% cement in RAC mixtures enhanced
16.56–29.78% the compressive strength of RAC at 20 °C. But, after
exposure to 500 °C, this improvement was only 5.49–7.77%. This
confirmed the role of mineral admixtures in increasing the resis-
tance of RAC to the high temperature better than Portland cement.
From the experimental results, the dosage of mineral admixtures
in RAC subjected to the high temperature should be considered.
It was found that the optimum dosage of mineral admixtures
was less than 10% with the purpose of retaining the residual
strength of RAC after exposure to the high temperature.
5.3. Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV)
The effects of mineral admixtures on UPV of RAC at the ambient
and high temperatures were plotted in Fig. 5(a)–(c). The UPV of
RAC was 15.41% and 29.61% lower than that of NAC at 20 °C and
at 500 °C, respectively. This can be due to the lower density of
RCA compared to that of NA [12].
At 20 °C, mineral admixtures enhanced about 3.08–6.52% the
UPV value of RAC in the addition method, while the replacement
method only increased 2–4.42% the UPV value of RAC. When the
different ratios of mineral admixtures were added to RAC, the
value of UPV was slightly changed. In the previous study, Pedro
et al. [34] revealed that the incorporation of 5% and 10% SF in
RAC showed a decrease of 2% and 4% in the UPV value compared
to that of RAC without SF, respectively. RAC had a greater UPV
value with the lower mineral admixtures content. As displayed,
UPV values of all RAC specimens in the study lay in the range of
4250.50 and 4527.50 m/s. This range demonstrated that the qual-
ity of concrete might be sufficient for physical specification of
RAC, which was based on the previous report [35]. The addition
of MK, SF increased the UPV value of RAC higher than FA, Portland
cement, and PSA. In another study, the authors observed that SF
and MK improved the UPV values of RAC better than FA. This can
be attributed to that the mineral admixtures made the ITZ denser
and strengthened the bond strength between new mortar and RCA
[31].
The addition method exhibited higher UPV value of RAC than
the replacement methods at both 20 °C and 500 °C. This can be
interpreted that RAC in the replacement method had a lower den-
sity than that of the addition method. Moreover, the fact of the UPV
values of RAC were decreased with the reduction of the density of
hardened concrete. It can be seen that the change of the UPV value
of RAC among samples was lower than that of the compressive
strength. It can be seen that the trend of relative UPV values among
concrete mixtures was slight different from that of the relative
compressive strength. This can be explained that the present study
used 100% coarse RCA which had more porosity and lower density.
At 500 °C, it can be seen that FA enhanced the fire resistance of
RAC better than SF. The UPV values of FA concrete mixtures were
higher than those of SF concrete mixtures. Xu et al. [36] indicated
that FA improved the fire resistance of concrete subjected to high
temperatures better than Portland cement concrete, whereas con-
crete containing SF can increase the risk of spalling and decline
strength [33].
The incorporation of MK in RAC subjected 500 °C resulted in
higher UPV values than those of SF and PSA. Because MK had more
beneficial effects on the residual compressive strength than SF
 N.K. Bui et al. / Construction and Building Materials 184 (2018) 361–373
Fig. 5. UPV value of RAC at 20 °C and 500 °C (a), relative UPV of addition method and replacement method compared to RAC at 20 °C (b), at 500 °C (c).
[33]. Besides, the void volume of RAC containing MK was lower
than those of PSA and SF. It was evident from the results that the
UPV value of RAC at 20 °C and 500 °C was decreased with the
increase in mineral admixtures content.
The addition of 5–15% cement in RAC mixture had the most
effective in the increase of 7.09–9.28% the UPV value of RAC sub-
jected to the high temperature. It was shown in Fig. 3(f) that the
addition of cement in RAC reduced the void volume in RAC. Thus,
the reduction of porosity of RAC led to the fact of accelerating
the UPV value of RAC at the high temperature.
5.4. Stress-strain curves and critical strain
The stress-strain curves of the representative concrete speci-
mens after exposure to the high temperature were detailed in
Fig. 6(a)–(e). Regarding the shape of the ascending branch of the
stress-strain curves, it can be concluded that all heated specimens
presented similar curves. The slope of ascending branch of stress-
strain curve of RAC was much lower than that of NAC at 500 °C.
It is highly probable that the presence of adhered mortar in RCA
caused larger strains in the ascending branch.
The addition of 5%, 10%, and 15% cement in RAC considerably
increased the slope of ascending branch of stress-strain curves of
heated RAC as shown in Fig. 6(e). This was related to the role of
cement addition in increase of the stiffness of RAC at the high tem-
perature. As illustrated in Fig. 6(a)–(d), the effect of mineral admix-
ture content on ascending branch of stress-strain curves of RAC
was distinctly different. RAC mixtures in the addition method
resulted in the greater slope of ascending branch of the stress-
strain curve of heated RAC compared to those in the replacement
method. It was noted that the stress-strain curves of RAC in the
367
replacement method exhibited smoother and flatter stress-strain
curves. Furthermore, the peak stress of stress-strain curves of
heated RAC considerably shifted downward and rightwards. There-
fore, the stiffness of heated RAC was decreased. Interestingly,
among mineral admixtures, FA enhanced the stress-strain curves
of heated RAC better than PSA, MK, and SF.
The critical strain (peak strain) was determined as the strain
corresponding to the maximum stress on the stress-strain relation-
ship. This value could be used to evaluate the deformability of con-
crete as presented in Fig. 6(f). The critical strain of RAC subjected to
the elevated temperature was 8.44% higher than that of NAC. This
result was consistent with other studies conducted on NAC [10].
The main reason for the higher critical strain of RAC was greater
porosity and lower density of RCA. The critical strain of heated
RAC incorporating mineral admixtures was higher than RAC with-
out mineral admixtures. Because, the residual compressive
strength of RAC containing mineral admixtures was greater than
that of RAC at 500 °C, whereas in NAC the critical strain seems to
be independent of the mineral admixtures [30]. It was found that
SF and MK increased the critical strain of heated RAC higher than
that of PSA and FA. The previous findings indicated that MK or SF
did not significantly affect the stiffness of concrete subjected to
high temperatures [30]. The critical strain of heated RAC specimens
was increased with the increment in the amount of mineral admix-
ture. On the other hand, the addition of more cement in RAC, the
critical strain of heated RAC specimens was slightly changed.
5.5. Modulus of elasticity
The relative residual elastic modulus of RAC exposed to the
high temperature was calculated based on the ratio of residual
368 N.K. Bui et al. / Construction and Building Materials 184 (2018) 361–373

Fig. 6. Stress-strain curves of RAC subjected to high temperature, RAC containing SF (a), MK (b), FA (c), PSA (d), CM (e), critical strain (f).

elastic modulus of RAC containing mineral admixtures to the
value of residual elastic modulus of RAC without mineral admix-
tures. The effects of mineral admixtures on the elastic modulus
of heated RAC was shown in Fig. 7(a). At 500 °C, the residual
elastic modulus of RAC was 43.55% lower than NAC. This can
be attributed to the old mortar present in RCA, which had higher
deformability than NAC [9,12]. Besides, the elastic modulus of
RAC was decreased more clearly than the compressive strength
because the elastic modulus was more sensitive to high
temperatures [37]. Generally, at the high temperature, the
addition method enhanced the elastic modulus of RAC better
than the replacement method. The mineral admixtures con-
tributed to increasing the residual elastic modulus of heated
RAC. Nevertheless, the results revealed that the residual of the
elastic modulus of RAC decreased with increase in the amount
of mineral admixture at both methods. The increase in the elas-
tic modulus of heated RAC incorporating FA, PSA and MK were
higher than that of SF and cement. Substitution of 10 and 15%
cement by SF in RAC, the residual elastic modulus of heated
RAC dropped 6.95% and 27.3% respectively. The previous finding
indicated that MK improved the residual strength of concrete
better than SF [33].
 N.K. Bui et al. / Construction and Building Materials 184 (2018) 361–373 369

Fig. 7. Relative residual elastic modulus (%) of RAC subjected to 500 °C (a), relative residual secant modulus (%) of RAC subjected to 500 °C (b).

The secant modulus was computed based on the 40% stress of 5.7. Prediction of compressive strength and elastic modulus of RAC
the failure load was plotted in Fig. 7(b). The trend of the secant subjected to the high temperature
modulus was similar to the modulus of elasticity (chord modulus
of elasticity) among specimens in this study. The relationship of residual compressive strength and other
properties of RAC were very important to evaluate the residual
5.6. Toughness (energy absorption capacity) strength of concrete structure subjected to fire damage. The behav-
ior of RAC at the high temperature was critical to estimate the
The toughness of concrete was defined as the energy absorption safety of structures in fire accidents. Based on the experimental
ability of concrete and expressed by the area under the stress- results and regression analysis, empirical equations among
strain curve [38]. The area under the stress-strain curves was mechanical properties of RAC were proposed to predict the resid-
determined up to a prescribed strain value of 1.5% which was used ual compressive strength and elastic modulus. The results of
in the previous study of NAC with fiber [30]. However, the strain heated RAC containing MK were similar to those of SF. Moreover,
value of some RAC specimens after exposure to the high tempera- the experimental results of FA and PSA concrete were close each
ture was dropped zero before 1.5% because of the incorporation of other. Therefore, the study divided the results into two group:
100% coarse RCA in concrete. Therefore, the toughness values were MK, SF and FA, PSA. Fig. 9 compared the experimental results of
calculated up to the strain value corresponding to 1.35%. The the residual compressive strength and elastic modulus of RAC with
toughness of RAC after exposure to the elevated temperature was the predicted values by Eqs. (1)–(8).
indicated in Fig. 8. There were no available studies to assess the The residual compressive strength of heated RAC incorporating
compressive toughness of heated RAC incorporating mineral FA and PSA, in the addition method, can be predicted as in Eq. (1)
admixtures. Incorporation of mineral admixtures in RAC mixtures and Fig. 9(a) with the R2 = 0.86.
substantially enhanced residual energy absorption capacity of  
500 fc
RAC subjected to the high temperature. The addition method fc ¼ 665:227 þ 0:313D þ 17514:88
U1
exhibited higher toughness of heated RAC than the replacement  
method. With the increase in the percentage of mineral admixture U500
 40:566  4:284f c ð1Þ
in RAC, the residual toughness was decreased at the elevated U1
temperature.
The residual elastic modulus of heated RAC incorporating FA
At the peak stress, the residual toughness acquired from stress-
and PSA, in the addition method, can be predicted as in Eq. (2)
strain curve was different among samples as plotted in Fig. 8(f).
and Fig. 9 (b) with the R2 = 0.97.
The residual toughness at peak stress of heated RAC without min-  
eral admixtures was 34.35% lower than that of NAC. The mineral fc
E500 ¼ 84:50 þ 0:0425D þ 3245:797
admixtures strikingly improved the residual toughness value of U1
heated RAC close to the value of NAC. In addition, it can be seen
 
U500
that the residual toughness of the heated RAC with SF was the  12:878  0:823f c ð2Þ
U1
highest value compared to other mineral admixture concretes fol-
lowed by MK, FA, PSA, and Portland cement although the residual The residual compressive strength of heated RAC incorporating
compressive strength of SF concrete samples was lower than other SF and MK, in the addition method, can be predicted as in Eq. (3)
mineral admixture concrete mixtures. These results were in agree- and Fig. 9 (c) with the R2 = 0.99.
ment with the findings on the SF, MK effects on heated NAC. Poon    
500 fc U500
et al. [30] reported that SF concrete had higher energy absorption fc ¼ 112:96  0:0885D þ 18160:14 þ 89:64  2:706f c
U1 U1
capacities than MK and Portland cement. The results indicated that
ð3Þ
the addition of Portland cement in RAC slightly contributed to the
residual toughness of RAC at the high temperature even though The residual elastic modulus of heated RAC incorporating SF
they noticeably improved the compressive strength at the ambient and MK, in the addition method, can be predicted as in Eq. (4)
temperature. and Fig. 9 (d) with the R2 = 0.96.
370 N.K. Bui et al. / Construction and Building Materials 184 (2018) 361–373

Fig. 8. Toughness of heated RAC incorporating CM (a), SF (b), PSA (c), FA (d), MK (e), and toughness at peak stress (f).

   
fc U500 The residual elastic modulus of heated RAC incorporating FA
E500 ¼ 7:038 þ 0:00173D þ 423:048 þ 7:65  0:06f c
U1 U1 and PSA, in the replacement method, can be predicted as in Eq.
ð4Þ (6) and Fig. 9 (f) with the R2 = 0.92.
   
The residual compressive strength of heated RAC incorporating U500 fc
E500 ¼ 16:36 þ 5:11 þ 0:00675D þ 544:33  0:113f c
FA and PSA, in the replacement method, can be predicted as in Eq. U1 U1
(5) and Fig. 9 (e) with the R2 = 0.95. ð6Þ
   
500 U500 fc The residual compressive strength of heated RAC incorporating
fc ¼ 151:035 þ 30:5 þ 0:069D  8191:62 þ 1:7316f c
U1 U1 SF and MK, in the replacement method, can be predicted as in Eq.
ð5Þ (7) and Fig. 9 (g) with the R2 = 0.99.
 N.K. Bui et al. / Construction and Building Materials 184 (2018) 361–373 371

Fig. 9. Comparison of experimental results and predicted values of residual compressive strength and elastic modulus of heated RAC: In the addition method: (a) compressive
strength of FA, PSA concrete, (b) elastic modulus of FA, PSA concrete, (c) compressive strength of SF, MK concrete, (d) elastic modulus of SF, MK concrete. In the replacement
method; (e) compressive strength of FA, PSA concrete, (f) elastic modulus of FA, PSA concrete, (g) compressive strength of SF, MK concrete, (h) elastic modulus of SF, MK concrete.

   
500 U500 fc The test results were relatively close to the prediction equa-
fc ¼ 181:90 þ 75:73  0:102D þ 17908:24  3:377f c
U1 U1 tions. The equation Eqs. (1)–(8) had the high correlation coeffi-
ð7Þ cients of around 0.9. The correlation coefficients of equations
showed reasonably adequate of the proposed equations.
The residual elastic modulus of heated RAC incorporating SF and
MK, in the replacement method, can be predicted as in Eq. (8) and
Fig. 9 (h) with the R2 = 0.95. 6. Conclusions
   
U500 fc The effects of various mineral admixtures on the properties of
E500 ¼ 4:12 þ 6:313  0:0032D þ 1360:93  0:262f c
U1 U1 RAC at the high temperature have been investigated in this study.
ð8Þ The following conclusions were drawn from the experimental
results:
where:
– The mineral admixtures were insignificant effects on the den-
f500
c = Residual compressive strength of RAC subjected to 500 °C sity of RAC at the ambient and the high temperature. The vol-
(MPa) ume of permeable voids of RAC containing 100% coarse RCA
fc = Compressive strength of RAC at ambient temperature (MPa) was considerably influenced by mineral admixtures. The incor-
U1 = the UPV value of RAC at ambient temperature (m/s) poration of mineral admixtures in RAC increased about 1–4%
U500 = the UPV value of RAC at high temperature (m/s) the volume of voids of RAC.
D = density of RAC (28-day age) at ambient temperature (kg/m3) – The compressive strength of RAC was significantly decreased
E500 = Residual elastic modulus of RAC subjected to 500 °C (GPa) after exposure to the elevated temperature. The incorporation
372 N.K. Bui et al. / Construction and Building Materials 184 (2018) 361–373
of mineral admixtures in RAC increased the residual compres-
sive strength of heated RAC. Therefore, mineral admixtures con-
tributed to improving the resistance of RAC to the high
temperature.
– RAC incorporating FA showed the best performance at the high
temperature followed by MK, PSA, cement, and SF. The addition
of 5% and 10% FA in RAC increased 38.45% and 35.23% the resid-
ual compressive strength of heated RAC, respectively.
– The addition method retained the residual strength of RAC sub-
jected to the high temperature better than the replacement
method. The optimum dosage of mineral admixtures in RAC
was less than 10% in order to retain the residual strength of
RAC after exposure to the elevated temperature.
– At both the ambient and high temperatures, the mineral admix-
tures had an insignificant effect on the UPV values of RAC. How-
ever, the addition of more cement in RAC considerably
improved the UPV value of RAC at 500 °C.
– Mineral admixtures increased the elastic modulus and secant
modulus of heated RAC. With the addition of 5% FA in RAC,
the residual elastic modulus of heated RAC was increased by
34.61%. However, the modulus of elasticity of RAC exposed to
the elevated temperature was decreased with the increment
in the proportion of mineral admixtures.
– The incorporation of mineral admixtures in RAC contributed to
an increase in the slope of ascending branch of stress-strain
curves of RAC at the high temperatures. The addition of
5–15% Portland cement in RAC mixtures slightly changed the
critical strain of heated RAC specimens. However, the incorpo-
ration of 5–15% mineral admixtures in RAC considerably
increased the critical strain of heated RAC.
– SF and MK exhibited the residual energy absorption capacity at
peak stress of heated RAC higher than FA and PSA even though
FA improved the best residual compressive strength of RAC at
the high temperature.
– The empirical equations were proposed to predict the residual
compressive strength and elastic modulus of RAC containing
mineral admixtures after exposure to the high temperature.
Conflict of interest
There is no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank VIED scholarship – 911 project
for funding support.
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