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Master the ITTOs Cheat Sheet

Alvin’s ITTO Strategy & Keys to Exam Success

1. You do NOT have to memorize all the ITTOs for your CAPM Exam. This is my #1 tip for a
reason!! DO NOT waste your time memorizing all of the ITTOs.
2. There are 10 Knowledge Areas, 5 Process Groups, and 49 Processes.

3. For your Exam, make sure you study the following:

a. Which Process is in which Process Group?
i. For example, does the Process ‘Develop Schedule’ take place during
Initiation, Planning, Execution, Monitor & Controlling, or Closing?
b. What is the correct order that Processes within each Knowledge Area must
take place?
i. For example, in Schedule Management, “Sequence Activities” must take
place after “Define Activities”. And, “Develop Schedule” can only occur
after “Estimate Activity Durations” and ‘Sequence Activities’ have
completed.
4. Instead of memorizing every detail for each Process, focus your efforts on
understanding the key concepts at a high-level. No need to memorize every
excruciating detail. That is NOT what the Exam will be focused on.
5. When you’re reviewing each Process, focus on understanding the following:
a. What is the PURPOSE of this process? Why is it important?
b. What are the KEY Inputs, Tools, and Outputs for each Process?
c. To help with this effort, use my Process Cheat Sheet and refer to this throughout
your studies.
6. If you can understand the PURPOSE and remember the KEY Concepts from each
Process, you will be prepared for your Exam.
a. ITTO Questions which show up on your CAPM Exam can be solved using the
Process of Elimination, and you’ll be able to deduce the correct answer if you
remember the purpose behind each process and why it’s important.

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 Master the ITTOs Cheat Sheet
b. For example, a question may ask you: “Which of the following is an Output of
________?”
c. When you review the answer choices, use the Process of Elimination and identify
which answer choices do NOT belong, since they are either in a different process,
don’t logically make sense, or the answer is a Tool & Technique and is actually
NOT an Input or an Output.
7. Make sure you study the CORRECT sequencing and order that each Process occurs
within each Knowledge Area.
a. For example, for Scope Management – “Create WBS” would NOT occur after
“Validate Scope”. Validation of your project’s deliverables occurs during the
Monitor & Controlling stage, NOT during the Planning stage.

Alvin’s 3-Step Process to Solve Questions

My 3-Step Process is to: 1) SPOT key terms, 2) Go SLOWLY, and 3) SOLVE the question
using your own words.

1. SPOT the Key Terms - When you’re reading the Question, identify what the Key Terms
are. To help with this effort, use the Exam’s “highlight” feature to immediately highlight
& focus on the words which “pop out” to you.
a. These Key Terms could refer to a Process Group, Knowledge Area, an
Input/Output, or a Tool & Technique.
b. The goal here is to spot these immediately, so you can optimize your time and
use the Process of Elimination to figure out the correct answer.
2. GO SLOWLY. Read carefully - What is the question asking you?
a. Is it asking you for an Input? A Tool/Technique? Or, an Output?
b. Watch out for any “extreme” words, such as:
i. ALWAYS
ii. Does NOT
iii. MUST
3. SOLVE the Question using YOUR OWN WORDS.
a. BEFORE you look at the answers, ask yourself, “What do I think the answer is?”
b. Phrase the answer in your own words.
i. Alvin’s Exam Tip: This will help you choose the correct answer much more
quickly, since you’ll have an idea of the correct answer before you even
look at the answer choices.
c. AFTER you’ve come up with your own answer, review the answer choices and
choose the one which best matches the answer you’ve come up with.
4. If you’re stuck and having difficulty determining the correct answer, use the PROCESS
OF ELIMINATION to narrow down the correct answer. Using this strategy will help you

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 Master the ITTOs Cheat Sheet
eliminate at least 1-2 incorrect answer choices, and increase your likelihood of picking
the correct answer by at least 25-50%. Ask yourself the following:
a. Which answer choice does NOT make any sense?
b. Which answer choice is completely irrelevant to the question being asked?
c. If the Question is asking you about an Input, which answer choice is clearly NOT
an Input? (And similarly, for questions asking about Outputs or
Tools/Techniques)
d. If the Question is asking you about a specific Knowledge Area or a Process, which
answer choice does NOT belong?
e. Use the Process of Elimination and use the Exam’s ‘strike-out’ feature to
immediately cross-out any answer choices which don’t make any sense or
wouldn’t actually belong in the Process.

ITTO Patterns to Master

The following is a list of Key ITTO Trends and Patterns to master for your Exam.
1. Pay close attention to the Process Titles.
a. The verbs used in the Process Title indicate which Process they are in.

Process Group Verbs Used In Process Title

Planning Plan, Estimate, Define
Execution Direct, Manage, Implement
Monitor & Controlling Monitor, Control, Validate

2. All Estimation Processes use ‘Estimation Techniques” and result in two key Outputs:

Estimation Estimation
Key Outputs Processes
Techniques
A type of Estimate Estimate Activity
Analogous
(e.g. cost/duration) Durations
Parametric Basis of Estimates Estimate Costs
Estimate Activity
Bottom-up
Resources

3. The following are Key Inputs, Tools & Techniques, and Outputs for the majority of
processes.

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 Master the ITTOs Cheat Sheet
Key Inputs Key Tools & Techniques Key Outputs
Project Management
OPA Expert Judgment
Plan
EEF Data Analysis Project Documents
Project Management Interpersonal & Team Updates to Project
Plan Skills Management Plan
Updates to Project
Project Documents Meetings
Documents
4. “Plan” Processes always result in an Output of a Project Management Plan
a. For example: “Plan Scope Mgmt” results in the creation of the Scope Mgmt Plan
5. Change Requests are typically the Outputs of M&C Processes
6. Work Performance Data is an Input to all M&C Processes, except those in Integration.
7. Work Performance Information is an Output to all M&C Processes, except those in
Integration.

Process Flow Chart for Project Deliverables

1) Master the process flow for how Deliverables become transformed into Verified
Deliverables, become Accepted by the Customer, and ultimately result in the Final Product

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 Master the ITTOs Cheat Sheet

Process Flow Chart for Work Performance Data

1) Master the process flow for the transformation of Work Performance Data into
Information and, lastly, Reports.

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 Master the ITTOs Cheat Sheet

Process Flow Chart for Change Requests

1) Be familiar with the Processes which result in the creation of Change Requests and
Approved Change Requests.

 All M&C Process Groups, including those in the image above, (except for
“Perform Integrated Change Control”), result in the creation of Change Requests.
 These Change Requests are inputs into “Perform Integrated Change Control” in
order to produce Approved Change Requests:

 Approved Change Requests become an Input into only three processes:

(1) Control Quality, (2) Control Procurement, and (3) Direct & Manage Project
Work.

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CAPM®, PMP®, PMI®, & PMBOK® are registered trademarks of the Project Management Institute, Inc.