Republic of the Philippines

CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE

GRADUATE SCHOOL
Calbayog City

DYNAMIC OF TRANSLATION

SUBTOPICS

 THE CONCEPT OF FORCE

 FUNDAMENTAL FORCES
 ARISTOTLE VS. GALILEO
 NEWTON’S OF MOTION
 FRICTION

The survival of species in an ecosystem is a constant struggle because of the

scarcity of food and space. Predators must be fast enough to catch their prey.
They must also have the means to avoid being attacked and eaten. For example,
cheetahs run at an average speed of 110 km/h to catch their prey. Dragonflies can
fly a distance of about 29 km in one hour to escape from their predators. Swans
and geese can cruise at 64 km/h for many straight hours, and peregrine falcons
can briefly accelerate to an enormous speed of 145 km/h when they swoop down
on their prey. Describing motion is the focus of a field of physics called mechanics.

Mechanics is basically the study of motion. It has two general parts – kinematics
and dynamics.

Kinematics is the mathematical description of motion. You can describe motion

using kinematic quantities such as position, speed, and acceleration.

Dynamics, on the other hand, is the study of the causes of motion. For example,
when an object falls, you can say that gravity is the cause of its falling motion.

THE CONCEPT OF FORCE

What is Force?

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 What is your idea of force? In layman’s term, a force is a simple push or
pull. When two bodies interact, there is FORCE.

Force comes into play due to interaction.

 An interaction of an object with other results in force between the two

objects.

Effects of Force

Force is a physical cause that changes or may tend to change the state of rest or
the state of motion of an object. Stone at rest moves due to force applied by a
person. Force changes the state of motion of a swing.

Force is any influence that causes an object to undergo:

 A change in speed

 A change in direction

 A change in shape of size

Types of Force

 Contact Force is a force that is applied by objects in contact with each

other. Contact force acts on a point of direct contact between the two
objects.

Examples:

Muscular Force
Frictional Force

Contact forces can be classified according to six different types:

 Tensional: such as a string being pulled tight
 Spring: such as the force exerted when you compress two ends of a
spring
 Normal reaction: where one body provides a reaction to a force exerted
upon it, such as a ball bouncing on a blacktop
 Friction: the force exerted when an object moves across another, such
as a ball rolling over a blacktop
 Air friction: the friction that occurs when an object, such as a ball,
moves through the air
 Weight: where a body is pulled toward the center of the Earth due to
gravity.

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  Non-contact Force. The force which acts on an object without coming
physically in contact with it is called non-contact force. It can also attract or
repel, even from a distance.

Examples:

Gravitational Force
Magnetic Force
Electrostatic Force

Noncontact forces can be classified according to three types:

 Gravitational: which is due to the gravitational attraction between two

bodies

 Electrical: which is due to the electrical charges present in two bodies

 Magnetic: This occurs due to the magnetic properties of two bodies,

such as the opposite poles of two magnets being attracted to each other.

Units of Force

 Force is a vector; it has both direction and magnitude. The SI unit for force

is the newton (N). One newton of force is equal to 1 kg * m/s 2 (where the "*"
symbol stands for "times").
 Force is proportional to acceleration, which is defined as the rate of change
of velocity. In calculus terms, force is the derivative of momentum with
respect to time.

Key Terms

 Force: A description of an interaction that causes a change in an object's

motion. It can also be represented by the symbol F.
 The Newton: The unit of force within the International system of units (SI).
It can also be represented by the symbol N.
 Contact forces: Forces which take place when objects touch each other.
Contact forces can be classified according to six types: tensional, spring,
normal reaction, friction, air friction, and weight.
 Noncontact forces: Forces that take place when two objects do not touch.
These forces can be classified according to three types: gravitational,
electrical, and magnetic.

FUNDAMENTAL FORCES

While it seems as if there are so many kinds of interactions, careful study reveals
that there are only Four Basic Interactions.

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 1. Gravitational Force
This is the interaction responsible for the orbit of the Earth around the sun
(Earth-sun interaction); the orbit of the moon around the Earth (moon-Earth
interaction); and falling object and Earth (object-Earth interaction). This
force is also responsible for the orbit of comets and satellites.
2. Electromagnetic Force
This is the interaction responsible for forces between surfaces in contact;
keeps cells together to form living organisms; and it keeps electrons and
nucleus together. More common examples include the force due to
magnets, and the force responsible for electric current.
3. Strong Nuclear Force
This is the interaction that occurs only at very short distances and is
responsible for keeping the nucleus of atoms intact.
4. Weak Nuclear Force
This is the interaction that also occurs only at very short distances and is
associated with radioactivity/radioactive decay.

Here are some of the examples of the 4 Fundamental Forces:

T

ARISTOTLE vs. GALILEO

Imagine a rolling that eventually comes

to a stop. How do you think would Aristotle
explain this phenomenon? What about Galileo
and Newton? Who among them is the most
convincing?

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 Aristotle born in 384 BC in ancient Greece he was a famous philosopher
he also made great contributions to many other fields such as ethics politics and
science.

One of Aristotle’s most contributions to science is actually based upon a false

claim.

For years Aristotle preached, that heavy object fall faster than lighter objects
stating that the speed at which something falls actually depends on its weight. He
would explain it to anyone that would listen his example was that an object ten
times heavier than other another would have to fall ten times faster. No one
disagree with Aristotle most people were comfortable with the idea of heavy
objects falling faster because it’s what they were used to see for almost 2,000
years. Aristotle rules for falling objects remained unchallenged until a new scientist
attempted to prove him wrong.

In the year 1589 an Italian scientist named

Galileo Galilei attempted to prove Aristotle wrong.
Galileo believed the only reason heavy objects fall
faster is because air resistance slows down lighter
objects and if air resistance could be reduced they
would both fall at the same speed. In order to prove
his point he gathered in the city climbed to the top of
the Leaning Tower of Pisa and explained that the
only way to prove who was right for was perform a
scientific experiment.

Galileo’s experiment went like this he stood at the top

of the Leaning Tower and held a cannonball and a
wooden ball at the same size the only difference between the two objects was their
weight. Galileo explained that since they are the same size and shape they would
feel same amount of air resistance as they fell his conclusion was that they should
hit the ground at same time.

He leaned out over the edge dropped both

objects and a little more than 3 seconds
later everyone in the city of Pisa show the
cannonball and the wooden ball land at the
same time proving once and for all that if
there is no air resistance all objects no Comparison of the antiquated view
matter how heavy will fall at the same rate. and the outcome of the experiment

Result:

All objects fall at the same rate if there is no air resistance!

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In the absence of air, Galileo claimed that all objects, regardless of their weights,
fall at the same acceleration.

In 1971, David Randolph Scott made a

breakthrough when he performed an
experiment during the Apollo 15 moon
landing mission. He showed that a hammer
and a feather had fallen on the surface of the
moon at the same time despite their different
weights. This confirmed Galileo’s theory – when dropped together, all objects will
reach the ground at the same time regardless of their weights.

Galileo has proven that all objects, in the absence of air resistance, fall with the
same constant acceleration. This acceleration is called acceleration due to gravity
and denoted by the symbol g its magnitude is approximately g = 9.8 m/ s2 . It’s
direction is downward (toward the center of Earth).

NEWTON’S OF MOTION

Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) was born

by the years Galileo died. In his first 24
years he had already formulated his first
three law of motion.

The concept of force was originally

defined by Sir Isaac Newton in his three
laws of motion. He explained gravity as an
attractive force between bodies that
possessed mass. However, gravity
within Einstein's general relativity doesn't
require force.

 Newton's First Law of Motion

Also known as the Law of Inertia says that an object will continue to move at a
constant velocity unless it is acted upon by an external force. Objects in
motion remain in motion until a force acts on them, this is inertia. They won't
speed up, slow down, or change direction until something acts on them. For
example, if you slide a hockey puck, it will eventually stop because of friction on
the ice.

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  Newton's Second Law of Motion

Also known as the Law of acceleration says

that force is directly proportional to
acceleration (the rate of change of
momentum) for a constant mass.
Meanwhile, acceleration is inversely
proportional to mass. For example, when you throw a ball thrown onto the ground,
it exerts a downward force; the ground, in response, exerts an upward force
causing the ball to bounce. This law is useful for measuring forces. If you know two
of the factors, you can calculate the third. You also know that if an object is
accelerating, there must be a force acting on it. 

Sample:

What is the magnitude and acceleration of a 5-kg object that is initially at rest if a
10-N force is to be applied on it to displace it to the right?

Given: F= 10 N

m= 5 kg

Required: a=?

F
Equation: a=
m

Solution:

F
a=
m

10 N
a=¿
5 kg

a =2 m/ s2 , to the right

So, the object will accelerate 2m/ s2 to the right if a 10-N force will be applied on it.

 Newton's Third Law of Motion

Also known as the law of interaction or the law of action and reaction. It says that
for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. When a force is
applied to one object, it has the same effect on the object that produced the force
but in the opposite direction. For example, if you jump off a small boat into the
water, the force you use to jump forward into the water will also push the boat
backward. The action and reaction forces happen at the same time.

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 FRICTION

How do things move?

Say a ball is moving on a flat ground and there is no external force acting on it.

Will the ball eventually come to halt?

Yes, it will. Have you ever wondered

why?

Say you’re skating on ice rink and your

friend
is skating on the road.

Whose movement do you think will be

smoother?

Definitely yours!

When you hold a bottle in your hand, why doesn’t it just slip through and fall?

Sometimes when you’re walking around in a

mall, do you remember seeing a caution sign
to warn you about the floor being wet?

What explains all this?

The answer is FRICTION!

 The reason why the ball eventually comes to a halt is because of the force
of Friction.

 The reason why skating on an ice rink is easier because the force Friction is
lesser there.

 The bottle doesn’t slip through because the force of Friction between your
hand and the bottle doesn’t allow it to do so.

If the floor is wet the friction offered by it reduces and there are chances that you
might slip and fall.

Galileo Galilei coined the “friction” and made valuable contribution in

understanding motion, astronomy, and strength of some materials.

Friction is nothing but FORCE.

It is the force exerted by a surface where an object moves across it.

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In the first case, when the ball is moving in this direction, the force of friction is
acting in the opposite direction. The force of friction offered by the ice rink floor is
lesser than the force of friction offered by the road.

 Hence skating on the ice rink is easier and seems effortless!

 The bottle does not slip down because the surface of your hand offers a
friction in the upward direction.

And in the case of the floor in the mall, the soapy water reduces the friction offered
by the floor.

REFERENCES:

Arevalo, Ryan L., Ph.D Mulig, Mulig, Charity I. (2017)

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-2/Types-of-Forces

Zeidan, A. Friction – Physics The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/science/friction

Prepared by: Stinelie C. Batican