Quick Review:

Let’s Move On!

Motion
 Is the action of changing location or position.
 the action or process of moving or being
moved.
Motion is relative.
Is the girl in motion?

The motion of an
object is described
based on a frame of
reference.
Motion is relative. Is the boy in motion?
Depending on the frame of
reference. The boy is at rest
relative to the ground. The
boy is in motion relative to
the sun.
Lesson 2:

Aristotelian and Galilean

concepts of Motion
Vertical, Horizontal, and Projectile Motion
 MOTION

NATURAL VIOLENT

A body will move and

will return to its natural A body moving in a
state based on he violent motion needs an
body’s nature and external force for it to
composition. move.
 Vertical motion
 Vertical motion is referred to as natural motion.

For example, Aristotle believed that when a ball is

thrown upward then it falls, its element was EARTH.
Smoke goes up the air because it is on its natural place.
Horizontal motion
 Horizontal motion is referred to as violent motion.
 An object moving in a violent motion requires push or pull
motion to maintain horizontal motion.
 Motion continues only so long as there is an applied force to an
object.
 When force is removed, motion stops.
The example shows that the box
will remain on the floor unless push
or pull force is applied.
Projectile motion
 Projectile motion is referred to as both natural and
violent motion.
 Projectile motion is parallel to the ground until it is the object’s
time to fall back into the ground.
 He said that heavy objects fall faster than light ones.
 Motion
 He is the “Father of
Modern Physics”
 The motion of a body is
not due to its
composition.
 The motion a body can be
described by
measurement and the
changes in quantifiable
variables such as time
and distance.
In the absence of resistance, objects would fall back to
the ground at the same time it is released from the
same height. Also, if the object encountered a resistive
force from a fluid equal or greater than its weight, it
would slow down and reaches a uniform motion until
it reaches the bottom and stop.

Vertical motion
 Horizontal motion
 An object in motion, if unimpeded, will continue
to be in motion, and an external force is not
necessary to maintain the motion.
 If the Earth surface is very flat and extended
infinitely, objects that are pushed will not be
impeded. Thus, the object will continue to move.
 Projectile motion

 Galileo believed that a projectile is a combination of

uniform motion in the horizontal direction and
uniformly accelerated motion in the vertical
direction. If it is not impeded, it will continue to
move even without an applied force.
 Galileo determined that the only vertical force
acting on a projectile was gravity 9.8 m/
Imagine yourself holding a ball and a feather.
If you drop thesesimultaneously, which do you
think would have greater acceleration upon
reaching the ground? Why?
Observe…
 Galileo was fascinated by the behavior of falling objects.
He knew that falling objects increase their speed as they go
down. This change in speed is acceleration.

 Galileo proved with his experiments that when objects are

dropped simultaneously, they will reach the ground at the
same time regardless of their masses and air resistance. In
another set of experiments, he discovered that objects fall
with uniform acceleration.
On his experiment, he had observed the
following:

•A ball rolling down an inclined plane increases its speed by

the same value after every second. For example, the speed of a
rolling ball was found to increase by 2 m/s every second. This
means that the rolling ball would have the following speeds for
every given second.
• As the inclined plane becomes steeper, the acceleration of the rolling
ball increases.
• The maximum acceleration of the rolling ball was reached when the
inclined plane was positioned vertically as if the ball is simply falling.
Example

Hold a book and a piece of paper at the same height, then

drop them simultaneously. Did the objects reach the
ground at the same time? If no, which object reached the
ground first?

Now, perform the same procedure, but this time, crumple

the paper. Did the objects reach the ground at the same
time? If no, which object reached the ground first?
Force is not necessary to sustain Horizontal motion

In horizontal plane, the speed of the ball will always be constant.

The ball will continue in motion but eventually stop because of friction.
Smooth surface: the ball Rough surface: the ball
rolled for a long period of rolled for a short period of
time time
Conclusion:

 Without any interference, like friction or any

other, a moving object will continue moving
at the same speed. Force is not necessary to
sustain horizontal motion.
 Explain the subtle distinction between Newton’s
1st law of motion (or Law of Inertia) and Galileo’s
assertion that force is not necessary to sustain
horizontal motion.
Galileo asserted that if friction was absent, the
ball would continue to move with constant
velocity. It would continue its state of motion
unless a push or a pull compels it to change that
state. Galileo called this tendency of materials to
resist change in their state of motion as inertia.
ISAAC NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION (LAW OF
INERTIA) and the CONCEPT OF FORCE

Isaac Newton (1643 – 1727) is an

English mathematician, physicist
and astronomer and was one of the
most recognized and influential
scientists of his time. He is famous
for formulating the three laws of
motion which explain why objects
move or don’t move.
Newton’s first law is often
stated as: an object at rest stays
at rest and an
object in motion stays in
motion with the same speed
and in the same
direction unless acted upon by
an unbalanced force.
The force of gravity is pulling the book down and the force of the
table is pushing the book up.
The state of motion of the book is at rest.
Heavier objects have greater inertia.
They are more able to resist the force acted
on them. If a heavy object is at rest, it
cannot be moved easily because it has
a great inertia. If a heavy object is moving,
it is harder for it to be stopped because it
has greater inertia.
Lighter objects have lesser inertia.
If a light object is at rest, it is moved
easily and if it is moving, it is easier
for it to be stopped because of its
lesser inertia.
 Second Law of Motion

Law of Acceleration

Newton's second law of motion pertains to the behavior of objects for

which all existing forces are not balanced. The second law states that the
acceleration of an object is dependent upon two variables - the net force
 acting upon the object and the mass of the object. The acceleration of an
object depends directly upon the net force acting upon the object, and
inversely upon the mass of the object.
The 2nd Law of motion can be expressed as:

F ma
 The acceleration is directly proportional to the net force; the net
force equals mass times acceleration; the acceleration in the
same direction as the net force; an acceleration is produced by
a net force.

 Whatever alteration is made of the net force, the same change will
occur with the acceleration. Double, triple or quadruple the net
force, and the acceleration will do the same. On the other hand,
whatever alteration is made of the mass, the opposite or inverse
change will occur with the acceleration. Double, triple or quadruple
the mass, and the acceleration will be one-half, one-third or one-
fourth its original value.
 The direction of the net force is in the same direction as the
acceleration. Thus, if the direction of the acceleration is known,
then the direction of the net force is also known.

 In conclusion, Newton's second law provides the explanation for

the behavior of objects upon which the forces do not balance.
The law states that unbalanced forces cause objects to accelerate
with an acceleration that is directly proportional to the net force
and inversely proportional to the mass.
Newton's Third Law of Motion (Law of Action-Reaction):

 For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

When an object exerts a force on another object, the second
object exerts an equal and opposite force back on the first
object.

 Essentially, forces occur in pairs, and the magnitude of the

forces is equal but the directions are opposite.