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Load Flow Studies 91
1
2
k+1 k+1 k+1
Compute |Vp |, cos dp and sin dp
Check PV bus
type of
bus
PQ bus
k+1 k+1 If k+1 k+1
ep = |Vp| min cos dp Yes k+1 ep = |Vp| spec cos dp
k+1 k+1 |Vp | < |Vp|min k+1 k+1
fp = |Vp| min sin dp fp = |Vp| spec sin dp
No
k+1 k+1 If
ep = |Vp| max cos dp Yes k+1
k+1 k+1 |Vp | < |Vp|max
fp = |Vp| max sin dp
No
Increment iteration count, k = k + 1
2.6.2 N-R Method Using Polar Coordinates

In this formulation, the load flow equations are expressed in polar form. In this coordinates the
unknown variables to be calculated as
Vp| at all load buses i.e. n1 unknown variables to be calculated
(i) |V
(ii) Gp at all load buses and generator buses i.e., (n1 + n2) unknown variables to be calculated.
Hence, the total number of unknown variables to be calculated are (2n1 + n2), for which need to
solve (2n1 + n2) set of load flow equations.
Therefore, the total number of equations in rectangular coordinate version are 2(n1 + n2) and whereas
in polar coordinate version are (2n1 + n2).
Thus the use of polar form results in lesser number of equations and a smaller size of Jacobian as
compared with the rectangular form. This is a definite advantage of polar form over the rectangular
form and therefore, in general polar form is used.
We know from equation (2.40)
n
Pp –j
– Qp =
q
ÇV 1
*
p Ypq Vq ...(2.67)
– jT pq
Let Bpqq = | Ypqq | ²– Tpq = | Ypqq | e
Ypq = Gpq – jB
jG jG q
V*p = | Vp | e p and Vq = | Vq | e
Substituting the above quantities in equation (2.67)
n
– jG p j Gq
? Pp – jQ
Qp =
q
Ç|V | e1
p |Ypq | e – jTpq |Vq | e
n

– j T pq G p – G q
Pp – jQ
Qp =
q
Ç|V 1
p Ypq Vq| e
Separating the real and imaginary parts of equation (2.68)

applicable copyright law.
n
The real part, Pp =
q
Ç |V 1
p d
Y pq Vq |cos T pq G p – G q i ...(2.69)
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Account: ns240708
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92 Electrical Power System Analysis
n
and the imaginary part, Qp = Ç |V
q 1
p d
Ypq Vq |sin T pq G p – G q i ...(2.70)
The real and reactive powers at each bus are the function of magnitude and phase angle of bus
voltage. Thus
Pp = g1 (G, | V |)
Qp = g2 (G, | V |) ...(2.71)
2.6.2.1 When PV buses are not present: For a given power system consisting ‘n’ number of buses
assuming bus 1 is a slack bus and all remaining buses are taken as load buses.
The differential equations which relate the change in real and reactive power to change in
magnitude and phase angle of bus voltage take the form as
n n
Pp Pp
'P
Pp =
q 2
Ç
Gq
'G q
q 2
|Vq |
' |Vq | Ç ...(2.72)
n n
Qp Qp
'Q
Qp = Ç Gq
'G q Ç |Vq |
' |Vq | ...(2.73)
q 2 q 2
where 'PPp and 'QQp represent the differences between the specified and the calculated value of Pp and
Qp respectively using equations (2.69) and (2.70).
In short, the equations (2.71) and (2.72) for all (n – 1) buses can be represented in matrix form as
LM ' P OP = LM J 1 J2 OP LM ' G OP ...(2.74)
N' QQ NJ 3 J4 Q N' |V |Q
The elements of the Jacobian matrix can be derived from the bus power equations.
The real power equation (2.69) can be written as
n
Pp = | Vp |2 | Ypp | cos Tpp + Ç |V
q 1
p d
Ypq Vq |cos T pq G p – G q i ...(2.75)
p
The diagonal elements of J 1 are
n
Pp
Gp
=–
q 1
Ç Tpqq + Gp – Gq)
| Vp Ypq Vq | sin (T ...(2.76)
p
and the off-diagonal elements of J1 are
Pp
Tpqq + Gp – Gq), q p
= | Vp Ypqq Vq | sin (T ...(2.77)
Gq
n
Pp
|Vp |
= 2 | Vp Ypq | cos Tpp +
q 1
Ç
|Vpq Vq |cos T pq G p – G q d i ...(2.78)
p
Pp
= | Vp Ypqq | cos (Tpq + Gp – Gq), q p ...(2.79)
|Vq |
The reactive power equation (2.70) can be written as
n
Qp = | Vp |2 | Ypp | sin Tpp + Ç |V
q 1
p Tpq + Gp – Gq)
Ypq Vq | sin (T ...[2.80(a)]
p
Account: ns240708

n
Qp
Gp
=
q 1
Ç
|V Tpq + Gp – G q)
Vp Ypqq Vq | cos (T ...[2.80(b)]
p
Qp
= – |V
Vp Ypqq Vq | cos (T Tpq + Gp . Gq), q p ...(2.81)
Gq
n
Qp
|Vp |
Vp| | Ypqq | sin Tppp +
= 2 |V
q 1
Ç d
|Ypq Vq |sin T pq G p – G q ...(2.82) i
p
Qp
= | Vp Ypq | sin (T Tpqq + Gp – Gq), q p ...(2.83)
|Vq |
It may be noted that, do not see the symmetry in the Jacobian, if polar coordinates are used.
' |V|
However, if replace ' | V | by
|V|
'PLM OP LM
=
H N OP LM
'G
' |V|
OP
...(2.84)
'Q N Q N J L Q MN
|V| PQ
The equations for the off-diagonal terms are,
From equation (2.77)
Pp
Hpqq = = |VVp Ypq Vq | sin (T Tpqq + Gp – Gq) ...(2.85)
Gq
Qp
Lpqq = | Vq | = | Vp Ypqq Vq | sin (T Tpq + Gp – Gq) ...(2.86)
|Vq |
Pp
Npqq = | Vq | = | Vp Ypq Vq | cos (T Tpqq + Gp – Gq) ...(2.87)
|Vq |
Qp
Jpqq = = – |VVp Ypqq Vq | cos (T Tpqq + Gp – Gq) ...(2.88)
Gq
It is observed that
Hpqq = Lpq
and Npqq = – Jpq ...(2.89)
The equations for the diagonal elements are
Pp
From equation (2.76), Hpp = = – | Vp |2 Bpp – Qp ...(2.90)
Gp
Pp
From equation (2.78), Npp = | Vp | = | Vp |2 Gpp + Pp ...(2.91)
|Vp |
Account: ns240708
Qp
From equation (2.80), Jpp = = Pp – Gpp | Vp |2 ...(2.92)
Gp
Qp
From equation (2.82), Lpp = | Vp | = Qp – | Vp |2 Bpp ...(2.93)
|Vp |
Thus with slight modification in equation (2.74), we can get the symmetry property in the
Jacobian, which is observed in the case of expressing Jacobian in rectangular coordinates.
2.6.2.2 When PV buses are present: Now consider when PV buses are included in ‘n’ bus power system.
For a PV bus, the reactive power Qp is not specified and | Vp | is fixed i.e., specified, ' Qp does not
' |Vp |
appear on the left hand side of equation (2.84) and does not appear on the right hand side of
|Vp |
equation (2.84) since ' | Vp | = 0. Consider pth and qth buses are PQ buses and rth and sthh buses be
PV buses. Then the Jacobian matrix can be written as
qth bus sth bus
Pth PQ bus 'Pp pth bus Hpq Npq Hps 'Gq qth PQ bus
'_ Vq _
'Qp = Jpq Lpq Jps
_ Vq _
...(2.94)
rth PV bus 'Pr rth bus Hrq Nrq Hrs 'Gs sth PV bus
Pp Pp
where, Hpqq = , Npqq = | Vq |
Gq |Vq |
Qp Qp
Jpqq = , Lpqq = | Vq |
Gq |Vq |
2.6.2.3 Algorithm for N-R polar coordinate method when PV buses are absent
1. Read system data and formulate the YBus
2. Assume initial bus voltage magnitudes | V p 0 | and phase angles G p 0 for p = 2, 3, ..., n
1, slack bus
3. Set iteration count k = 0 and convergence criteria = H
4. Set bus count p = 1
5. Check type of bus, if bus is slack bus go to step 6. Otherwise, if bus is PQ bus, then
(i) Evaluate the active and reactive powers Ppk and Qpk using equations (2.69) and (2.70)
(ii) Compute ' Ppk = Pp spec – Pkpcal
and 'QQpk = Qpspec - Qpkcal
6. Increment the bus count p = p + 1
7. Check all buses are taken into account. If p n, then go to step 5 and repeat.
8. Compute the largest of the absolute of the residue.
9. Check convergence. If the residue H

(i) Compute the elements of Jacobian matrix using equations (2.76) to (2.83) using the esti-
mated | Vp | and Gp from step 2.
(ii) Compute ' Gpk and ' | Vpk | using equation (2.74).
Account: ns240708
(iii) Compute new bus voltage magnitude and phase angle of all load buses
i.e., Gpk + 1 = Gpk + ' Gpk
and | Vpk + 1 | = | Vpk | +' | Vpk |
Otherwise go to step 11.
10. Increment iteration count k = k + 1 with these modified | Vp | and Gp and go to step 5.
11. Compute line power flows and slack bus power.
12. Stop.
2.6.2.4 Flow chart for N-R polar coordinate method when PV buses are absent
Start
Read system data and formulate YBus
Assuming initial bus voltage magnitude |Vp0| and

phase angle (dp0) for p = 2, 3, ...n,
π 1, slack bus
Set iteration count k = 0, and convergence criteria = e
Set bus count p = 1
If
Yes
slack bus
P =1
No
k k
Compute Pp and Qp using eqns. (2.69) and (2.70)
k
Compute Dpk = Pp spec – P p cal and
k
DQpk = Q p spec – Q p cal
Increment bus count p = p + 1
If all
No buses are taken
into account
(p = n)
Yes
Compute the largest of the absolute of the residue
Check No Compute line flows and

the residue
slack bus power
≥e
Yes
Compute the element of Jacobians Stop
using eqns. (2.75) to (2.82)
Compute Ddpk and D|Vpk| using eqn. (2.74)
Compute dpk+1 = dpk + Ddpk and

|Vpk+1 | = |Vpk| + D |Vpk|
Increment interation count k = k + 1
Account: ns240708
2.6.2.5 Algorithm for N-R polar coordinate method when PV buses are present
1. Read system data and formulate YBus
2. Assume initial bus voltage magnitude | V0p | and phase angle Gp for all PQ buses and phase
angle G p 0 at all PV buses (except slack bus)
3. Set iteration count k = 0 and convergence criteria = H

4. Compute Ppk and Qpk for all PQ buses and Ppk for all PV buses using equations (2.69) and
(2.70).
5. Compute ' Ppk and ' Qpk for all PQ buses and 'P
Ppk for all PV buses using the expressions
' Ppk = Ppspec – Ppk cal and
' Qpk = Qpspecc – Qpkcal
6. Compute the largest of the absolute of the residue
7. Check convergence
If the residue H
(i) Compute the elements of Jacobian matrix
' |Vp |
(ii) Compute ' Gp and using equation (2.94)
|Vp |
(iii) Update the new values of bus voltage magnitude and phase angle of all PQ buses and the
value of phase angle for all PV buses using expressions
Gpk + 1 = Gpk + ' Gpk
and | Vpk + 1 | = | Vpk | + ' | Vpk |
Otherwise go to step 9.
8. Compute Qpk for all PV buses and check Qp minn < Qpk < Qp max. If yes return to step 4 and
increment the iteration count k = k + 1.
If not, set Qpk = Qp min
(or) set Qpk = Qp max as the case may be treat this bus as a PQ bus, return to step 4 and increment
the iteration count k = k + 1
9. Compute line power flows and slack bus power.
10. Stop.
Account: ns240708
2.6.2.6 Flow chart for N-R polar coordinate method when PV buses are present
Start
Read system data and formulate YBus
0
Assume dp for p = 2, 3, ..., n
0
π 1 slack bus
and Vp for p = 2, 3, ... m i.e., PQ buses
Set iteration count k = 0 and convergence criteria = e
Compute Ppk and Qpk for p = 2, 3, ..., n
Compute DPpk for p = 2, 3, ..., n

and DQpk for p = 2, 3, ..., m
Compute the largest of the absolute of the residue
Check No Compute line flows

the residue ≥ e and slack bus power
Yes Stop
Set bus count p = 2
P£m Check
for type of bus
PQ bus
PV bus p > m
If If
k Yes k
Qp £ Qpma x Qp ≥ Qpmi n
No No
k k k k
DQp = Qpma x – Qp DQp = Qpmi n – Qp
Compute Hpq , Lpq , Npq Compute Hpq , and Npq

and Jpq , for q = 2, 3,...,n for q = 2, 3, ..., n
Increment bus
count p = p + 1
If
all buses are
taken into account
No (p = n)
Yes
k
Compute D|dp |, for p = 2, ...,n
D|Vp |
and |V | , for p = 2, 3 ...,m
p
k+1
Compute dp for p = 2, 3, ...,n
k+1
Vp for p = 2, 3, ...,m
Increment iteration count k = k + 1
Account: ns240708
2.7 DECOUPLED LOAD FLOW METHOD

It is basically extension of N–R method. An important characteristic of an electric power transmission
system operating in steady state, the changes which occur in bus active power due to small changes in
bus voltage magnitude is very small as compared to their changes due to small changes in bus voltage
F
phase angle ' P
EV I
sin G . Therefore, all the elements of sub-matrix of J2 of the Jacobian Matrix
H X K
can be neglected and to be taken as zero. The changes which occur in bus reactive power due to small
changes in bus voltage phase angle is quite small, when compared to their changes due to small
changes in bus voltage magnitude ' Q

F
V
a fIK
E – V . So, all the elements of J3 of the Jacobian
H
X
Matrix can also be neglected and to be taken as zero.
Then equation (2.74) simplifies to
'P LM OP LM OP LM OP
=
J1 0 'G
...(2.95)
'Q N Q N QN Q
0 J 4 ' |V |
(or)
LM ' P OP = ËÌ+ ÛÜ ËÌ ''_ 9_G ÛÜ
N' QQ Í / Ý ÌÌÍ _ 9_ ÜÜÝ
'P = J1 'G ...(2.96)
and 'Q = J4 ' | V | ...(2.97)
The solution of these equations is less time consuming and the computer memory requirement
would be less since the elements of J 2 and J3 are zero and need not be stored. Further simplification
can be obtained by rewriting equation (2.97) as follows :
LM ' |V |OP
'Q = [L]
where Lpp
N |V | Q
from equation (2.93) can be rewritten as
Qp
? Lpp = | Vp | = Qp + | Vp |2 Bpp ...(2.98)
|Vp |
and Lpqq from equation (2.86)
Qp
? Lpqq = | Vq | = | Vp Ypqq Vq | cos (TTpqq + Gp – Gq) ...(2.99)
|Vq |
Let J1 be denoted by [H], then equation (2.96) gives
'P = [H] ' G
where Hpp from equation (2.90) can be rewritten as
Pp
? Hpp = = | Vp |2 Bpp – Qp ...(2.100)
Gp
and Hpqq from equation (2.84)
Pp
? Hpqq = = | Vp Ypq Vq | sin (Tpqq + Gp – Gq) ...(2.101)
Gq
It can be seen that Lpqq = Hpqq for q p, q and p = 2, 3, ..., n
1, slack bus
Account: ns240708
and thus reduces the computation effort. The limitation of this method is that it takes more number of
iterations to converge because of approximations made in the Jacobian.
2.8 FAST DECOUPLED LOAD FLOW METHOD

For routine solutions Newton-Raphson’s method has more popular method. However, it is limited
use for small core applications. Whereas weekly convergent Gauss-Seidel method is the most
economical and it is not fast converge. Initially, decoupled load flow method is obtained by
decoupling the weak coupling between real power and voltage magnitude (P–V) and between reactive
power and phase angle (Q–G). Further considering certain approximations to this method results into
fast algorithm i.e., fast decoupled load flow method. Hence, in deriving this method, decoupled load
flow method is essential. If some valid assumptions are considered for practical power transmission
system, the fast decoupled load flow algorithm (FDLF) is simple, faster and more reliable than N-R
method and has lower storage requirements for entirely in core solutions.
The following valid assumptions can be made without introducing much error:
(i) Qp << Bpp | Vp |2
(ii) | Gp – G q | is very small and therefore, cos (Gp – Gq) 1.0
(iii) Gpqq is very small so, Gpq sin (GGp – G q) 0.0
In view of the assumption (i), the equations (2.98) and (2.100) becomes
Hpp = Lpp = | Vp |2 Bpp ...(2.102)
and in view of assumptions (ii) and (iii), the equation (2.99) (or) equation (2.101) can be written as
Hpqq = Lpqq = | Vp Vq | {| Ypqq | sin Tpq cos (GGp – G q) + | Ypq | cos Tpqq sin (Gp – Gq)]
= | Vp Vq | {BBpq cos (GGp – Gq) + Gpqq sin (Gp – Gq)
= | Vp Vq | {BBpqq + 0}
= | Vp Vq | Bpq, for q p ...(2.103)
Computation of the elements of [H] and [L] using the above approximate expressions would be
faster. Hence, this method is called fast decoupled load flow method.
2.9 COMPARISON OF GAUSS-SEIDEL AND NEWTON-RAPHSON’S METHOD
G-S Method N-R Method

1. In this method, for developing the program 1. In this method polar coordinates are preferred
rectangular coordinates are used. for developing program.
2. It requires the fewest number of arithmetic 2. In this method, the elements of the Jacobian
operations to complete an iteration and requires are to be computed in each iteration. So the
less time per iteration. time per iteration is more.
3. The rate of convergence of this method is slow, 3. The rate of convergence of this method is fast
required more number of iteration to obtain the and required less number of iteration to
solution. obtain the solution.
4. The number of iterations of this method increases 4. It is independent of the number of buses of
directly as the number of buses of the power the system (vary 3 to 5 iteration).
system.
5. In this method, convergence is affected by the 5. It does not effect for the selection of slack
selection of a slack bus. bus on the convergence.
6. For large system, it is less accurate and unreliable. 6. It is more accurate and reliable.
7. It requires less memory space. 7. It requires more memory space.
Account: ns240708
2.10 COMPARISON OF DECOUPLED METHOD AND FAST DECOUPLED

METHOD WITH N-R METHOD
Decoupled Load Flow Method : It is simple and computationally efficient than the Newton-
Raphson’s method. The main advantage of this method compared to the N-R method is it reduces
memory requirement in storing the Jacobian elements. Time per iteration of this method is almost the
same as the N-R method and it always takes more number of iterations required for accurate solution
because of the approximation.
Fast Decoupled Load Flow Method : It is superior than the N-R method from the point of view
of speed and storage. For this method the convergence is geometric. It requires normally two to five
iterations for more accuracy and more reliable than the formal N-R method. This is due to the fact
that the valid assumptions are considerd. Storage requirements are around 60 per cent of the formal
N-R method but slightly more than the decoupled load flow method. This method is also useful to
solve optimization problems and contingency evaluation for system security assessment, etc. Further,
no need to calculate or compute the Jacobian matrix in every iteration as B matrix is constant after the
approximations made.
2.11 CALCULATION OF LINE FLOWS

In this section, transmission line loss and slack bus power can be determined after computing the bus
voltages.
Consider the line connecting between the buses p and q as shown in Fig. 2.10.
p q
Ip q Ip q1 Iqp1 Iq p
yp q
Ip q 0 Iq p 0
yp q yqp0
0
Fig. 2.10 Power transmission line connected between buses p and q

Spqq = Complex power injected into the line from the Pthh bus
Ipqq = Current injected by the Pth bus
Vp and Vq = Voltages at the pth and qth buses
ypqq = Line series admittance
ypq0, yqp0 = Line charging admittance at buses p and q respectively.
The current flowing from bus p to bus q is given by
Ipqq = Ipq1 + Ipq0
Vp – Vq) ypqq + Vp ypq0
= (V ...(2.104)
The complex power injected into the line from bus p to bus q is
Spqq = Ppqq + jQ
Qpq
*
= VpI pq ...(2.105)
Substituting the Ipq from equation (2.104) into the equation (2.105)
? Spqq = Vp [(V*p – V*q) y*pqq + V*p Y*pq0]

Similarly, the complex power injected into the line from bus q to bus p is
Sqp = Vq [(V*q – V*p) y*pqq + V*q y*qp0]
Account: ns240708
The power loss in the ‘‘p – q’ line is the algebraic sum of the power flows in the ‘‘p – q’ line from
the pthh bus to qthh bus
i.e., PLLpqq = Spqq + Sqp
Total transmission losses can be determined by summing all the line flows of the given power system.
? Total transmission loss = Ç PL pq
or Total transmission loss = Ç S S pq qp

n
Slack bus power, Qp = Vp*
Sp = Pp – jQ Ç (Y pq Vq )
q 1
The slack bus power can also be obtained by algebraic sum of total load plus losses minus total
power generation of the given power system.
2.12 DERIVATION OF DC POWER FLOW

The power flows equations (2.69) and (2.70) are modified as
n
Pp = ÇV
q 1
p Vq ËÍ G pq cos ( G p G q ) B pq sin ( G p G q )ÛÝ
n
Qp = ÇV
q 1
p Vq ËÍ G pq cos (G p G q ) – B pq sin ( G p G q ) ÛÝ
We can derive the equation for DC power flow using the following simplifying approximations.
2.12.1 Approximate the Transmission Resistance to Zero

The resistance of transmission circuits is significantly less than the reactance. Usually, it is the case
x
that the ratio is between 2 and 10. So any given transmission circuit with impedance of z = r + jx
r
r –x
will have conductance, g = 2 2
and susceptance, b = 2 .
r x r x2
If ‘r’ is very small compared to ‘x’, then we observe that ‘g’ will be very small compared to ‘b’,
–1
and it is reasonable to approximate g = 0 and b = .
x
Now, if g = 0, then the real part of all of the Y-bus elements will also be zero. The power flow
equation will now become,
n
Pp = ÇV p Vq B pq sin G p G q
q 1
n
Qp = ÇV
q 1
p
Vq – B pq cos G p G q
2.12.2 Approximate the cosine Term to Zero and sine Term to the
Radian Angle
For most typical operating conditions, the difference in angles of the voltage phasors at two buses
p and q connected by a circuit, which is (GGp – Gq) for buses p and q, is less than 10–15 degrees. It is
extremely rare to ever see such angular separation exceed 30 degrees. Thus, we say that the angular
separation across any transmission circuit is “small”.
Account: ns240708
It is clear that as the angle G = (GGp – Gq) gets smaller and smaller, the cosine function approaches
1.0. The better approximation of the sine of a small angle is the angle itself in radian because for a
very small angle, the sine of an angle is approximately equal to the angle itself. Thus we now have,
n
Pp = ÇV
q 1
p Vq B pq (G p G q )
n
Qq = ÇV
q 1
p Vq (– B pq )
2.12.3 Approximate the Product of the Voltages to 1.0

In the per-unit system, the numerical values of voltage magnitudes |VVp| and |Vq| are very close to
1.0. Typical range under most operating conditions is 0.95 to 1.05. Furthermore, its product is very
much closer to 1.0.
Given the discussed practical approximations, the power flow in the transmission system can be
approximated using the following equation.
n
Pp = ÇB
q 1
pq (G p Gq )
It is the called the DC power flow equation. It is commonly used in the optimal power flow
(OPF) and economic dispatch problems in the power systems. Since our point of interest is the power
flow, we omit the power flow equation for reactive power.
SOLVED PROBLEMS
Problem 2.1. The power system network is shown in Fig. 2.11 bus 1 is considered as a slack bus
of voltage 1.00 ²0° p.u. The line impedance are indicated in the network on 100 MVA base and
neglect the line shunt admittance.
(100 + j50) MVA (120 + j30) MVA

1 2
Slack bus
0.02 + j0.04
1.04 Ð 0°
0.01 + j0.02 0.012 + j0.02
3
(30 + j50) MVA
Fig. 2.11
Account: ns240708
By using Gauss-Seidel method at the end of first iteration, determine the magnitude of voltage and
phase angles at buses 2 and 3.
1 1
Sol. y12 = = = 10 – 20j
0
Z12 0.02 +j0.04
1
y13 = = 20 – j40
0.01 j 0.02
1
y23 = = 22.0588 – j36.7647
0.012 j 0.02
Y11 = y12 + y13 = 10 – 20j 0 = (30 – j60)
0 + 20 – 40j
Y22 = y21 + y23 = 10 – 20j
0 + 22.0588 – j36.7647 = 32.0588 – j56.7647
Y33 = y31 + y32 = 20 – j40 + 22.0588 – j36.7647 = 42.0588 – j76.7647
Y12 = – y12 = – 10 + j20
LM a30 j 60f a 10 j 20f a 20 j 40f OP

Ybus = Ma 10 j 20f a32.0588 j 56.7647f a 22.0588 j 36.7647fP
MNa– 20 j 40f a 22.0588 j36.7647f a42.0588 j 76.7647f PQ
Assuming initial bus voltages, V20 = V30 = 1 p.u.
Voltage at bus p is
p 1 n
Ap
Vpk 1 = * Ç B pq Vqk 1 ÇB pq Vqk
d i
Vpk q 1
p
q p 1
Pp jQ p
where Ap = , for p = 2, 3
Ypp
A2 =
P2 j Q 2
=
b g b
PG 2 PD2 – j Q G 2 Q D2 g
Y22 Y22
? A2 =
a 0.2 j 0.2f = (0.001162 – j0.004179)
32.0588 j 56.7647
A3 =
a 0.3 j 0.5f = (– 0.006656 – j 0.000261)
42.0588 – j 76.7647
Ypq
Bpqq = , for p = 2, 3 and q = 1, 2, 3; p q.
Ypp
Y21 – 10 +j 20
B21 = = = (– 0.3425 + j0.0173)
Y22 32.0588 – j 56.7647
Account: ns240708
Y23 – 22.0588 +j 36.7647

B23 = = = (– 0.6574 – j 0.0173)
Y22 32.0588 – j 56.7647
B31 =
Y31
=
a
– 20 +j 40 f
= (– 0.5105 + j0.01919)
Y33 42.0588 – j 76.7647
Y32 – 22.0588 +36.7647

B32 = = = (– 0.4894 – j0.019193)
Y33 42.0588 – j76.7647
A2
V21 = *
– B21 V11 – B23 V30
d i
V20
0.001162 j0.004179
= – (_ 0.3425 +j 0.0173) (1.04) – (– 0.6574 – j0.0173)1
1
= 1.014762 – j0.004871
= 1.01477 ²– 0.275° p.u.
A3
V31 = *
– B31 V11 – B32 V21
d iV30
=
a– 0.006656 – j 0.000261f – (– 0.5105 + j0.01919) (1.04) – (– 0.4894 – j0.01919)
1
(1.01476 – j0.004871)
= 1.02096 – j0.003129
= 1.02096 ²– 0.18° p.u.
Problem 2.2. The power system network shown in Fig. 2.12. Each line has a series impedance of
(0.02 + j0.08) p.u. and a total shunt admittance of j0.02 p.u. The specified quantities of the buses
are given in the figure. A controllable reactive power source is available at bus 3, with the constraint
0 QG3 1.5 p.u. Using the Gauss-Seidel method, find the voltage at bus ‘2’ and ‘3’ after the first
iteration.
+
Ð
+
Fig. 2.12
Account: ns240708
Sol. Let bus (1) is slack bus

bus (2) is load bus
bus (3) is PV bus
Using the nominal S model for the transmission lines, the elements of Y Bus are computed as :
Series admittance of each line
1
= = (2.941 – j11.764) p.u.
0.02 j 0.08
The elements of YBus are given by self-admittances.
Y11 = Y22 = Y33 = 2 2.941 j11.764

LM j 0.02 OP
N 2 Q
j23.508 p.u.
Mutual admittances
Y12 = Y21 = Y31 = Y13 = Y23 = Y32 = (– 2.941 + j11.764) p.u.
Assume V2 = 1.0 ²0°
= 1.0 + j0
and G3 = 0°.
Bus voltages are calculated as
At Bus (2)
LM 3
OP
V2(1) =
1
Y22
MM P V jaQf Ç Y
2
0
2
2q V a0 f
q PP
Nd i
*
q 1
2
2 Q
1 Ë 0.6 j 0.3 Û
=
5.882 j 23.508
Ì ^ `
2.941 j11.764 1.02 2.941 j11.764 1.04 Ü
Í 1.0 j 0 Ý
j0.0212) p.u.
For Bus (3)
Q a31f =– Im oVa f t oY
3
0
31 V1 Y32 V2a1f Y33 V3a 0 f t
= – Im [1.04 {(– 2.941 + j11.764) 1.02 ²0°
+ (– 2.941 + j11.764) (1.01280 – j0.0212) + (5.882 – j23.508) (1.04 ²0°)}]
= 0.4909 p.u.
Q a31f = Q G3 – Q L 3 = 0.4909 p.u.
Account: ns240708
or Q G3 = 0.4909 + Q L 3
? Q G3 = 0.4909 + 0.6 = 1.0909 p.u.
i.e., within specified limits. Therefore, bus (3) is acting as a generator bus
and Q a3 f satisfies the constraint

1
Hence,
Ë Û

Ì 3 j 4 Ü
V a1f
3 = Ì ^
`
± < 9 < 9 Ü
< Ì Ë Û Ü
9 VSHF
ÍÌ ÍÌ ÝÜ ÜÝ
1 Ë 1.5 j 0.4909 ÎÑ 2.941 j11.764 1.02 ÞÑÛ

= .Ì Ï ßÜ
5.882 – j 23.508 ÍÌ 1.04 ²0º ÐÑ 2.941 j11.7641.0128 – j 0.0212àÑÝÜ
= (1.0212 – j0.0732) p.u.
? V3a f = V3spec ²G a3 f
1 1
= 1.04 ²– 4.01° p.u.

Problem 2.3. Repeat the problem 2.2, if the reactive power constraint on generator 3 is 0 QG3
0.5.
Sol. Since Q G3 calculated in problem 2.2 corresponding to initial specified voltage V3 = 1.04 + j0
is 0.779 p.u., which is greater than the maximum specified limit. Hence Q G3 is set equal to Q G 3 , max
i.e., Q G 3 = 0.5 p.u.
Bus 3, therefore, becomes a PQ bus from a PV bus. Therefore, | V3 | can no longer remain fixed
at 1.04 p.u. The value of V3 at the end of the first iteration is calculated as follows :
0
Note. V3 = 1 + j0 by virtue of a flat start
1 Ë P3 j Q3 Û
? V31 = Ì *
>Y31 V1 Y32 V2 @Ü
Y33 Í V3 Ý
1 Ë 1.5 j 0.1 ÎÑ 2.941 j11.764 1.02 2.941 j11.764ÞÑÛ

= .Ì Ï ßÜ
5.882 j 23.508 ÍÌ 1– j 0 ÐÑ 1.0128 j 0.0212 àÑÝÜ
= 0.9981 – j0.0698
= 1.0 ²– 4° p.u.
Account: ns240708
Problem 2.4. The power system shown in Fig. 2.13 each line has series impedance of (0.03 +
j0.07) p.u. and shunt admittance of j0.01 p.u. The specified quantities at buses are also shown.
Determine the element of Jacobian matrix by rectangular co-ordinate formulation of N-R method.
~ SL2 = (0.6 + j0.3) p.u.

V1 = 1.02 – 0° p.u.
1 2
~ SL3 = (1.5 + j0.6) p.u.

jQG3
| V3 | = 1.04 p.u.
Fig. 2.13
Sol. | V3 | = 1.04 p.u.

Bus (1) : Swing bus, V1 = 1.02 ²0 p.u.
Bus (2) : PQ bus, P2 – jQ2 = – 0.6 + j0.3
Bus (3) : PV bus,
| V3 | = 1.04 p.u.
P3 = – 1.5 p.u.
Step 1. Formation of YBus
Self admittance, Ypp =2

LM 1 j 0.01OP
N 0.03 j 0.07 2 Q
= (10.345 – j24.128) p.u.
1
And mutual admittances, Ypq = –
0.03 j 0.07
= – 5.172 + j12.069
LM 10.345 j 24.128 5172

. j12.069 – 5172
. j12.069 OP
YBus = G – jB = 5.5172 j12.069 10.345 j 24.128 5172
. j12.069
MM 5.5172 j12.069 10.345 j 24.128 PQ
P
N 5172
. j12.069
? G11 = G22 = G33 = 10.345 p.u.
Account: ns240708
B11 = B22 = B33 = 24.128 p.u.

G12 = G21 = G31 = G13 = G32 = G23 = – 5.172 p.u.
B12 = B21 = B31 = B13 = B32 = B23 = – 12.069 p.u.
Step 2. Assume that, V2 = 1.0 + j0.0 = e2 + jff2 and G 2 = 0°
V1 = 1.02 + j0.0 p.u. (specified)
Now, V3 = 1.04 + j0.0 p.u. = e3 + jff3
Step 3. For the power system the performance equation in matrix form is
Ë ' P2 Û Ë P2 P2 P2 P2 Û Ë ' e2 Û
Ì Ü Ì e2 e3 f2 f3 Ü Ì 'e Ü
Ì ' P3 Ü Ì P3 P3 P3 P3 Ü Ì 3 Ü
Ì Ü Ì e2 e3 f2 f3 Ü Ì Ü
Ì Ü = Ì Q2 Ì Ü
Q2 Ü
Ì ' Q2 Ü Ì e2
Q2 Q2
Ì ' f2 Ü
e3 f2 f3 Ü
Ì Ü Ì Ü Ì Ü
Ì Ü Ì V3 V3 V3 V3
Ü Ì Ü
' V
ÍÌ 3 ÝÜ ÌÍ e2 e3 f2 f3 Ü
Ý Ì'f Ü
Í 3 Ý
Ë ' P2 Û Ë ' e2 Û
Ì 'P Ü Ë J1 J2 Û Ì'e Ü
Ì 3 Ü = ÌJ Ü
J4 Ü Ì 3Ü
Ì ' Q2 Ü Ì 3 Ì' f2 Ü
Ì Ü ÌJ J6 Ü Ì Ü
' V Í 5 Ý 'f
ÍÌ 3 ÝÜ ÍÌ 3 ÝÜ
where J1, J2, J3, J4, J5 and J6 are Jacobian matrices
Off-diagonal elements of J1,
Pp
= ep Gpq – fq Gpq, q p
eq
P2
= e2 G23 – f3 G23
e3
= 1 – 5.172 – 0 = – 5.172 p.u.
P3
= e3 G32 – f2 G32
e2
= 1.04 – 5.172 – 0 = – 5.379 p.u.
Diagonal elements of J2
Pp
= ep Bpp + fp Gpp + dp
fp
P2
= e2 B22 + f2 G22 + d2
f2
Account: ns240708
= 1 24.128 + 0 + 0.73414 = 24.862
P3
= e3 B33 + f3 G33 + d3
f3
= 1.04 24.128 + 0 – 0.71374 = 24.379
Off-diagonal elements of J2
Pp
= ep Bpq + fp Bpq, q p
fq
P2
= e2 B23 + f2 B23
f3
= 1.0 (– 12.069) + 0 = – 12.069
P3
= e3 B32 + f3 B32
f2
= 1.04 – 12.069) + 0 = – 12.55176
Q p
= ep Bpp + fp Gpp – dp
e p
Q 2
? = e2 B22 + f2 G22 = d2
e2
= 1.0 24.128 + 0 – 0.73414 = 23.39386
n
Cp = ep Gpp + fp Bpp + Çe
q 1
q G pq fq B pq
p
C2 = e2 G22 + f2 B22 + e1 G21 + e3 G23 + f1 B21 + f3 B23

(' p =1 is a slack bus)
= 1 10.345 + 0 + 1.02 – 5.172 1.04 – 5.172 + 0 + 0
= – 0.309
C3 = e3 G33 + f3 B33 + e1 G31 + e2 G32 + f1 B31 + f2 B32
= 1.04 10.345 + 0 + 1.02 – 5.172 + 1 – 5.172 + 0 + 0
? C3 = 0.31136
and from equation (2.50)

n
dp = fp Gpp – ep Bpp + Ç df
q 1
q G pq eq B pq i
p
Account: ns240708
d2 = f2 G22 – e2 B22 + (f
(f1 G21 + f3 G23 – e1 B21 – e3 B23)
= 0 – 1 24.128 + 0 + 0 – 1.02 – 12.069 – 1.04 – 12.069
= 0.73414
d3 = f3 G33 – e3 B33 + f1 G31 + f2 G32 – e1 B31 – e2 e32
= 0 – 1.04 24.128 + 0 + 0 – 1.02 – 12.069 – 1 – 12.069
= – 0.71374.
Now Diagonal elements of J1 are
Pp
= ep Gpp – fp Bpp + Cp
e p
P2
= e2 G22 – f2 B22 + C2
e2
= 1 10.345 – 0 + (– 0.309) = 10.036
P3
= e3 G33 + C3
e3
= 1.04 10.345 + 0.31136
= 11.07016
Q p
= ep Bpqq + fp Gpq, q p
eq
Q 2 = e B + f G
2 23 2 23
e3
= 1 – 12.069 = – 12.069 p.u.
Q p
= fp Bpp – ep Gpp + Cp
fp
Q 2
= f2 B22 – e2 G22 + C2
f2
= 0 – 1.0 10.345 + (– 0.309)
= – 10.654
Q p
= – ep . Gpqq + fp Gpq, q p
fq
Account: ns240708
Q 2
= – e2 G23 + f2 G23
f3
= – 1 – 5.172 = 5.172 p.u.
Vp
= 2 ep
e p
V3
= 2 1.04 = 2.08
e3
Vp
=0
eq
Vp
=0
fp
Vp
=0
fq
Jacobian matrix
Ë ± ± Û
Ì Ü
Ü
J = ÌÌ
± ± Ü
Ì Ü
ÌÍ ÜÝ
Problem 2.5. For the problem 2.4, determine the Jacobian matrix and the unknown values at the
end of first iteration using polar co-ordinate method.
Sol. Bus (1) is a swing bus V1 = 1.02 ²0 p.u.
Bus (2) P-Q, bus P2 – jQ2 = (– 0.6 + j0.3) p.u.
Bus (3) P-V bus with P3 = – 1.5 p.u.
| V3 | = 1.04 p.u.
The elements of YBus are
Y11 = Y22 =Y33 = 26.252 ²– 66.8° p.u.
Y12 = Y21 = Y13 = Y31 = Y23 = Y32 = 13.13 ²113.2° p.u.

? Tpp = 66.8° and Tpq = – 113.2°
Account: ns240708
Let us assuming,
V2 = 1.0 ²0° p.u.
i.e., | V2 | = 1.0 ; G2 = 0°, G3 = 0°
From equations (2.75) and [2.80(a)] the real and reactive powers at the buses are given by
P2 = G22 | V2 |2 + | V2 | [| Y21 | | V1 | cos (T12 + G2 – G1) + | Y23 | | V3 | cos ( T23
+ G2 – G3)]
= 10.345 12 + 1.0 [13.13 1.02 cos (– 113.2 + 0 – 0) + 13.13 1.04
cos (– 113.2 + 0 – 0)]
= – 0.31 p.u.
Similarly,
P3 = G33 | V3 |2 + | V3 | [Y31 V1 cos (T13 + G3 – G1) + Y23 V2 cos (T23 + G3 – G2)]
= 10.345 (1.04)2 + 1.04 [13.13 1.02 cos (– 113.2 + 0 – 0) + 13.13 1
cos (– 113.2 + 0 – 0)]
= 10.345 1.0816 + 1.04 [– 10.448]
= 0.323 p.u.
Q2 = B22 | V2 |2 + V2 [Y21 V1 sin (T21 + G2 – G 1) + Y23 V3 sin (T23 + G2 – G3)]
= 24.128 12 + 1.0 [13.13 1.02 sin (– 113.2 + 0 – 0) + 13.13 1.04 sin (– 113.2
+ 0 – 0)]
= 24.128 + (– 24.8605) = – 0.733 p.u.
Similarly,
Q3 = B33 | V3 |2 + V3 [Y31 V1 sin (T13 + G2 – G 1) + Y32 V2 sin (T23 + G3 – G2)]
= 24.128 1.042 + 1.04 [13.13 1.02 sin (– 113.2) + 13.13 1 sin (– 113.2)]
= 26.0968 – 25.353
= 0.7438 p.u.
Therefore, the change in real and reactive powers are
LM ' P OP LM 0.6 a 0.31f OP LM 0.29OP

2
So MM ' P PP = MM 1.5 0.323 PP = MM 1.823PP
3
N'Q Q N 0.3 a 0.733fQ N 0. 433Q

2
The elements of the Jacobean are calculated as follows :
P2
= – Q2 + B22 | V2 |2 = 0.733 + 24.128 12
G 2
= 24.861
P3
= – Q3 + B33 | V3 |2 = – 0.7438 + 24.128 1.042 = 25.353
G 3
Account: ns240708
P2
= Y23 V2 V3 sin (T23 + G2 – G3)
G 3
= 13.13 1.0 1.04 sin (– 113.2) = – 12.551
P3
= Y32 V3 V2 sin (T32 + G3 – G2)
G 2
= 13.13 1.04 1 sin (– 113.2) = – 12.551
P2
= G22 | V2 | +
P2
= 10.345 1 +
F – 0.31I = 10.035.
V2 V2 H 1.0 K
P3
= V3 Y32 cos (T32 + G3 – G2) = 1.04 13.13 cos (113.2)
V2
= – 5.3794
Q 2
= – G22 | V22 | + P2 = – 10.345 12 + (– 0.31) = – 10.655.
G 2
Q 2
= – | V2 | | Y23 | | V3 | cos (T23 + G2 – G3)
G 3
= – 1.0 13.13 1.04 cos (113.2) = 5.3794
Q 2
= B22 | V2 | +
Q2
= 24.128 1 +
0.733 a
= 23.395
f
V2 V2 1.0
The corrections vector is given by
LM 'Ga f OP Ë 24.861
2
1
12.551 10.035 Û
–1
LM 0.29OP
MM 'Gaa ff PP = ÌÌ 12.551
3
1
25.353 5.3794 ÜÜ MM 01..823 P
2
1
N' V Q ÌÍ 10.655 5.3794 23.395 ÜÝ N 433PQ
Ë 0.0684 Û
= Ì 0.1034 Ü rad
Ì Ü
ÌÍ 0.01114 ÜÝ
? The new values at the end of first iteration are
G a21f = G 2 +'G

0
= – 0.0684 rad
G a31f = G a30 f + 'G a31f = – 0.1034 rad

| V2 |(1) = V2a f + ' V2a f = 1.01114 p.u.

0 1
Account: ns240708
Problem 2.6. Solve the problem 2.4 by decoupled and fast decoupled methods.
Sol. Decoupled Method :
The performance equation by using decoupled method is
LM ' P OP = LMJ
1 0 OP LM 'G OP
N' QQ N 0 J Q N' VQ
4
? 'P = J1 'G and

'Q = J4 'V
From the solution of problem 2.5, the J1 and J4 elements are
Ë 24.861 12.551 0 Û
Ì Ü
= Ì 12.551 25.353 0 Ü
Ì 0 0 23.395ÜÝ
Í
?
LM' P OP = ËÌ 24.861
2 12.551Û LM'G OP2
N' P Q Í 12.551
3 25.353ÜÝ N'G Q 3
1
LM'G OP ËÌ 24.861
2 12.551Û LM 0.29OP
N'G Q Í 12.551
3 25.353ÜÝ N 1.823Q
Ë 0.0639 Û
= Ì Ü rad
Í 0.1035 Ý
'Q2 = [23.395] 'V2
'Q 2
'V2 = = 0.0185
23.395
? The new values are
G a21f = 0 + (– 0.0639) = – 0.0639 rad
G a31f = 0 + (– 0.1035) = – 0.1035 rad
and V2a1f = 1.0 + 0.0185 = 1.0185 p.u.

Fast Decoupled Method :
The performance equation by using fast decoupled method is
LM ' P OP LMH
2 22 H 23 0 OP LM ' G OP
2
MM ' P PP = MMH
3 32 H 33 0 PP MM 'G PP
3
N' Q Q N 0
2 0 L 22 Q N' V Q
2
Account: ns240708
From the equations (2.102) and (2.103), H22, H23, H32, H33 and L22 are
H22 = L22 = B22 | V2 |2 = 24.128 12 = 24.128
H33 = B33 | V3 |2 = 24.128 1.042 = 26.097
H23 = H32 = B23 | V2 | | V3 |
= 12.069 1 1.04 = – 12.552
LM' P OP = LM 24.128 12.552OP

2 LM'G OP
2
N' P Q N 12.552 26.097Q

3 N'G Q
3
LM'G OP = L 24.128 12.552OP

2
–1
LM 0.29OP
N'G Q MN 12.552 26.097Q
3 N 1.823Q
= M
L 0.0645OP rad
N 0.101Q
'Q 2
And 'V2 = V2
L 22
0.433
= 1.0 = 0.018 p.u.
24.128
The new estimated values are
G a21f = 0 + (– 0.0645) = – 0.0645 rad
G a31f = 0 + (– 0.101) = – 0.101 rad
and V21 = 1.0 + 0.018 = 1.0185 p.u.
Problem 2.7. For the system shown in Fig. 2.14 with bus 1 as slack bus, obtain the power flow
solution using G-S method after the end of first iteration.
G
1
2 3
Load
Fig. 2.14
Account: ns240708
Bus Code Line Impedance in p.u. Half line charging admittance

P Q
1 2 j0.1 0
2 3 j0.2 0
3 3 j0.2 0
Bus loading data
Bus code Generation load |V| Reactive power limit Type
of bus
P Q P Q Qmin Qmax
1 – – – – 1.0 – – Slack bus
2 5 0 – – 1.1 0 5 P-V bus
3 – – 3.5 0.5 – – – PQ- bus
LM j15 j10 OP

j5
Sol. YBus = j15
MM j10j 5 j5
j10PQ
P
N j5
Assume,
V1 = 1.0 ²0° p.u.
V2 = 1.1 ²0° p.u.
V3 = 1.0 ²0° p.u.
Since bus (2) is P-V bus, we have to calculate
ÍÌ
0
^
Q a21f = – Im ËV2 Y21 V1 Y22 V2 Y23 V3 Û
0
ÜÝ `
{j10 1.0 + (– j15) 1.1 + j5 1.0}]
= – Im [1.1 (j
( 10 – j16.5 + j5)]
Q a21f = 1.65 p.u. and this is within specified limits
? G a21f = Angle of V2a1f

e j
L 1 |R P – j Q
= Angle of M Y21 V1 Y23 V3a0 f
|UVOP
MN Y S|T Va f
2 2
22 2
0
|WPQ
Ë Î ± j ÞÛ
= Angle of Ì Ï j j ßÜ
Í j Ð àÝ
Ë Û
= Angle of Ì
j
^ j`Ü
Í Ý
= 15.4°
Account: ns240708
The voltage of bus (2) is
V2a1f = 1.1 ²15.4° p.u.

The voltage of bus (3) is
V3a1f =
1 LM P j Q
3 3
Y31 V1 Y32 V2a1f
OP
Y33 MN Va f
3
0
PQ
= j0.1 > 3.5 j 0.5 j 5 1 – j 5 1.1 ²15.4@
= j0.1 [– 3.5 + j0.5 – j5 + 1.0605 – j5.3025)
= j0.1 (– 2.0394 – j10.8025)
= 1.08025 – j0.20394
= 1.09933 ²–10.69º p.u.
Problem 2.8. Solve the problem 2.7 after first iteration in polar coordinate form of N-R method.
Sol.
LM15 ² – 90 10 ² 90 5 ²90 OP

Ybus = 10 ² 90 15 ² – 90 5 ²90
MM 5 ²90 10 ² – 90QP
P
N 5 ² 90
V1 = 1.0 ²0° p.u.

V2 = 1.1 ²0° p.u.
V3 = 1.0 ²0° p.u.
Since bus (2) is P-V bus, P2, P3 and Q3 are to be calculated from the following expressions
n
Pp = Ç
q 1
d
Vp Vq Ypq cos T pq G p G q i
n
Qp = Ç
q 1
d
Vp Vq Ypq sin T pq G p G q i
P2 = V2 V1 Y21 cos (T21 + G2 – G1) + V2 V2 Y22 cos T22 + V2 V3 Y23 cos (T23 + G2 – G3)
P3 = V3 V1 Y31 cos (T31 + G3 – G1) + V3 V2 Y32 cos (T32 + G3 – G2) + V3 V3 Y33 cos T33
Q3 = V3 V1 Y31 sin (T31 + G3 – G1) + V3 V2 sin (T32 + G3 – G2) + V3 V3 Y33 sin T33
From above formulae
P2a 0 f = 0
P3a 0 f = 0
Q a30 f = 5 sin (– 90°) + 5.5 sin (– 90°) + 10 = – 0.5 p.u.
Account: ns240708
The power mismatches are
'P2 = P2 (spec) – P2a f = 5 – 0 = 5 p.u.

0
'P3 = P3 (spec) – P3a 0 f = – 3.5 – 0 = – 3.5 p.u.
'Q3 = Q3 (spec) – Q a30 f = – 0.5 – (– 0.5) = 0 p.u.

The performance equation in matrix form is
LM ' P OP LM OP
P2 P2 P2
2 G 2 G3 V3 LM 'G OP
2
MM ' P PP = MM PP
P3 P3 P3
3 G 2 G3 V3 MM 'G PP
3
N'Q Q MN
3
Q 3
G 2
Q 3
G3
Q3
V3
PQ N' V Q
3
P2
= – [V2 V1 Y21 sin (T21 + G2 – G1) + V2 V3Y23 sin (T23 + G2 – G3)]
G 2
= – (– 11 – 5.5) = 16.5
P2
= V2 V3 sin (T23 + G2 – G3) = – 5.5
G 3
P2
= V2 Y23 cos (T23 + G2 – G3) = 0
V3
P3
= V3 V2 Y32 sin (T32 + G3 – G2) = – 5.5
G 2
P3
= – [V3 V1 Y31 sin (T31 + G3 – G1) + V3 V2 Y32 sin (T32 + G3 – G2)]
G 3
= – [– 5.0 – 5.5] = 10.5
P3
= V1 Y31 cos (T31 + G3 – G1) + V1 Y32 cos (T32 + G3 – G2) + 2V3 Y33 cos T33
V3
=0
Q 3
= – V3 V2 Y32 cos (T32 + G3 – G2)
G 2
=0
Q 3
= V3 V1 Y31 cos (T31 + G3 – G1) + V3 V2 Y32 cos (T2 + G3 – G2)
G 3
=0
Q 3
= V1 Y31 sin (T31 + G 3 – G1) + V2 Y32 sin (T32 + G3 – G2) + 2V3 Y33 sin T33
V3
= – 5 – 5.5 + 20 = 9.5
Account: ns240708
LM 5OP LM 16.5 5.5 0OP LM 'G OP

2
MM 3.05PP = MM 5.05 10.05 9.05PP MM 'G PP

3
N Q N Q N' V Q
3
1
LM 'G OP LM 16.5 5.5 0 OP
2 LM 5OP
MM 'G PP = MM 5.5 10.5 0 PP
3 MM 3.05PP
N' V Q N 0 0 9.5Q
3 N Q
LM 0.0734 0.03846 0 O LM 5OP
0 P
= 0.03846 0.1154
MM 0 0.10526PQ
P MM 3.05PP
N 0 N Q
LM 'G OP ËÌ ÛÜ
2
3MM 'G PP ÌÌ Ü rad

3 N' V Q Í ÜÝ
? G a21f = G a20 f + 'G2 = 0 + 0.23252 = 0.23252 rad = 13.32°
G a31f = G a30 f + 'G3 = 0 – 0.21154 = – 0.21154 rad = – 12.12°
V3a1f = V3a1f + 'V3 = 1.0 + 0 = 1.0 p.u.
Problem 2.9. Single line diagram of a simple power system with generators at buses 1 and 3 as
shown in Fig. 2.15. The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is 1.05 p.u. Voltage magnitude at bus 3 is
fixed at 1.04 p.u. with active power generation of 200 MW. A load consisting of 400 MW and
250 MVAR is taken from bus 2.
Line impedance are marked in p.u. on a 100 MVA base and the line charging susceptances are
neglected.
Determine the following using Gauss-Seidel method at the end of first iteration.
(i) Voltage at buses 2 and 3
(ii) Slack bus power
(iii) Direction of line flows and line losses
Slack bus (400 + j250) MVA
1 V1 = 1.05Ð0° 2
0.02 + j0.04
0.01 + j0.03 0.0125 + j0.025

3
P3 = 200 MW
Fig. 2.15
Account: ns240708
Sol. The line admittances are

1
y12 = = 10 –j
– 20
Z12
y13 = 10 – j30 and y23 = 16 – j32
Ë j j j Û
Ì Ü
YBus = Ì j j j Ü
ÌÍ j j j ÜÝ
S2 = P2 + jQ2 =
a
400 j 250 f
= – 4 – j2.5 p.u. (since load bus)
100
P3 = 2.0 p.u.
Bus 1 is taken as the slack bus. Starting from an initial voltage of V 02 = 1 + j . 0, V 03 = 1.04 + j0
1
LM P j Q p 1 n OP
MN dV i Ç Y Ç
p p
Vpk 1 = Vqk 1 Ypq Vqk
Ypp k *
p q 1
pq
q p1
PQ
Ë Û
1 Ì 3 j 4 Ü
? V2 = < 9 < 9 Ü
Y22 ÌÌ 9 Ü
Í Ý
Ë j Û
= Ì j j Ü
j Í j Ý
j0.042307) p.u.
Bus 3 is a regulated bus where voltage magnitude and active power are specified. For a voltage
control bus, first reactive power is computed as
*
Q13 = – Im ËÌ V30 V11 Y32 V21 Y33 V30 ÛÜ
Y 3
Í Ý
j30) 1.05 + (– 16 + j32) (0.97462 – j0.042307) +
(26 – j62) 1.04}]
= 1.16 p.u.
The value of Q13 is used for the computation of voltage at bus 3.
LM P j Q O
Y V Y V P
1
? V3 = 3 3 1 1
Y33 MN dV i 0 *
3
31
PQ1 32 2
=
1 LM 0.2 j116
.
a 10 j 30f 1.05 a 16 j 32f a0.97462 j 0.042307fOP
26 j 62 N 1.04 Q
= 1.02787– j0.0287 = 1.0282 ²–1.61° p.u.
Since | V3 |spec is held constant at 1.04 p.u. and G3 can obtain only
? V3 = 1.04 ²– 1.61 p.u.

= 1.03958 – j0.0292 p.u.
Account: ns240708
Slack bus power can be calculated

n
Qp = 9p
Sp = Pp – jQ ÇY
q 1
pq Vq
S1 = P1 – jQ1 = 9 [Y11 V1 + Y12 V2 + Y13 V3 ]

= 1.05 [(20 – j50) 1.05 + (– 10 + j20) [0.97462 – j0.042307) + (– 10 + j30)
(1.03958 – j0.292)]
= (2.709147 – j1.1603) p.u.
The complex power flows can be calculated as
Qpq = Vp I *pq = Vp Vp* Vq*
Spqq = Ppq + jQ d i y *pq (' Charging admittance is zero)
? S12 = V1(V1* – V2* )y*12 = (167.97 + j113.88) MVA
S21 = V2(V*2 – V1* )y*21 = (– 160.51 - j98.94) MVA
S13 = (115.6176 – j14.044) MVA
S31 = (–101.959 + j0.721) MVA
and S23 = (–150.083 – j175.986) MVA
S32 = 157.109 + j190.03) MVA
The line losses are
Sloss pqq = Ploss pqq + jQloss pqq = Spq + Sqp
? Sloss 12 = S12 + S21
= (7.47 + j14.94) MVA
Similarly, Sloss 13 = (13.6586 – j13.3233) MVA
and Sloss 23 = 7.026 + j14.0445) MVA
The power flow diagram is shown in Fig. 2.16, where the active power direction is indicated by
and the reactive power direction indicated by "!
400 250
140.852 218.423
1 167.97 160.51 2
113.88 98.94
115.617 150.08
175.986
14.044
157.109
101.959
190.03
0.721
3
200 116
Fig. 2.16
Account: ns240708
Problem 2.10. The transmission line is a 230 kV, 200 km long having the following data, find YBus
matrix for the two bus system. Express all values in p.u. on 230 kV and 300 MVA base.
R = 0.074 ohm/km, ZL = 0.457 ohm/km
1
= 0.277 106 ohm/km
Zc
Sol. Base kV = 230
Base MVA = 300
Total resistance, R = 0.074 200 = 14.8 :
XL = jZL = j0.457 200 = j91.4 :
j
XC = = – j0.277 106 200
ZC
= – j55.4 106 :
Base kVA 300 10 3

IBasee = = = 753.06 A
3 Base kV 3 230
VBase 230 103

ZBase = 305.4 :
I Base 753.06
R actual 14.8
Rp.u. = = 0.04845 p.u.
Z Base 305.4
91.4
XLp.u. = 0.299 p.u.
305.4
55.4 106
XC p.u. = = 181.4 103 p.u.
305.4
Line charging admittance,
1
y10 = y20 = j = j5.513 10–6 p.u.
XC
1
Mutual admittance, y12 = y21 =
Z12
1
= 0.528 j 3.26 p.u.
R p.u. j X l p.u.
Self admittance, Y11 = y12 + y10 = 0.528 – j3.25
Y22 = y21 + y20 = 0.528 – j3.25
Ë 0.528 j 0.325 0.528 j 3.25 Û

? YBus = Ì Ü
Í 0.528 j 3.25 0.528 j 0.325 Ý
Account: ns240708
Problem 2.11. The load flow data for the power system shown in Fig. 2.17 is given in the following
tables. The voltage magnitude at bus 2 is to be maintained at 1.03 p.u. and reactive power 0 Q2 35.
Obtain the voltage at bus 3 using G.S. method after first iteration.
Table 2.2 Line data
Bus code Impedance

pq Z pq p.u.
12 0.08 + j0.24
13 0.02 + j0.06
23 0.06 + j0.18
Table 2.3 Bus data
Bus code Assumed Generation Load

and name bus voltage MW MVAR MW MVAR
1 Slack 1.05 + j0 0 0 0 0
2 PV 1.0 + j0 20 0 50 20
2 PQ 1.0 + j0 0 0 60 25
Fig. 2.17
(November 2004)
Sol. Let base MVA = 100
Then p.u. values:
20
PG2 = 0.2, Q G2 0, PD2 0.5, Q D2 = 0.2
100
PG3 = 0, QG3 = 0, PD3 = 0.6, QD3 = 0.25
? P2 = 0.2 – 0.5 = – 0.3, 0 Q2 0.35
P3 = – 0.6, Q3 = – 0.25
Account: ns240708
1 1
Mutual admittances y12 = y21 = 1.25 j 3.75
Z12 0.08 j 0.24
1
y13 = y31 = 5 j1.5
Z13
y23 = y32 = 1.667 – j5
Self admittances Y11 = ((y12 + y13) = 1.25 – j3.75 + 5 – j1.5 = 6.25 – j5.25
Similarly Y22 = 2.917 – j8.75
Y33 = 6.667 – j6.5
Ë 6.25 j 5.25 1.25 j 3.75 5 j1.5 Û
YBus = ÌÌ1.25 j 3.75 2.917 j 8.75 1.667 j 5 ÜÜ
ÌÍ 5 j1.5 1.667 j 5 6.667 j 6.5 ÜÝ
Q2 cal = – Im ^V20spec
*
ËY21 V11 Y22 V20spec Y23 V30 Û
Í Ý`
^1.03 ËÍ1.25 J 3.75 1.05 2.917 j8.75 1.03 1.667 j 5 1ÛÝ`
= – Im (0.0257 – j0.07725)
= 0.07725 p.u.
Bus 2 acted as generated bus since Q2cal is within specified limits
Ë Û
Ì P2 j Q 2 cal 0Ü
? V21 = Y V1
Y V
Y22 Ì * 21 1 23 3 Ü
ÌÍ
V20 ÜÝ
1 Ë 0.3 j 0.07725 Û
= Ì 1.25 j 3.75 1.05 1.667 j 5 1Ü
2.917 j 8.75 Í 1.03 Ý
1
=
2.917 j 8.75
>2.68824 j 9.0125@
= 1.01915 – j0.0325 = 1.0196 ²–1.828° p.u.
V21 = V21 spec ²G12 1.03 ² 1.828 1.02947 j 0.0329 p.u.
Ë Û
1 Ì P3 jQ3 1Ü
V31 1
Y31 V1 Y32 V2 Ü
Y33 Ì V 0 *
ÌÍ 3 ÜÝ
1 Ë 0.6 j 0.25 Û
= 5 j1.5 1.05 1.667 j 5 1.03 ² 1.828Ü
6.667 j 6.5 ÌÍ 1.0 Ý
Account: ns240708
= (0.96627 – j0.03696) p.u.

Problem 2.12. The load flow data for the system shown in Fig. 2.18 given below in the following
tables.
Table 2.4 Line data
Bus code Impedance

pq Z pq p.u.
12 j0.05
13 j0.1
23 j0.05
Table 2.5 Bus data
bus voltage MW MVAR MW MVAR
1 1.03 + j0 0 0 0 0
2 1 + j0 50 0 20 10
3 1 + j0 0 0 20 20
|V
V2| = 1.0 p.u., maximum and minimum reactive power limits are given at bus 2 are 50 and
– 10 MVAR’s respectively. Using G.S. method, find the load flow solution upto first iteration.
(November 2007)
Sol. Assume base MVA = 100 p.u. values
50 20
P2 = 0.3 p.u., 0.1 Q 2 0.2
100
0 20
P3 = 0.2 p.u., Q 3 0.2 p.u.
100
Ë j 30 j 20 j10 Û
YBus = ÌÌ j 20 j 40 j 20 ÜÜ
ÌÍ j10 j 20 j 30 ÜÝ
^ `
*
Q12 cal = Im V20 spec ËY21 V11 Y22 Û V20 spec Y23 V30
Í Ý
^
Im 1.0 > j 20 1.03 j 40 1.0 j 20 1@ `
Account: ns240708
= 0.6 p.u.
Q2 cal violates the specified limits and it acts as load bus and fix Q2 cal as Q2 min
i.e., Q2 = 0.1 p.u.
1 Ë 0.3 j 0.1 Û
? V21 = Ì j 20 1.03 j 20 1Ü
j 40 Í 1 Ý

= 1.0125 j 7.5 10 3 p.u.
1 Ë 0.2 j 0.2 Û
V31
j 30 ÌÍ 1

j10 1.03 j 20 1.0125 j 7.5 10 3 Ü
Ý

= (1.011667 – 1.6667 10–3) p.u.
Problems 2.13. The power system networks shown in Fig. 2.19 obtain V3 using N - R method after
first iteration.
Fig. 2.19

bus voltages MW MVAR MW MVAR
1 1.05 + j0 0 0 0 0
2 1.0 + j0 20 0 30 20
3 1.0 + j0 0 0 60 25
Ë19.764 ² 71.6 3.9528 ²108.4 15.8114 ²108.4 Û

Sol. YBus = ÌÌ 3.9528 ²108.4 9.2233 ² 71.6 5.27046 ²108.4 ÜÜ
ÌÍ15.8114 ²108.4 5.27046 ²108.4 21.0819 ² 71.6ÜÝ
n
P p – j Qp = ÇV
q 1
*
p Vq Ypq
? The real power at bus 3 is

n
P3 = Ç
V3 Vq Y3q cos Q3q G 3 G q
q 1
Account: ns240708
= V3 {V1 Y31 cos (T31 + G3 – G1) + V2 Y32 cos (T32 + G3 – G 2)

+ V3 Y33 cos T33}
= 1.0 [15.8114 1.05 cos (–108.4°) + 5.27046 1 cos (–108.4°)
+ 21.0819 1 cos (+ 71.6°)
= – 0.25 p.u.
And reactive power is
Q3 = V3 {V1 Y31 sin (T31 + G3 – G1) + V2 Y32 sin (T32 + G3 – G2) + V3
Y33 sin T33}
= 1.0 [15.8114 1.05 sin (–108.4°) + 5.29046 1 sin (–108.4°) +
21.0819 1 sin (+ 71.6°)]
= – 0.769 p.u.
Specified values,
P3 = 0 – 60 = – 60 MW
Q3 = 0 – 25 = – 25 MW
Taking base MVA = 100
60 j 25
S3 in p.u. = = – 0.6 – j0.25
100
Power mismatches are
'P3 = – 0.6 – (– 0.25) = – 0.35 p.u.
'Q3 = – 0.25 + 0.769 = 0.519 p.u.
Ë P3 P3 Û
Ë ' P3 Û Ì G V3 Ü
Ì' Q Ü = Ì Ü
3
Í 3Ý Ì Q3 Q3 Ü
Ì Ü
Í G 3 V3 Ý
Total Jaccobian matrix elements are
P3
H= = –V3 [V1 Y31 sin (T31 – G1 + G3) + V2 Y32 sin (T322 – G2 + G3)]
G 3
= –1.0 [–1.05 15 – 1 5] = 20.75
P3
N= = [V1 Y31 cos (T31 – G1 + G3) + V2 Y32 cos (T32 – G2 + G 3)
V3
+ 2 V3 Y33 cos T33]
= 1.05 (– 5) + 1 (– 1.667) + 2 1 6.667 = 6.417
Q3
J= = V3 [V1 Y31 cos (T31 – G1 + G3) + V2 Y32 cos (T32 + G 2
G 3
– Gq)]
= 1.05 (– 5) + 1 (– 1.667) = – 6.917
Account: ns240708
Q3
L= = [V1 Y31 sin (T31 – G1 + G3) + V2 Y32 sin (T32 – G2 + G3)
V3
+ 2 V3 Y33 sin T33]
= – [1.05 15 + 1 5 + 2 1 (– 20) = 19.25
Ë 0.35Û Ë 20.75 6.417 Û Ë ' G3 Û
Ì 0.519 Ü = Ì 6.917 19.25 ÝÜ ÍÌ ' V3 ÝÜ
Í Ý Í
Ë ' G3 Û Ë 0.0226Û
or Ì ' V Ü = Ì 0.0188 Ü
Í 3Ý Í Ý
? 'V3 = 0.0188
Voltage at bus 3 after first iteration, V3 = 1 + 0.188 = 1.0188 p.u.
SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. What are the diagonal elements of Ybus known as?
Ans: The diagonal elements of Ybus are known as the short circuited driving point admittances.
2. At a particular bus in a power system, the load complex power aggregates to (100+ j50) MVA and the
generator complex power to (150 – j 75) MVA. How is this power classified? What is the bus complex
power?
Ans: Bus complex power = (generator complex power) – (load complex power)
= (150 – j75) – (100+j
+ 50)
= (50 – j25) MVA
3. How long transmission line represents in load flow studies?
Ans: As positive sequence equivalent S model circuit.
4. How is a fixed tap setting transformer represented for load flow studies ?
Ans: Represented as an equivalent S model circuit is shown in Fig. 2.20
bus p bus q
Ip Iq
YA
Vp Vq
YB YC
The admittances given by
YA =
Ypq
, YB
1 1 F I
1 Ypq and YC
1
1 Ypq
F I
a a a H K a H K
where Ypqq is the series positive sequence admittance of the transformer referred to bus ‘ q’’ side and ‘a’
is the turns ratio.
Account: ns240708
5. What are the quantities determined through load flow studies?

Ans: Associated with any bus, there are four quantities: magnitude and phase angle of voltage, real and
reactive powers of these two would be known or specified the other two would be obtained through
load flow studies.
6. States the major steps involved in load flow studies.
Ans: The major steps involved in load flow studies are:
(i) Mathematical modelling of the power system. This would be a set of non-linear algebraic equa-
tions.
(ii) Solution of the above non-linear equations through an iterative technique.
7. From mathematical modelling point of view, what are load flow equations?
Ans: The load flow equations are a set of non-linear algebraic equations.
8. Why load flow solutions obtained through an iterative method?
Ans: The load flow equations are non-linear.
9. Give the load flow equation which is used to compute the voltage at any bus using Gauss method.
Ë Û
Ì n
Ü
Ì 3p j 4 p kÜ
Ans: Vpk 1 = Ç <pq 9q Ü
<pp Ì 9p k
Ì q Ü
Ì p Ü
Í Ý
Give the load flow equation which is used to compute the reactive power at any P-V bus.
È n Ø
Ans: Q p Ç
Im É Vp Ypq Vq Ù
ÉÊ q 1 ÙÚ
11. In the load flow equation for the voltage, write down the quantities which do not change in values
during an iterative process in G-S method.
3p j4 p Ypq
Ans: for P–Q buses and for all buses .
<pp Ypp
12. The reactive power at a P-V bus, computed during an iteration, comes to the greater than the maxi-
mum limit. Then, what is done?
Ans: The reactive power at this bus is taken as equal to the maximum value and the bus is treated as a PQ
bus during this iteration.
13. When is the iterative process in G-S method terminated ?
Ans: The iterative process is terminated when the difference between the magnitudes of the voltage during
the latest two successive iterations at every bus becomes less than a prescribed tolerance.
14. What is acceleration factor?
Ans: The acceleration factor is numerical multiplier which is used to increase the rate of convergence in
an iterative process. The previous value at the bus is multiplied by the acceleration factor to obtain a
correction to be added the previous values.
15. What is the major difference between the Gauss and Gauss-Seidel methods?
Ans: In the Gauss method, during an iteration, new values for all the unknown are determined by using the
values obtained only during the precious iteration and other data. The new values are not at all used
in the present iteration. But, they are used in the next iteration. In the Gauss-Seidel method, a new
value determined for any unknown during iteration is used immediately. So, new values are used in
the same iteration as soon as they are calculated.
Account: ns240708
16. Why acceleration factor used in the Gauss-Seidel method?

Ans: To increase the rate of convergence of the iterative process, we use acceleration factor.
17. What is the general value recommended for the acceleration factor in the Gauss-Seidel method?
Ans: A general value for the acceleration factor is 1.2 to 1.6. However, the maximum value depends on the
system given.
18. Give the matrix equation from which the corrections to be added to the real and imaginary parts of the
bus voltages are determined during the iterative process in the N-R method.
Ans:
Ë 'P Û Ë J1 J2 Û
Ì Ü Ì Ü Ë'e Û
Ì 'Q Ü Ì J3 J4 Ü Ì Ü
'f
ÌÍ 'V ÜÝ ÌÍ J5 J6 ÜÝ Í Ý
19. The approximation to the N-R method is based on two facts for decoupled load flow. What are they?
Ans: (i) Real power at a bus does not change appreciably for a small change in the bus voltage magnitude.
(ii) Reactive power at a bus does not change appreciably for a small change in the bus voltage phase
angle.
20. Is the rate of convergence in the N-R method linear or quadratic?
Ans: Quadratic
21. The time required per iteration is more in the N-R method. Why?
Ans: Due to the need for evaluating the elements of the Jacobian in each iteration, the time required per
iteration is more in the N-R method.
22. What is load flow study?
Ans: The study of various methods of solutions for power system network is called as load flow study. The
solution gives the voltages and phase angles at various nodes, power flows in various lines and line
losses.
23. What is the need of load flow solution?
Ans: The load flow solution is essential for designing a new power system and for planning extension as
well as operation of the existing one for increased power demand.
24. What are the quantities that are associated with each bus in a power system?
Ans: Each node in a power system associated with four quantities. They are voltage magnitude and its
phase angle, active and reactive powers.
25. How buses are classified and what are its types?
Ans: Depending upon quantities are specified, the buses are classified in the following three types:
1. Load bus — P, Q are specified.
2. Generator bus — P, |V| are specified.
3. Slack bus — |V|, G are specified.
26. What is load bus?
Ans: A load bus is one at which the active P and reactive power Q are specified. In this type bus voltage can
be allowed to vary with in permissible values i.e., ±5%. Also bus voltages phase angle is not very
important for the load.
27. What is Generator bus?
Ans: A generator bus or voltage controlled bus is one at which the voltage magnitude corresponding to the
generation voltage and active power corresponding to its rating are specified. In this type the voltage
magnitude is not allowed to change.
Account: ns240708
28. What is slack bus?

Ans: A slack bus or swing bus or reference bus is one at which the magnitude and phase angle of voltages
are specified.
29. What is the need of slack bus?
Ans: In a load flow solution active and reactive powers can not be fixed apriori at all the buses as the net
complex power flow into the network is not known in advance, the system power loss being unknown
till the load flow solution is completed. It is therefore necessary to have one bus i.e., slack bus at
which complex power is unspecified so that it supplies the difference in the total system load plus
losses and the sum of the complex powers specified at the remaining buses.
30. What are the operating constraints imposed in the load flow solution?
Ans: The operating constraints imposed on the load flow solution are load node voltage and reactive power
generation of the generators.
31. What is meant by a flat voltage profile?
Ans: In iterative methods of load flow solution, the initial voltages of all buses except slack bus are 1 + j0
per unit. This is referred as flat voltage profile.
32. What are the advantages of Gauss-Seidel method?
Ans: The advantages are:
It requires the fewest number of arithmetic operations to complete iteration and requires less time
per iteration.
It requires less memory space.
33. What are the disadvantages of Gauss-Seidel method?
Ans: The disadvantages are:
It requires more number of iterations to obtain the solution.
The convergence is affected for the selection of slack bus.
The rate of convergence is slow.
It is not suitable for large system.
34. What is Jacobean matrix? How the elements of Jacobean matrix are determined?
Ans: The matrix formed from the first order derivatives of load flow equations is called Jacobean matrix [J].
The elements of Jacobean matrix will change in every iteration. In each iteration the elements of this
matrix are obtained by partial differentiating the load flow equations with respect to an unknown
variable and then calculating the first derivatives using the solution of precious iteration.
35. What are the disadvantages of N-R method?
Ans: The disadvantages are:
It requires time per iteration is more.
It requires more memory space.
It requires more number of calculations, so programming is complex.
36. Why of Ybus used in load flow solution instead of Z bus?
Ans: Ybus is sparsity matrix i.e., number of non-zero elements are less compared zero elements. Hence, for
formation of Ybus, it needs less memory.
37. When Ybus used in load solution, how many termed to be stored for an ‘n’ bus system?
Ans: The total number of terms to be stored is =

b
n n 1 g
.
2
Account: ns240708

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Masader Book 1 Page 91 131

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Copyright © 2011. Laxmi Publications Pvt Ltd. All rights reserved.

Load Flow Studies 91

Increment iteration count, k = k + 1

2.6.2 N-R Method Using Polar Coordinates

Separating the real and imaginary parts of equation (2.68)

92 Electrical Power System Analysis

Load Flow Studies 93

The diagonal elements of J 3 are

94 Electrical Power System Analysis

9. Check convergence. If the residue  H

Load Flow Studies 95

Read system data and formulate YBus

Assuming initial bus voltage magnitude |Vp0| and

Set iteration count k = 0, and convergence criteria = e

Set bus count p = 1

Increment bus count p = p + 1

Check No Compute line flows and

Compute Ddpk and D|Vpk| using eqn. (2.74)

Compute dpk+1 = dpk + Ddpk and

|Vpk+1 | = |Vpk| + D |Vpk|

Increment interation count k = k + 1

96 Electrical Power System Analysis

3. Set iteration count k = 0 and convergence criteria = H

Load Flow Studies 97

Read system data and formulate YBus

Set iteration count k = 0 and convergence criteria = e

Compute Ppk and Qpk for p = 2, 3, ..., n

Compute DPpk for p = 2, 3, ..., n

Compute the largest of the absolute of the residue

Check No Compute line flows

Compute Hpq , Lpq , Npq Compute Hpq , and Npq

Increment iteration count k = k + 1

98 Electrical Power System Analysis

2.7 DECOUPLED LOAD FLOW METHOD

changes in bus voltage magnitude ' Q

Load Flow Studies 99

2.8 FAST DECOUPLED LOAD FLOW METHOD

2.9 COMPARISON OF GAUSS-SEIDEL AND NEWTON-RAPHSON’S METHOD

G-S Method N-R Method

100 Electrical Power System Analysis

2.10 COMPARISON OF DECOUPLED METHOD AND FAST DECOUPLED

2.11 CALCULATION OF LINE FLOWS

Fig. 2.10 Power transmission line connected between buses p and q

? Spqq = Vp [(V*p – V*q) y*pqq + V*p Y*pq0]

Load Flow Studies 101

or Total transmission loss = Ç S  S pq qp

2.12 DERIVATION OF DC POWER FLOW

2.12.1 Approximate the Transmission Resistance to Zero

102 Electrical Power System Analysis

2.12.3 Approximate the Product of the Voltages to 1.0

(100 + j50) MVA (120 + j30) MVA

0.01 + j0.02 0.012 + j0.02

(30 + j50) MVA

Load Flow Studies 103

LM a30  j 60f a 10  j 20f a 20  j 40f OP

104 Electrical Power System Analysis

Y23 – 22.0588 +j 36.7647

Y32 – 22.0588 +36.7647

Load Flow Studies 105

Sol. Let bus (1) is slack bus

Y11 = Y22 = Y33 = 2 2.941  j11.764 

Q a31f = Q G3 – Q L 3 = 0.4909 p.u.

106 Electrical Power System Analysis

? Q G3 = 0.4909 + 0.6 = 1.0909 p.u.

9. Check convergence. If the residue H

? Spqq = Vp [(Vp – Vq) ypqq + Vp Y*pq0]

or Total transmission loss = Ç S S pq qp

LM a30 j 60f a 10 j 20f a 20 j 40f OP

Y11 = Y22 = Y33 = 2 2.941 j11.764

1 Ë 1.5 j 0.4909 ÎÑ 2.941 j11.764 1.02 ÞÑÛ

1 Ë 1.5 j 0.1 ÎÑ 2.941 j11.764 1.02 2.941 j11.764ÞÑÛ

LM 10.345 j 24.128 5172

= 1 24.128 + 0 + 0.73414 = 24.862

LM ' P OP LM 0.6 a 0.31f OP LM 0.29OP

N'Q Q N 0.3 a 0.733fQ N 0. 433Q

LM' P OP = LM 24.128 12.552OP

N' P Q N 12.552 26.097Q

LM'G OP = L 24.128 12.552OP

LM j15 j10 OP

LM15 ² – 90 10 ² 90 5 ²90 OP

LM 5OP LM 16.5 5.5 0OP LM 'G OP

MM 3.05PP = MM 5.05 10.05 9.05PP MM 'G PP

3MM 'G PP ÌÌ Ü rad

? V3 = 1.04 ²– 1.61 p.u.

S1 = P1 – jQ1 = 9 [Y11 V1 + Y12 V2 + Y13 V3 ]

Base kVA 300 10 3

VBase 230 103