TOPIC OUTLINE

ZOOLOGY: • Introduction to Zoology

Evolutionary and Ecological Perspectives
• Zoology an Evolutionary Perspective
GENERAL ZOOLOGY
lacajuday@bicol-u.edu.ph • Zoology an Ecological Perspective

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Principles of Modern Zoology

“Social rules can be broken, but the laws of nature can’t.”

1. All animals obey the laws of thermodynamics.

2. All animals consist of membrane-encased cells.

INTRODUCTION
3. All animals arose in an evolutionary process.

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 Zoology as a subset of Biology Zoology as a subset of Biology

-Eukaryota ZOOLOGY
-science of animals Botany
-1660s, fr. Modern Latin zoologia Microbiology
-fr. Greek zoon "animal" + -logos Systematics
Physiology
“study"
Genetics
Cell and Molecular Biology
Developmental Biology
Evolutionary Biology
Ecology

# 10 Fundamental Courses in Biology

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Zoology as a Diverse Field Conchology

Specializations in Zoology

Ornithology Ichthyology Herpetology Malacology

A. Subdisciplines
Helminthology

Herpetology Entomology Mammalogy Parasitology

B. Taxonomic Category

Arachnology Protozoology
# Specializations in Zoology

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 SPECIALIZATIONS IN ZOOLOGY SPECIALIZATIONS IN ZOOLOGY

SUBDISCIPLINES SUBDISCIPLINES

ANATOMY CYTOLOGY ECOLOGY EMBRYOLOGY GENETICS HISTOLOGY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PARASITOLOGY

Study of the structure of Study of the structure Study of the interaction Study of the Study of the Study of tissues Study of subcellular Study of animals that live
entire organisms and and function of cells of organisms with their development of an mechanisms of details of animal in or on other organisms
their parts environment animal from the fertilized transmission of traits structure and function at the expense of the
egg to birth or hatching from parents to offspring host

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SPECIALIZATIONS IN ZOOLOGY SPECIALIZATIONS IN ZOOLOGY

SUBDISCIPLINES TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES

PHYSIOLOGY SYSTEMATICS MORPHOLOGY ONTOGENY ORNITHOLOGY PROTOZOOLOGY MALACOLOGY HELMINTHOLOGY

Study of the function of Study of the Study of structures as to Development of the BIRDS PROTOZOANS MOLLUSKS WORMS
organisms and classification of, and the form and shape individual
evolutionary especially viewed as a
their parts
interrelationships whole
among, animal groups
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 Few of the many dimensions of zoological research

SPECIALIZATIONS IN ZOOLOGY
TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES

ENTOMOLOGY HERPETOLOGY ICHTHYOLOGY MAMMALOGY

INSECTS AMPHIBIANS FISHES MAMMALS
REPTILES

• www.mhhe.com/zoology 

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•
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Zoologists strive to understand: Reasons for studying Zoology

1. The origin of animal diversity. • provides insight into how "life" works

2. How animals perform basic life processes. •

• higher mammals provide especially useful insight into the human world

3. How they are able to inhabit various ecosystems. • animals also have a great impact on our lives

• conservation of threatened or endangered species; the maintenance of

biodiversity is considered to be crucial to our survival

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 Life History of an Animal
1. Product of evolution

2. Interacts with the environment

3. Interaction is brought on by
evolution

ZOOLOGY an Evolutionary Perspective

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Life History of an Animal Zoology an Evolutionary Perspective

Evolutionary Evolutionary
forces past Zoologists must understand
evolutionary processes if they are to
understand what
an animal is and how it originated.

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 ICHTHYOLOGY: CICHLIDS

EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES The Cichlids

ICHTHYOLOGY: CICHLIDSof Africa
Fontosa(Cyphontilapia fontosa)

Fontosa(Cyphontilapia fontosa)

change in populations of organisms over

ORGANIC time Dogtooth Cichlid
Dogtooth Cichlid (Cynotilapia afra)
EVOLUTION source of animal diversity and it explains Cynotilapia afra afra) ü  native to Lake Malawi in Africa
(Cynotilapia Cyphontilapia
ü  fontosa
native to Lake Tanganyika in Africa
family relationships within animal groups ü  females of the species brood
Native to Lake Malawi
ü  native to Lake Malawi in Africa
ü  native
developing eggs in her mouthtotoLake Tanganyika inNative
protect Africa to Lake Tanganyika
ü  females of the species brood
them from predators
Charles Darwin (1859) explain developing eggs in her mouth to protect
them from predators 12
evolutionary change
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Haplochromis sensu lato

Ex. cichlid scale eaters of Africa
Native to Lake Victoria

19 www.mhhe.com/zoology

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ICHTHYOLOGY: CICHLIDS

Eretmodus Algae scrapers that nip algae

with chisel-like teeth

Tanganicodus Insect pickers

COLORFUL CICHLIDS AROUND THE

WORLD
Perissodus Scale eaters

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Animal Classi cation and Evolutionary Animal Classi cation and Evolutionary
Relationships Relationships

EVOLUTION EVOLUTION
Explains why animals appear and
GENETIC MATERIAL (DNA) function as they do, but it also
explains family relationships within
SCIENTIFIC NAME the animal kingdom

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Animal Classi cation and Evolutionary Animal Classi cation and Evolutionary
Relationships Relationships

GENETIC MATERIAL (DNA) SCIENTIFIC NAME

Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778); two-part name describes
groups of individuals are more
each kind of organism; rst part indicates the genus,
closely related if they share more of
and the second part indicates the species to which
their genetic material with each other
the organism belongs
than with individuals in other groups

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Hierarchy of relatedness depicted in the classi cation system
of a house y, horse y, cichlid sh, and human.
Zoology an Evolutionary Perspective
Evolutionary Animal classi cation and
Process Evolutionary Relationships
Can explain:
1. Why organisms change
1. Organic Evolution - genetic
2. How closely related two
change
species are
2. Subspecies adapt to survive in
3. That more DNA shared the
the same area
closer the relationship
4. That certain groups of
subspecies come from 1
invading species.
Copyright McGraw Hill 2010 5. Binomial nomenclature

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ECOLOGY
study of the relationships between organisms and
their environment

HUMAN IMPACT
humans have depended on animals, and that
dependence too often has led to exploitation

ZOOLOGY an Ecological Perspective

ZOOLOGY: An Ecological Perspective
We depend on animals for food, medicines, and clothing. We also depend on animals in other, more subtle ways. This
dependence may not be noticed until human activities upset the delicate ecological balances that have evolved over hundreds
of thousands of years.
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 THE CASE OF LAKE VICTORIA

The CICHLIDS of Lake Victoria

1950s
Severe Deforestation
Extinction Nile perch excessively oily esh
Voracious predator must be dried. Fishermen cut
reduced the cichlid local forests for the wood
population. needed to smoke the sh.

Giant Nile Perch

Ecological
(Lates niloticus) Algae & Oxygen Problems
Adult Nile perch in Lake Victoria
Depletion
Introduced into Lake Over shing, agricultural
Algae in the lake grew runoff, and wastes from
Victoria in an attempt to
uncontrolled, died and growing urban population.
increase the lake’s shery.
decayed, lake became
99% - < 1 depleted of its oxygen.

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SOLUTIONS SOLUTIONS
SOLUTIONS
SOLUTIONS
OVERPOPULATION
Global overpopulation is at the root of virtually all other
environmental problems; estimated that the world population
will reach 10.4 billion by the year 2100
0101
01 02
02 03
03
03 04
04
04
OVERPOPULATION
UNDERSTANDING OVERPOPULATION COMMUNITY BOLDMOVEMENT
MOVEMENT
UNDERSTANDING
UNDERSTANDING
UNDERSTANDING OVERPOPULATION
OVERPOPULATION COMMUNITY
COMMUNITY
COMMUNITY BOLD
BOLD
BOLDMOVEMENT
MOVEMENT
how matter is cycled and Unless dealt with, must work as a world
how
howmatter is
is cycled and Unless dealt with, must work as aaworld
world
EXPLOITATION of World Resources how matter
matter
recycled
recycled
recycled in
is cycled
cycled
in
in nature,
nature,
and
and
nature,
how
how
how Unless
Unless dealt
solving thewith,
dealt with,
other
must
mustwork
workas
community
community
community
asaprevent
to
totoprevent
prevent
worldthe
the
Bold and imaginative
Bold
Bold and
Boldand imaginative
andimaginative
imaginative
recycled in
populationsnature,
grow,how
and how solving
solving
solving the
the other
the other
other spread of to
community prevent
disease, the
the
famine, steps toward improved
populations
populations grow,
grow, and how
andlakes problems will be spread
spread of disease,
ofofdisease, famine,
forms offamine,
steps
steps
steps toward
toward
toward improved
improved
improved
Continued use of fossil fuels, deforestation, greenhouse effect, populations
organismsgrow, and
in our how and problems
problems will
will be spread
and other disease, famine,
suffering social and economic
organisms
organisms in
in our
our lakes
lakes and
and problems will be
impossible.be and other
and other forms
forms of of suffering
suffering social and economic
severe regional water shortages, and results in the extinction of organisms in
forestsour lakes
use and
energy
impossible. and that
otheraccompany
forms of suffering
over- social
socialandandeconomic
conditions economic
and better
forests
forests use
use energy
energy impossible.
impossible. that accompany
that accompany over-
over-
forests use energy population.
that accompany over- conditions
conditions
conditions and
and better
andbetter
better
many plant and animal species population.
population. resource management
population. resource management
resource aremanagement
resource management
needed
are
are needed
areneeded
needed

WORLD RESOURCES AND ENDANGERED ANIMALS An understanding of basic ecological principles can help prevent ecological disasters like
An understanding
those we have of
Anunderstanding
understanding of basic
basic ecological
ecological principles can help prevent disasters like
like
An described.
of basic ecological principles can help preventecological
ecologicaldisasters
disasters like
There is grave concern for the ecology of the entire world, not just Africa’s greatest lakes. The problems, however, are most those we
we have
those we have described.
described.
those have described.
acute in developing countries, which are striving to attain the same wealth as industrialized nations 27
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 WHAT IS HAPPENING
AROUND THE WORLD

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#10: PHILIPPINE CROCODILE

Scienti c Name: Crocodylus mindorensis

Common Name: Philippine freshwater crocodile
Habitat: Mindoro, only about 100 left

Top 10 Most Critically Endangered Species #9:THE MINDORO BLEEDING-HEART #8:RUFOUS-HEADED HORNBILL

PHILIPPINES

Scienti c Name: Aceros waldeni

Scienti c Name: Gallicolumba platenae Common Name:Kalaw
Common Name:Kulo-kulo Habitat: Panay, some part of Zamboanga del Norte,
Habitat: Mt. Siburan, Mindoro extinct in Guimaras

#PHcriticallyendangeredSP

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 #7:HAWKSBILL SEA TURTLE #6:RED-VENTED COCKATOO

#5:PHILIPPINE FOREST TURTLE #4:PHILIPPINE NAKED-BACKED FRUIT BAT

Scienti c Name: Eretmochelys imbricata

Scienti c Name: Cacatua haematuropygia
Common Name:pawikan
Common Name:Katala, Kalangay
Habitat: global Scienti c Name: Siebenrockiella leytensis
Habitat: Palawan, only about 180 left Scienti c Name: Dobsonia chapmani
Common Name: Palawan turtle
Common Name:kwaknit
Habitat: Palawan
Habitat: Cebu, Negros Island (very small numbers)

#PHcriticallyendangeredSP #PHcriticallyendangeredSP

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#3: VISAYAN WARTY PIG #2: TAMARAW

#1: PHILIPPINE EAGLE

Scienti c Name: Sus cebifrons Scienti c Name: Bubalus mindorensis

Common Name: Cebu warty pig, Negros warty pig Common Name:Tamaraw
Habitat: Cebu, Panay, Negros Island Habitat: Mindoro
Scienti c Name: Pithecophaga jefferyi
Common Name:Haribon
Habitat: Philippines

#PHcriticallyendangeredSP #PHcriticallyendangeredSP

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Zoology an Ecological Perspective

Understanding how organisms interact

ZOOLOGY:
Evolutionary and Ecological Perspectives
Most organisms that are now extinct or
endangered is a result of human activity
lacajuday@bicol-u.edu.ph

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