FOUNDATIONS OF ZOOLOGY – LECTURE

MODULE 1 – INTRODUCTION TO ZOOLOGY

An Introduction to Zoology
This chapter discusses the history and development, principal
divisions and significance of zoology. It also includes study of
animals in an ecological perspective focus on world resources and
endangered species.
- There are 1.5 million+ animals (estimates as high as 3
million undescribed).
- Classified into 35 current Phyla
- Phylum Arthropoda = 1.2 million+ named species.
- Mammals represent only about 5, 000 named species

Zoology as a discipline includes, but is not limited to, the study of BRANCHES OF ZOOLOGY
the behavior, ecology, anatomy, physiology, evolution, and
classification of animals. Any study that involves animals as it's primary I. STRUCTURAL ZOOLOGY
focus can be considered a part of zoology. By studying animals we  MORPHOLOGY
develop a better understanding of how we, ourselves, function and
interact with the world around us.  ANATOMY
 HISTOLOGY – histos (tissues)
Zoologists study the interactions of animals with one another and  CYTOLOGY – cells
their environments, as well as the significance of the behavior of
animals. Zoology today is as diverse as the animal kingdom it studies,
broadening its range to include such fields as genetics and II. DEVELOPMENTAL ZOOLOGY
biochemistry.  EMBRYOLOGY
 ONTOGENY-study of individual (birth to
Zoology helps us understand animals. It helps us understand how
they live, grow, change, and survive. Zoologists help preserve death)
animals, and help prevent extinction. We learn about all the creatures  GENETICS
on earth.
III. FUNCTIONAL ZOOLOGY
Zoology in simple terms means Animal Biology.
These are the potential specializations under the Zoology major:  ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
 ANIMAL BEHAVIOR / ETHOLOGY
 Biomedical science.
IV. SYSTEMATIC/ TAXONOMY
 PROTOZOOLOGY- protozoa
 Ecology and evolutionary biology.  ENTOMOLOGY- insects
 CONCHOLOGY- shells
 Animal behavior and neurobiology.  MALACOLOGY- mollusks
 HERPETOLOGY- reptiles/amphibians
 Cell and developmental biology.  ORNITHOLOGY-- birds
 ICHTHYOLOGY- fishes
 HELMINTHOLOGY-worms
 General zoology.

V. MEDICAL ZOOLOGY
 Genetics.  PARASITOLOGY
 PATHOLOGY
 Marine biology.
VI. DISTRIBUTIONAL ZOOLOGY
A zoologist can contribute vital information to the world about the
 ZOOGEOGRAPHY
natural surrounding and habitats of various creatures, which is
essential to keep the eco system in balance. Zoologists can examine  ECOLOGY- “oikos”- house(environment),
the lifestyle and survival process of animals and make a good interrelationship between living things and
atmosphere for their recovery and population growth. non-living things
Zoology is the branch of biology concerned with the study
VII. HISTORICAL ZOOLOGY
of animals and animal kingdom. It is also known as animal biology. The
study of zoology includes the interaction of animal kingdom in their  PALEONTOLOGY- fossils, and remains of
ecosystems such as classification, habits, structure, embryology, animals(extinct)
distribution, evolution, and extinct species.  PHYLOGENY- origin of species
 EVOLUTION- origin
ZOOLOGY

- Study of animals VIII. SPECIALIZED FIELDS OF ZOOLOGY

 MOLECULAR ZOOLOGY
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
STRUCTURE AND PHYSIOLOGY OF ANIMALS
- animals are multicellular, eukaryotic, lack cell walls - Anatomy
and are heterotrophs. - Embryology
- Pathology
WHY IS ZOOLOGY SO BROAD OF A SCIENCE? - Animal Nutriology
- Physiology
 FOUNDATIONS OF ZOOLOGY – LECTURE

MODULE 1 – INTRODUCTION TO ZOOLOGY

COMMON GENETIC AND DEVELOPMENTAL MECHANISMS • In ancient Mesopotamia, animals were sometimes
OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS kept in what can be described as the first zoological
- Molecular Biology gardens.
- Molecular Genetics
- Cellular Biology PLINY THE ELDER
- Biochemistry - Ancient Rome, known for his knowledge of nature
- Developmental Biology - wrote a book “Natural History”

CLAUDIUS GALEN
- pioneer in physiology, medicine and anatomy

ZOOLOGY DISCIPLINES
• Comparative Anatomy HIPPOCRATES
– the study of structures and functions of various - Greece, FATHER OF MEDICINE
animal groups. - devised the code of medical ethics
• Taxonomy - Establishment of First biomedical tradition.
– the science of finding, describing, and classifying
animals. LEONARDO da VINCI
• Entomology - Anatomist and scientist
– the study of insects. - made a contribution by conducting autopsies on
• Ichthyology humans, study the concept of homology (similarity in
– the study of fish embryonic origin and development)
• Herpetology
– the study of reptiles and amphibians. ANDREAS VESALIUS
• Ethology - FATHER OF ANATOMY
– the study of animal behavior. - first to dissect cadavers and accurately depict
• Malacology anatomy
– the study of molluscs.
• Myrmecology CONRAD von GESSNER
– the study of ants. - wrote the book “Historia Animalium” which is the
• Helminthology basis of modern zoology
– the study of worms
WILLIAM HARVEY
HISTORY OF ZOOLOGY - made the Ist accurate description of blood
circulation
ARISTOTLE
- ancient Greek scientist and philosopher MARCELLO MALPHIGHI
- FATHER OF ZOOLOGY - Anatomist and Entomologist
- first-person to broadly classify the living things in - such as observations on blood circulation,
the 4th century BC demonstration of capillary circulation in the lungs of
- divided living things into animals and plants and then frog
continued with his further classifications
- Later the words like biology, botany, and zoology ROBERT HOOKE
came into existence. - published Micrographia in 1665
- described many animals and their behaviors. Pioneer - based on his observations using a microscope, single
Zoologist, the first to devise a system of classifying lens
animals - Described the compartments of cork tissue as "cells."

ZOOLOGY IN ANCIENT TIMES ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632-1723)

• People must have had knowledge about animals that
made them capable in hunting, knowing which
animals were dangerous, and in domesticating
animals.
• In ancient India, texts described some aspects of bird
life.
• In Egypt, the metamorphosis of insects and frogs was
described.
• Egyptians and Babylonians also knew of anatomy and
physiology in various forms.
- who made more than 400 microscopes himself
- was the first person to view single-celled microbes
THE GROWTH OF MODERN ZOOLOGY
 17TH SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
- adherents of the new philosophy of investigation of
nature by means of observation and experiment
banded themselves into academies or societies for
mutual support and dialogue.
 FOUNDATIONS OF ZOOLOGY – LECTURE

MODULE 1 – INTRODUCTION TO ZOOLOGY

 SEVENTEENTH (1700) - EIGHTEENTH (1800)
CENTURY
- Systematizing and classifying dominated biology

CAROLUS LINNAEUS (1707-1778)

- a Swedish botanist, FATHER OF TAXONOMY
- one of the Father of Modern Ecology. Binomial
System of Nomenclature
- developed a classification for animals based on
shared characteristics

GEORGE CUVIER

- French naturalist and zoologist, established the fields

of comparative anatomy and paleontology
 19TH CENTURY
- In the later part of the nineteenth century, the area of
genetics developed

GREGOR MENDEL

- FATHER OF GENETICS
- formulated his laws of inheritance, published in 1866

CLAUDE BERNARD

- FATHER OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

- French physiologist

CHARLES DARWIN

- FATHER OF EVOLUTION
- THEORY OF EVOLUTION
- 1859, publication of The Origin of Species, by
means of NATURAL SELECTION