Lecture 1

Introduction to Semiconductors
Dr. Nusrat Jahan
Assistant Professor, EEE, CUET
 Books

1. Solid-state electronic device by Streetman and Banerjee.

2. Soli state physics by A.J. Dekker
3. Semiconductor devices by S. M. Sze
4. Advanced Semiconductor fundamentals by Robert F. Pierret

Use of conductor?
Use of semiconductor? Which
characteristics can be changed?
Semiconductor
1. Electrical conductivity in between
conductor and insulator.
2. Widely used in electronic devices
3. Can be switched between insulator
and conductor due to unique
energy bandgap characteristic.
 Course Outline
Semiconductor
Properties of Semiconductor Device based System
Semiconductor based Devices Operations
Quantum
mechanics v Resistors v Displays
+
v Diodes v CMOS based
Statistical
Mechanics circuits
= v Bipolar
v LASRS for disk
Carrier Transport
Equations v Mosfets drives
v MEMS for heads
Challenges in Electronic Industry

1. Spintronics
2. Sensors
3. Displays
4. Data Speed

Future Research
Black body radiation
Black body radiation
Black body radiation
 Black body radiation
EM radiation from
a heated sample.
The energy unit is
called quanta.

Temp. increases,
light intensity
decreases,
radiation
wavelength
increases.
 smallest
intensity with
Photoelectric effect Largest
certain Low intensity with
frequency frequency= small
not enough frequency
energy
Photoelectric effect

! = #$
 Wave-particle duality

E=hf=mc2
De Brogle and Planck relationship
A particle momentum,
p=mc=hf/c=h /=
ℎ ℎ
== =
? @A
 Origin of the n=5
E51 E52 E53
quantization
E41 E42 E43 n=4
Paschen
n=3
E31 E32 Balmer
For Lyman series, m=1,
n=2
n=2,3,4..
For Balmer series, m=2, E21 Lyman
n=3,4,5,…
For Paschen series, m=3 n=1
n=4,5,6… E42=E41-E21
 Bohr Model
1. Electron exists in a certain stable orbit around nucleus.
2. Electron shift to an higher or lower orbit by gaining or losing energy.
!
3. Angular momentum of electron is equal to integral of "# = ℏ.
&'

-q

r
+q
Bohr Model
Uncertainty principle

Behave as a wave

Momentum=mass* velocity

Behave as a particle
Uncertainty principle
Smaller number of waves

Results uncertainty
position but in large box
Higher number of waves

Results momentum
uncertainty in small box
Uncertainty principle

(∆#)(∆%& ) ≥ ℎ/4+

(∆,)(∆-) ≥ ℎ/4+
 Schrodinger Equation
1. Each particle in a physical system is described by wave equation
!(#, %, &, '). This is space derivative, finite and single valued.
2. The relation between the classical and quantum quantities are
 Schrodinger Equation
3. The probability of finding a particle with wave function !(#, %, &, ') in
the volume dxdydz is normalized as
+

) !! ∗ -#-%-& = 1
*+
The average value <Q> of any variable Q is calculated from the wave
equation using the following form
+
< 1 >= ∫*+ !145 ! ∗ -#-%-&
Potential well problem

!" 2' 0<x<L

$ # + " )$ # = 0 x<0 x>L
!# " ℏ
L
$ # = ,-./0# + 123-0#
2
,=
4
Potential well problem
x<0 0<x<L x>L

L
Step Potential Function
Region 1

Region 2
 Tunneling
Total internal
reflection

Exponential drop
off= evanescent
wave
 Tunneling

Transmission coefficient