Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
2
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
3
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Digital Modulation Basics
EEE 367
Telecommunication Engineering
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Modulation & Demodulation
Radio
Carrier Carrier
Channel
Baseband Synchronization/Detection/
Modulation Decision
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab. 5
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Modulation
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab. 6
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Why Carrier?
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab. 7
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Modulation Process
f f a1 , a 2 , a3 ,...a n , t (= carrier)
a1 , a 2 , a3 ,...a n (= modulation parameters)
t (= time)
Modulation implies varying one or more characteristics
(modulation parameters a1, a2, … an) of a carrier f in
accordance with the information-bearing (modulating)
baseband signal.
Sinusoidal waves, pulse train, square wave, etc. can be
used as carriers
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab. 8
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Continuous Carrier
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab. 9
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
Baseband
Data
1 0 0 1 0
ASK
modulated
signal
Acos(t) Acos(t)
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab. 10
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Baseband
Data
1 0 0 1
BFSK
modulated
signal
f1 f0 f0 f1
where f0 =Acos(c-)t and f1 =Acos(c+)t
• Example: The ITU-T V.21 modem standard uses FSK
• FSK can be expanded to a M-ary scheme, employing multiple frequencies as
different states
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab. 11
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Baseband
Data
1 0 0 1
BPSK
modulated
signal
s1 s0 s0 s1
where s0 =-Acos(ct) and s1 =Acos(ct)
• Major drawback – rapid amplitude change between symbols due to phase
discontinuity, which requires infinite bandwidth. Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
demonstrates better performance than ASK and BFSK
• BPSK can be expanded to a M-ary scheme, employing multiple phases and
amplitudes as different states
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab. 12
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Demodulation & Detection
Demodulation
Is process of removing the carrier signal to obtain the original
signal waveform
Detection – extracts the symbols from the waveform
Coherent detection
Non-coherent detection
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab. 13
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Coherent Detection
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab. 14
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Coherent Detection 2
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab. 15
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Non-Coherent Detection
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab. 16
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Amplitude Shift Keying
17
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Amplitude Shift Keying
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Amplitude Shift Keying
19
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Amplitude Shift Keying
20
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Amplitude Shift Keying
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Frequency Shift Keying
22
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Frequency Shift Keying
From Equ. (13-3) it is seen that with binary FSK the
carrier amplitude Vc remains constant with modulation.
However, the output carrier radian frequency (c) shifts
by an amount equal to +/2.
The frequency shift /2 is proportional to the amplitude
and polarity of the binary input signal. For example, a
binary ‘1’ could be +1 volt and a binary ‘0’ could be –1
volt producing frequency shifts of +/2 and -/2,
respectively.
The rate the carrier frequency shifts is equal to the input
bit rate fm(t) the binary signal deviates between c+/2
and c-/2. Thus the output carrier frequency deviates
between c+/2 and c-/2 at a rate equal to fm(t).
23
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
FSK Transmitter
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
FSK Transmitter
25
Fig. 13-3. Binary FSK transmitter.
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Considerations of FSK
26
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Considerations of FSK
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Considerations of FSK
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Considerations of FSK
Example 13-1:
For a binary FSK modulator with space, rest, and mark
frequencies of 60, 70, and 80 MHz, respectively and an
input bit rate of 20 Mbps, determine the output baud
and the minimum required bandwidth.
Solution:
Substituting into Equ. (13-4), we have
mf = |(fm – fs)/fb|
= |80MHz–60MHz|/20Mbps
= 20MHz/20Mbps
= 1.0
29
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Considerations of FSK
30
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Considerations of FSK
31
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
FSK Receiver
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
FSK Receiver
33
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
FSK Receiver
34
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Minimum Shift-Keying
35
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Minimum Shift-Keying
36
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Minimum Shift-Keying
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Minimum Shift-Keying
38
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Binary Phase Shift Keying
39
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Binary Phase Shift Keying
BPSK Transmitter
Figure 13-9 shows a simplified block diagram of a BPSK
modulator. The balanced modulator acts like a phase
reversing switch.
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Binary Phase Shift Keying
In BPSK, depending on the logic condition of the digital
input, the carrier is transferred to the output either in
phase or 180° out of phase with the reference carrier
oscillator.
Figure 13-10a shows the schematic diagram of a
balanced ring modulator.
If the binary input is a logic ‘1’ (positive voltage), diodes
D1 and D2 are forward biased and “on”, while diodes
D3 and D4 are reverse biased and “off” (Figure 13-10b).
The carrier voltage developed across transformer T2
is in phase with the carrier voltage across T1.
Consequently, the output signal is in phase with the
reference oscillator. 41
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Binary Phase Shift Keying
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Binary Phase Shift Keying
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Considerations of BPSK
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Considerations of BPSK
46
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Considerations of BPSK
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Considerations of BPSK
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Considerations of BPSK
49
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
BPSK Receiver
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
BPSK Receiver
51
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Quaternary Phase Shift Keying
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Quaternary Phase Shift Keying
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Quaternary Phase Shift Keying
Example 13-3:
For the QPSK modulator shown in Figure 13-14, construct the truth
table, phasor diagram, and constellation diagram.
Solution:
For a binary data input of Q=0 and I=0, the two inputs to the
I balanced modulator are –1 and sinct, and the two inputs to
the Q balanced modulator are –1 and cosct.
Consequently, the outputs are
I balanced modulator = (-1)(sinct) = -1.sinct
Q balanced modulator = (-1)(cosct) = -1.cosct
And the output of the linear summer is
-1.cosct – 1.sinct = 1.414sin(ct - 135o)
For the remaining digit codes (‘01’, ‘10’, and ‘11’), the
procedure is the same. 54
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Quaternary Phase Shift Keying
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Quaternary Phase Shift Keying
In Figure 13-15b it can be seen that with QPSK each of the four
possible output phasors has exactly the same amplitude.
Therefore, the binary information must be encoded entirely in
the phase of the output signal.
From Figure 13-15b it can be seen that the angular separation
between any two adjacent phasors in QPSK is 90°. Therefore, a
QPSK signal can undergo almost a +45° or -45° shift in phase
during transmission and still retain the correct encoded
information when demodulated at the receiver.
Figure 13-16 shows the output phase versus time relationship for
a QPSK modulator.
56
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Quaternary Phase Shift Keying
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Considerations of QPSK
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Considerations of QPSK
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Considerations of QPSK
Example 13-4:
For a QPSK modulator with an input data rate (fb)
equal to 10 Mbps and a carrier frequency of 70 MHz,
determine the minimum Nyquist bandwidth (fN) and
the baud. Compare the results with those achieved
with the BPSK modulator in Example 13-2.
Solution:
The bit rate in both the I and Q channels is equal to
one-half of the transmission bit rate or
fbQ = fbI = fb/2 = 10Mbps/2 = 5Mbps
The highest fundamental frequency presented to either
balanced modulator is
fa = fbQ/2 = fbI/2 = 5Mbps/2 = 2.5Mbps.
60
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Considerations of QPSK
61
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Considerations of QPSK
For the same input bit rate the minimum bandwidth require to
pass the output of the QPSK modulator is equal to one-half of
that required for the BPSK modulator.
Also, the baud rate for the QPSK modulator is one-half that of
the BPSK modulator.
62
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
QPSK Receiver
63
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
QPSK Receiver
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
QPSK Receiver
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Offset QPSK (OQPSK)
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Offset QPSK (OQPSK)
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Offset QPSK (OQPSK)
68
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
8-PSK Transmitter
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
8-PSK Transmitter
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
8-PSK Transmitter
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
8-PSK Transmitter
Example 13-5:
For a tribit input of Q = 0, I = 0, and C = 0 (000), determine
the output phase for the 8-PSK modulator shown in Figure
13-20.
Solution:
The inputs to the I-channel 2-to-4-level converter are I = 0
and C = 0. From Figure 13-21 the output is –0.541V. The
inputs to the Q-channel 2-to-4-level converter are Q = 0 and
C = 1. Again from Figure 13-21, the output is –1.307V.
Thus the two inputs to the I-channel product modulators
are –0.541V and sinct. The output is
qI = (-0.541) (sinct) = -0.541 sinct. 72
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
8-PSK Transmitter
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
8-PSK Transmitter
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Considerations of 8-PSK
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Considerations of 8-PSK
With 8-PSK, since the data are divided into three channels,
the bit rate in the I, Q, or C channel is equal to 1/3 of the
binary input data rate (fb/3). (The bit splitter stretches the I,
Q, and C bits to three times their input bit length.)
Figure 13-24 shows the bit timing relationship between the
binary input data; the I-, Q-, and C-channel data; and the I
and Q PAM signals.
The highest fundamental frequency in the I, Q or C channel
is equal to 1/6 of the bit rate of the binary input (one cycle in
the I, Q, or C channel takes the same amount of time as six
input bits).
Also, the highest fundamental frequency in either PAM
signal is equal to one-sixth of the binary input bit rate. 76
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Considerations of 8-PSK
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Considerations of 8-PSK
Example 13-6:
For an 8-PSK modulator with an input data rate (fb)
equal to 10 Mbps and a carrier frequency of 70 MHz,
determine the minimum double-sided Nyquist BW (fN)
and the baud. Also, compare the results with those
achieved with the BPSK and QPSK modulators in
Examples 13-2 and 13-4.
79
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Considerations of 8-PSK
Solution:
The bit rate in the I, Q, and C channels is equal to
one-third of the input bit rate, or
fbC=fbQ=fbI = 10Mbps/3 =3.33Mbps.
The faster rate of change and highest fundamental
frequency presented to either balanced modulator is
fa = fbC/2 = fbQ/2 = fbI/2
= 3.33Mbps/2 = 1.667Mbps
The output wave from the balance modulator is
(sin2fat)(sin2fct)
= ½[cos2(68.333MHz)t – cos2(71.667MHz)t]
80
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Considerations of 8-PSK
81
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Considerations of 8-PSK
82
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
8-PSK Receiver
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
8-PSK Receiver
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
C
8-PSK Receiver
85
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
8-QAM Transmitter
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
8-QAM Transmitter
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
8-QAM Transmitter
88
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
8-QAM Transmitter
Fig. 13-28. Truth table for the I- and Q-channel 2-to-4-level converters.
89
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
8-QAM Transmitter
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
8-QAM Transmitter
Example 13-7:
For a tribit input of Q = 0, I = 0, and C = 0 (input
sequence ‘000’), determine output amplitude and phase
for the 8-QAM modulator of Figure 13-27.
Solution:
The inputs to the I-channel 2-to-4-level converter are I=0
and C=0. From Figure 13-28 the output is -0.541V.
The inputs to the Q-channel 2-to-4-level converter are
Q=0 and C=0. From Figure 13-28 the output is -0.541V.
Thus the two inputs to the I-channel product modulator
are -0.541 and sinct. The I-channel output is
qI = (-0.541)(sinct) = -0.541 sinct
91
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
8-QAM Transmitter
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
8-QAM Transmitter
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Considerations of 8-QAM
94
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
8-QAM Receiver
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
8-QAM Receiver
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
16-QAM Transmitter
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
16-QAM Transmitter
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
16-QAM Transmitter
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
16-QAM Transmitter
Fig. 13-32. Truth tables for the I- and Q-channel 2-to-4 level
converters: (a) I channel; (b) Q channel. 100
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
16-QAM Transmitter
Example 13-8:
For a quadbit input of I = 0, I' = 0, Q = 0, and Q' = 0 (input
sequence of ‘0000’), determine the output amplitude and
phase for the 16-QAM modulator shown in Figure 13-31.
Solution:
The inputs to the I-channel 2-to-4-level converter are
I=0 and I'=0. From Figure 13-32, the output is -0.22 V.
The inputs to the Q-channel 2-to-4-level converter are
Q=0 and Q'=0. From Figure 13-32, the output is -0.22V.
Thus the two inputs to the I-channel product modulator
are -0.22V and sinct. The I-channel output is
qI = (-0.22)(sinct) = -0.22sinct
101
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
16-QAM Transmitter
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
16-QAM Transmitter
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
16-QAM Transmitter
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Considerations of 16-QAM
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Considerations of 16-QAM
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Considerations of 16-QAM
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Considerations of 16-QAM
Example 13-9:
For a 16-QAM modulator with an input data rate (fb)
equal to 10 Mbps and a carrier frequency of 70 MHz,
determine the minimum double-sided Nyquist
frequency (fN) and the baud.
Also, compare the results with those achieved with the
BPSK, QPSK, and 8-PSK modulators in Examples 13-
2, 13-4, and 13-6. Use the 16-QAM block diagram
shown in Figure 13-27 as the modulator model.
109
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© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Considerations of 16-QAM
Solution:
The bit rate in the I, I’, Q, and Q’ channels is equal to
1/4 of the input bit rate or
fbI = fbI’ = fbQ = fbQ’ = fb/4 = 10Mbps/4 = 2.5 Mbps
Therefore, the faster rate of change and highest
fundamental frequency presented to either balanced
modulator is
fa = fbI/2 = fbI’/2 = fbQ/2 = fbQ’/2
= 2.5 Mbps/2 = 1.25 Mbps
The output wave from the balanced modulator is
(sin2fat)(sin2fct)
= ½ cos[2(68.75MHz)t] - ½ cos[2(71.25MHz)t]
110
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Considerations of 16-QAM
111
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Considerations of 16-QAM
112
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Efficiency
113
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Efficiency
114
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Bandwidth Efficiency
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Probability of Error and Bit Error Rate
Probability of error P(e) and bit error rate (BER) are often
used interchangeably, although in practice they do have
slightly different meanings.
P(e) is a theoretical (mathematical) expectation of the bit
error rate for a given system. BER is an empirical
(historical) record of a system’s actual bit error
performance.
Probability of error is a function of the carrier-to-noise
power ratio (or more specifically, the average energy-per-bit
to noise-power-density ratio) and the number of possible
encoding conditions used (M-ary).
Carrier-to-noise power ratio is the ratio of the average
carrier power (the combined power of the career and its
associated sidebands) to the thermal noise power. 116
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Probability of Error and Bit Error Rate
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Probability of Error and Bit Error Rate
118
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Probability of Error and Bit Error Rate
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
PSK Error Performance
120
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© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
PSK Error Performance
Fig. 13-41. PSK error region: (a) BPSK; (b) QPSK. 121
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
PSK Error Performance
122
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© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
PSK Error Performance
123
Fig. 13-42. Error rates of PSK modulation systems.
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
QAM Error Performance
124
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
QAM Error Performance
Prof.
© Dr.J.F. Huang,
Rashed Md. Fiber-Optic
Murad Hasan,Communication
EEE, CUET Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan