IGCSE-OL Geo CB Answers Theme 3 Economic Development

Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Geography Teacher’s Resource Answers to coursebook questions
Theme 3: Topic 43 (pages 134 and 135)

TASK 1
• Education/literacy (top LHS)
• Health care (Top RHS)
• Life expectancy (bottom LHS)
• Trade/exports and imports (bottom RHS)
TASK 2
a In general there is a positive relationship as the higher the GNI per capita the longer the life expectancy. For
example, Portugal has the highest GNI per capita (over US$20 000) and the highest life expectancy (over 80), whilst
Ghana has the lowest GNI per capita (below US$2000) and the lowest life expectancy (around 61). However, the
relationship is not perfect as some countries (e.g. Albania) have a higher life expectancy (77) than countries with a
higher GNI per capita (e.g. Turkey 75).
b Generally those countries which have a higher GNI per capita are richer and can afford to spend more money
on health care. Therefore hospitals, clinics and doctors will be more available and it is likely that, on average,
numbers of people per doctor will be lower. Richer countries will also be able to invest more money in sanitation
and water supply so conditions are likely to be more hygienic, and better quality education will result in people
being more aware of hygiene and a healthy lifestyle. Countries with a low GNI per capita may have few employment
opportunities and food may be in short supply, so poverty, starvation and malnutrition may result in lower
life expectancy.
TASK 3
Students carry out their investigation using statistics from http://data.worldbank.org/ or a similar website with up-to-
date data. It may be a useful strategy to discuss different ways in which a sample of countries can be taken (random,
systematic and stratified) before students make their choices.
The scatter graph should be of the style used in Source B and appropriate scales will have to be chosen. Analysis and
conclusion should comment on the general pattern and any anomalies.
TASK 4
a HDI is a composite indicator of development which combines different indicators to produce an index number
between 0 and 1. The other indicators are individual indicators with average values, e.g. average number of years,
average number per 1000, average percentage.
b Advantages:
• It is a good composite indicator which gives us more of an average measure than just GDP or life expectancy.
• It does not solely concentrate on economic development, and takes into consideration that there are other, more
social, ways to measure human development.
• It is easy to rank countries as it is a uniform measure.
• It can be used to compare development levels and it reveals clear global patterns.
Disadvantages:
• It does not measure inequalities within countries, e.g. countries like China and Kenya have widely different HDI
scores depending on the region.
• HDI reflects long-term changes in development, e.g. life expectancy, and may not respond to recent short-term
changes.
• Economic welfare depends on several other factors, such as threat of war, levels of pollution, access to clean
drinking water, etc.
• It doesn’t measure political or gender equality.
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Geography Teacher’s Resource © Cambridge University Press 2018
TASK 5
a Countries with very high development are mainly in the northern hemisphere, particularly in Europe and North
America. Examples include Norway and the USA.
Countries with high development are again mainly in the northern hemisphere, though there are some exceptions
in South America such as Brazil. Examples include Russia and Saudi Arabia.
Countries with medium development are in southern Asia, Africa and South America. Examples include China and
South Africa.
Countries with low development are mainly in Africa, south of the Sahara, though there are a few in southern Asia
such as Afghanistan. Examples include Ethiopia and D.R. Congo.
b This will vary from student to student and perhaps depend on where they live. Some may be surprised to see Middle
Eastern countries like Qatar in the ‘very high’ category and some may be surprised to see some South American
countries in the ‘high’ category. Perhaps some will expect countries like South Africa to be in the ‘high’ category
rather than only ‘medium’ and others may be surprised to see Pakistan in the ‘low’ category.
c HDI figures for all countries for several years can be found at:
http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-index-hdi-table

TASK 1
a Norway has a much higher level of development according to the HDI. In addition the other statistics show that:
• life expectancy is longer
• adult literacy is higher
• GNI per capita is higher
• there are fewer people per doctor
• a greater percentage have access to improved drinking water supplies and sanitation
• infant mortality rate is lower
• a greater percentage have access to the internet
• there are more car owners.
b Norway has more development, as it has a long history of economic and commercial development and there are many
resources, manufacturing industries and other businesses. D.R. Congo was previously a colony and this restricted
development to extracting raw materials. Wars and political unrest have restricted more recent development.
TASK 2
a The road seen in Kinshasa is unmade and litter-strewn, with old poor quality buildings alongside them, but in
the Alesund photo there is an attractive waterway with boats moored and buildings alongside. The buildings in
Kinshasa are two-storey, whilst those in Alesund have four or more storeys. Many buildings in Kinshasa seem to be
boarded up, whilst those in Alesund do not.
b Students should be able to find images and information about Alesund and Kinshasa using a search engine.
TASK 3
Within most countries there is a core area, where most development has taken place, and the periphery which is
less developed. Core areas contain the capital city and many of the other urban areas, whilst the periphery is mainly
rural. In the core area there is most wealth and power, with industry and commerce, government and well-developed
services and infrastructure. The mainly rural periphery is largely dependent on primary industries such as mining,
agriculture and forestry and wages are generally low. The wealthier areas initially developed where there was flat
land for settlement and good communications within (e.g. roads and railways) and out of the country (e.g. a port).
Greater investment in and migration to these areas results in greater inequalities developing between the core and the
periphery, which suffers from a lack of investment.
TASK 4
a Students need to graph the information so that the islands can be compared using the three indicators. A bar
graph would do this effectively but it would need three separate axes or graphs with different scales, one for each
indicator. Bars would then be colour coded accordingly. Pie charts would be possible for the two columns showing
percentages, but HDI cannot be plotted on a pie chart.
b The graph shows that there is inequality in Indonesia with Kalimantan and Sulawesi having the highest HDI, whilst
West Papua has the lowest. While there is clearly some inequality, the range of HDI is relatively small compared
with that between, e.g. D.R. Congo and Norway.
As all the islands have a HDI between .679 and .738, according to the key of Source E on page 135 they would be
classified as having a medium or a high level of development.
Java and Sumatra, the two islands which contain most of Indonesia’s population, are classified as having a high
level of development. However, in the case of Java, the statistics suggest that many areas will be overcrowded with
over 60% of the country’s population living on less than 7% of its land area. This concentration of population
would suggest that this island contains the core area of Indonesia, to which many people have been attracted by the
opportunities provided by economic development.

TASK 1
a • The scientist is collecting (or putting away) bottles of chemicals from a store.
• The rice farmer is transplanting small rice plants.
• The workers are cutting slabs of stone which they have extracted in a quarry.
• The people are spreading out fish (tuna) on tables so they will dry in the sun.
• The waitress is serving food at a table.
• The workers are replacing the surface of a road with stone cobbles.
b • The scientist is tertiary if she is providing a service (or quaternary if she is involved in research and development).
• The rice farmer is primary as she is working in agriculture.
• The workers cutting slabs of stone are primary, as they are extracting raw materials.
• The people are spreading out fish (tuna) which have already been caught. The catching of the fish is primary
employment, but these workers are drying them as part of processing before they are sold so this is secondary
employment.
• The waitress is providing a service so this is tertiary employment.
• The workers replacing the surface of the road are also providing a service, so this is also tertiary employment.
TASK 2
Students need to collect and classify job adverts and photographs. Newspapers and magazines could be used or the
internet.
TASK 3
a Photograph i shows pharmaceuticals (medicinal drugs).
Photograph ii shows an aircraft.
Photograph iii shows a hand held electronic device/mobile phone/iPad.
Photograph iv shows a PC/monitor/laptop/website.
b Such industries are growing rapidly because of the increased development of science and technology. Products
produced are in great demand, e.g. pharmaceuticals are required as countries continue to improve their health care
and need to treat the increasing number of elderly people. Aircraft and components are being produced in greater
numbers because of the increasing desire to travel. Mobile devices and computers of various types are in great
demand as many modern societies are dependent on instant communication.
c The firms producing the products will need to carry out research and development, whilst designing and creating
their new products – this is the quaternary sector. Once this has been done the products will be manufactured or
assembled in a factory – this is the secondary sector. The firms will employ sales staff and office staff which is the
tertiary sector – and any delivery drivers employed will also be in the tertiary sector.
TASK 4
a It should be possible to use a search engine on the internet to find out information about any of the companies
which are shown in Source C. Students need to briefly describe the business the company they choose is involved in.
b When describing the location students should name the exact place within Silicon Valley. Good descriptions of
location also use distances and directions from other named places.
c This will vary according to the company chosen but in all cases reference is likely to be made to the availability of
skilled workers and the many educational establishments in the area (e.g. Stanford University). Silicon Valley was
where the micro-processor was first invented and there have been many subsequent inventions and developments in
high-tech industry originating from there.
One of the advantages for many companies is the availability of other similar companies, which provide them with
‘economies of agglomeration’.
Other relevant information which may apply to the chosen industry could include the good road, rail and air
communications in the area, the large market available in nearby cities, the proximity to ports for export and the
pleasant climate and environment of the area which may help to attract workers from elsewhere.
d Again this will vary from company to company: most will need research and development staff, office workers, sales
staff, cleaners, security staff, drivers, maintenance personnel, etc. Those manufacturing or assembling products will
need assembly line workers, packers and other staff.

TASK 1
a Nicaragua has the largest percentage in the primary sector (52%) and New Zealand the smallest (6%). New Zealand
has the highest percentage in the tertiary sector (72%) and Nicaragua the smallest (30%). Malaysia has the largest
percentage in the secondary sector (45%), whilst Nicaragua has the smallest (17%).
b Nicaragua is an LEDC where many people work in subsistence agriculture, doing work by hand. There is relatively
little industrial and commercial development, unlike New Zealand which imports most raw materials and
manufactured goods. Because of its wealth, a large percentage of people are required to provide services for which
there is a great demand, e.g. transport, health care, education, leisure and tourism, whilst others work to provide
business and financial services.
TASK 2
a In 1970 the main exports were primary products (especially rubber and tin), but the importance of these in 2010
was much reduced. Electronics in 2010 was the main export – this and the export of textiles and chemicals indicate
an increase in the export of secondary products.
b In 1970 a far greater percentage would have been employed in the primary sector and less in the secondary and
tertiary sectors.
c Malaysia is exporting fewer primary products and more secondary products which explains why the secondary
sector has become important and the primary sector has decreased.
TASK 3
a •
Primary sector employment decreased particularly steeply between 1825 and 1900. It was the largest sector in
1800 at 70%, but it is now very low at about 10%.
• Secondary sector employment increased from 20% to about 45% up to 1900 and then began to decline, although the
percentage employed is still much greater than the percentage in primary employment.
• Tertiary sector employment increased throughout the time period shown, particularly between 1850 and 1950.
Whilst it only increased relatively slowly between 1950 and 2000 it is still the largest employer, employing roughly
twice the percentage of the secondary sector.
• Quaternary sector employment was introduced around 1970 and it continues to rise although the overall percentage
at 5% remains lower than that of the primary sector at 10%.
b The reduction in primary sector employment is a result of exhaustion of resources and the mechanisation of work in
the primary sector. Also it has become more economical to import many raw materials rather than extract them.
The increase in the secondary sector up to 1900 resulted from the growth of industries such as shipbuilding, the steel
industry and manufacturing textiles during the Industrial Revolution.
The increase of tertiary sector employment has resulted from the increase in education and skills, along with the
demand for services from an increasingly wealthy population and an increase in importance of work in commerce
and finance. Many workers prefer tertiary employment to working on the land, in mines and in factories as working
conditions tend to be better and many jobs in the tertiary sector are well paid.
c Students should find up-to-date data for their own country using the internet so they can compare it with Tunisia.
TASK 4
a 1 = South Africa (most developed)
2 = Tunisia
3 = India
4 = China (least developed)
b China has shown the biggest increase in the tertiary sector, although its increase in the secondary sector has not
been as large as in India. China’s decline in primary employment has been slightly larger than that in India so
on balance it can be concluded that, using these indicators alone, China has made most progress with economic
development. However, employment structure is only one indicator and to make a more accurate assessment
perhaps other economic indicators, such as GNI per capita, should be considered.
TASK 5
a Tunisia’s employment in the primary and secondary sectors has decreased, whilst it has increased in the tertiary
sector since 1990.
b Different colours should be used to plot China, India and South Africa on a triangular graph. Triangular graph
paper plus a Support Sheet is available in the Student CD-ROM.

TASK 1
a Globalisation is the increased connection of countries, especially in economics, politics and culture, e.g.
McDonald’s restaurants, Coca-Cola and Starbucks coffee are popular in many countries and countries like Esso
and Mobil trade all over the world.
b Technology has resulted in improved transport between countries and faster communications allowing people
across the world to communicate instantly.
Transnational corporations operate in many countries serving a global market and having offices, factories and
shops in many countries.
Economic factors, such as the cheaper cost of land and labour in some countries, along with the reduced cost of
transport which facilitates world trade, have encouraged globalisation.
TASK 2
a The most suitable graph would be a compound bar graph with the bars for the total number of players in each
league being divided into numbers from the home country and numbers from other countries, colour coded
accordingly.
b It is an example of globalisation as footballers from all over the world play in the different leagues in European
countries. Also the matches are televised and watched all over the world.
c Students could research any leisure activity, looking for international connections. This could be a sporting activity,
but activities such as fashion and music are also excellent examples of globalisation.
TASK 3
a McDonald’s have restaurants in all continents. North America and China are locations for the largest numbers of
McDonald’s. There are also many McDonald’s in Europe, the Middle East, Asia, South America and Australasia. In
most countries in Africa there are no Starbucks or McDonald’s.
b They have expanded their business globally to increase business and revenue. They are selling a product which is in
demand in many countries and is easy to produce whatever the location, so vast transport costs are not involved.
Meat and other food products can be obtained in many different countries so local sources can be used to keep costs
low wherever that is possible. The labour required in the outlets is generally low skilled and there is no problem
obtaining it at relatively low cost in any country.
c Whatever country is selected the advantages and problems to people will be similar.
Advantages will include the creation of new jobs and acquisition of skills in order to boost people’s standard of
living. Wealth will be created and this may cause a multiplier effect resulting in the increase in other businesses and
services such as education and health care and the development of infrastructure. Also the popular international
products of McDonald’s will be available to the resident population.
Disadvantages may well include the fact that much of the profit made by these international companies may be
sent back to other countries rather than invested locally and local businesses may even close down as a result of
competition. In some countries tax incentives are available to attract large companies so they may not even benefit
from tax payments. Whilst jobs will be created many will be low skilled and poorly paid. Workers may be exploited
and have to work long hours for little reward.
TASK 4
Most students are likely to agree with the message as, given the reasons for globalisation occurring, there is little
likelihood of the process being reversed. Whilst some students may disagree with the message, as they see problems
associated with globalisation, such a view would be difficult to justify.
Theme 3: Case Study: A transnational corporation – Nokia, Finland

(pages 144 and 145)
TASK 1
Nokia came into existence when various separate businesses were merged together as Nokia Ab in 1967. The earliest
of these businesses to be founded were pulp mills which were established in Finland, and the Finnish Rubber Works
and Finnish Cable Works. During the years before the different parts of the company were merged to become Nokia
in 1967 they were also producing electronics and radio telephones for the army and emergency services. In the 1980s
Nokia developed car phones and mobile phones, and in 1991 other parts of the business were sold off as the company
focussed on mobile phones, an industry in which it became a world leader with production taking place and sales being
made all over the world.
TASK 2
The resource shows that the headquarters are in Finland, but the production facilities in South and Central America,
Europe and southern Asia. Research and development takes place in North America, Europe and Asia. Various named
examples of countries and locations could be used by students to illustrate this.
TASK 3
Various resources show how employment for both men and women has been created, e.g. in China and South Korea.
The latest example referred to is Vietnam where a new manufacturing base was opened in 2013. Nokia’s links with
suppliers in the areas near to its factories, such as those in Beijing, China, further boost the local economy in those
areas where factories have been established.
However, when transnational corporations expand in some parts of the world, it is inevitable that production facilities
in other areas may be shut down so that production takes place where it is most economical. This has happened in Cluj
in Romania, even though the factory was only opened in 2008. Even in Nokia’s home country, Finland, manufacturing
no longer takes place.
The advantages of Nokia’s location in many countries are not just the creation of work and wealth, e.g. in Komarom
in Hungary Nokia has given support to the local hospital, fire department and schools. In Reynosa in Mexico Nokia
supports the university and school; and in Chennai, India, it supports the local library programme. Whilst the building
of new factories may have adverse environmental effects, such as the loss of areas of natural vegetation, Nokia has
achieved an award for high standards of environmental management in Chennai.

TASK 1
a • The picture at the top is a pastoral farm, but the one at the bottom is arable.
• The picture at the top is extensive, but the one at the bottom is intensive.
• The picture at the top could be a subsistence farm, the one at the bottom is definitely commercial as it is a plantation.
b The farmer of the farm in the top picture will need to work long hours each day looking after the animals, but from
the few animals which can be seen he should be able to provide some food for his family, though there is unlikely to
be much surplus.
The farm shown in the bottom picture produces large amounts of crops (they are bananas) and much money will
be earned from their sale and possible export. In order to run a farm like this one much more money will need
to be invested on fertilisers, pesticides and machinery, and at certain times of year lots of labour will be needed,
e.g. for harvesting.
Both farmers could be affected by natural disasters, plantations could be destroyed by tropical storms and animals
could be affected by disease.
TASK 2
a Market gardening is the relatively small-scale, but intensive production of fruits, vegetables and flowers as cash crops.
A plantation is a large piece of land usually in a tropical area where one crop is planted for widespread commercial
sale and usually tended by resident labourers.
Dairying is the keeping of cattle for milk and other dairy products.
Factory farming is a system of raising livestock using highly intensive methods, by which poultry, pigs, or cattle are
reared indoors under strictly controlled conditions intended to maximise production at minimal cost.
b Factory farming and market gardening are intensive. Nomadic herding and shifting cultivation are extensive.
c Shifting cultivation:
• is extensive, but commercial livestock farming is more intensive
• is usually subsistence farming and yields per hectare are lower than in commercial livestock farming; if shifting
cultivators sell any produce their profits will be much lower
• has relatively few workers, but commercial livestock farming has more
• takes place on small plots of land, but commercial livestock farming uses much more land.
TASK 3
a Physical inputs = Relief, temperature, precipitation, length of growing season, soils, land.
Human input = Farm buildings, transport, labour, subsidies.
b Arable farm = Ploughing, planting, fertilising, pest control, weeding, harvesting.
Pastoral farm = Grazing/feeding, cutting grass for silage, milking, shearing, lambing, calving.
c Arable farm = Cereals (wheat/barley/rice, vegetables (potatoes/salad crops), flowers, crop waste.
Pastoral farm = Animals (calves, lambs/piglets), milk, wool, manure.
d Animals produce manure and this is fed back into the system as it is used as a natural fertiliser. Crop waste can be
used as food for animals.
TASK 4
a There is a small clearing which has been made in the tropical rainforest. Most of the land in the clearing is occupied
by two shelters built from materials in the forest. On the small amount of land around the shelters there are scattered
tree trunks and branches.
b The Erigbaagtsa tribe live in the Amazon rainforest in Brazil.
c The men hunt animals and the women grow crops such as maize, rice and cassava.
d Nutrients are obtained through burning the vegetation.
e It is sustainable as the tribe move after a few years as the nutrients have been used up. They keep moving to another
small clearing in the forest allowing the original clearings to re-grow before considering using that land again. They
are using the land now, but not destroying it as a resource for the future.
TASK 5
a The systems diagram should be in the style of Source C, with inputs, processes and outputs being identified.
Source E indicates that:
• Inputs = hand labour, ash/natural fertiliser, manioc/yam seeds
• Processes = clearing/burning the forest, planting crops
• Outputs = yams and manioc
Other natural inputs could be added, e.g. soil, land, temperatures, rainfall. Processes will also include weeding and
harvesting. Crop waste will be an additional output.
b The tribe need to move on after a few years as all the nutrients in the soil have been used up.
c Deforestation affects the farming as a result of the reduction of the area of rainforest which is available to make
clearings from. If land is restricted they may not move as frequently and yields will decrease until the soil is
exhausted. Ultimately the farmers may end up migrating to urban areas.
Alternatively access to a commercial market might encourage the tribe to clear more land to produce higher
yields, therefore having a surplus to sell. If they do this they may be able to obtain better tools, machines and some
fertilisers as they will be less isolated as the result of roads being built in the rainforest.
Theme 3: Case Study: An arable farm in Lincolnshire, UK

(pages 148 and 149)
TASK 1
a Labelled map to be drawn based on the OS map in Source A.
b Labels will need to be added to map as follows:
Physical inputs
• Rainfall every month.
• Temperatures above 6°C for most of the year.
• Warm summer temperatures.
• South-facing sloping land.
• Northern fields are well drained.
• Sandy soil.
Human inputs
• Labour – farmer plus temporary workers.
Capital inputs
• Drains in fields.
• Fertilisers.
• Sprays to protect from insects and disease.
• Tractors, plough, seed drill and combine harvester (hired).
c • Drains are installed so soils do not become waterlogged.
• Fertilisers are used on sandy soils lacking in nutrients.
• Sprays are used to control insects and disease.
d The sandy soil is too dry in summer for grass to grow well so there would not be enough food for animals. Also the
farmer’s personal preference is arable farming as he does not want to be working with animals, e.g. milking cows
twice a day.
TASK 2
a A cereal crop is a grass crop which produces grains such as wheat, oats, maize, rice and barley.
b • In January and February (winter) the machinery is serviced, potatoes are packed and incoming seed stored.
• In March and April (spring) fertiliser is spread and crops are planted.
• In May (early summer) herbicides and pesticides are sprayed.
• In June (summer) set-aside land is mown.
• From July to September (summer) crops are harvested.
• In October (autumn) the land is ploughed.
• In November (late autumn) winter cereals are planted.
• December (winter) is a rest period, but general tidying up is carried out.
c March and April look very busy with all the planting. Between July and September will be very busy as all the crops
need to be harvested, although this is spread over three months. December is the least busy month, followed by the
other winter months, January and February, when general maintenance tasks are being carried out as it is not part
of the main growing season.
d An advantage of being a self-employed farmer is that he can make his own decisions and any profit made is his,
as he is not working for anyone else. However, he takes all the responsibility and has to deal with failure as well as
success. If the crops fail one year he will have no income and have to use any savings which he has to keep his farm
running as he cannot depend on a regular wage which he could if he was an office worker. Also his workload will
not be regular: he will be very busy during some seasons, whilst at other times of the year he will not have as much,
if any, work to do. Students will express their personal preference – there is no right or wrong answer, but the choice
should be justified.
TASK 3
a Wheat, over half of the land is used for this cereal crop.
b Potatoes, sprouts, peas, strawberries and raspberries.
c Some fields are not accessible from roads or tracks and can only be accessed from other fields. If crops are growing
in these fields access for machinery will be difficult, especially large machinery such as combine harvesters. The
farmer tries to arrange his land-use so the crops/fields that need most attention from labour and machinery are
accessible and as close to the roads and the farmhouse as possible. Another difficulty is that the land is not coherent;
there are two large sections and one small section so access has to be arranged across land that does not belong to
the farmer.
TASK 4
a Diversification occurs when farmers use their land for many different purposes, including uses other than
agriculture.
b Ways in which the farmer has diversified include:
• Growing less wheat.
• Growing oil-seed rape and linseed.
• Growing raspberries and strawberries.
• Caravan site.
c An advantage is that extra revenue can be gained from other land uses/activities. If a farmer produces just one crop
he would be in difficulty if that crop failed (e.g. because of weather conditions) or if prices fell. Using the land for a
variety of purposes ensures that even if one crop fails he will at least have some income from the rest. Some of these
alternative land uses also attract EU payments which help the farmer.
The main disadvantage is the considerable investment required to diversify land use (e.g. it costs a lot of money
to set up a caravan site with the required facilities), along with the need to employ more people with the skills (or
retrain) to manage the different land uses.
d EU policies have been responsible for many changes in crops grown, e.g. less wheat, more oil-seed rape. Also more
hedges and trees have been planted, ponds created and strips of land left around fields to encourage wildlife.
TASK 5
a The systems diagram should be in the style of Source C on page 147, with inputs, processes and outputs being
identified. The sources indicate that:
Inputs include:
• Rainfall every month.
• Temperatures above 6°C for most of the year
• Warm summer temperatures
• South facing sloping land
• Northern fields are well drained
• Sandy soil
• Labour
• Seeds
• Drains in fields
• Fertilisers
• Sprays to protect from insects and disease
• Tractors, ploughs, seed drills and combine harvester (hired).
Processes include:
• Fertiliser is spread
• Crops are planted
• Herbicides and pesticides are sprayed
• Set-aside land is mown
• Crops are harvested
• The land is ploughed.
Outputs include:
• Wheat
• Potatoes
• Brussels sprouts
• Peas
• Strawberries
• Raspberries.

TASK 1
a North America (Canada, USA), Europe (UK, France, Germany etc.), Australia, Russia, Japan, Argentina, etc.
b These countries are concentrated in Africa, south of the Sahara.
TASK 2
a Map to be produced using Africa outline. A group interval should be chosen so that the percentages plotted are
spread across the groups, e.g.:
• over 50%
• 40–49%
• 30–39%
• less than 30%.
An outline map of the countries of Africa is available on the Student CD-ROM.
b Haiti, Guatemala, North Korea and Tajikistan.

c Using a world map would mean that most countries are unshaded as there is no data for them. Using an outline
of Africa ensures that the main area where the hungriest countries are located is large enough to shade and label
the countries without any confusion. Using a world map would make the shading of the African countries a more
difficult task as their size would be much reduced.
TASK 3
a
Natural causes Named country(ies) Effects
Drought/soil erosion Zimbabwe People face shortages of food as
Yemen crops fail.
Afghanistan
Floods El Salvador Crops washed away or damaged.
Thousands of people homeless and
without food.
Tropical storms Philippines Coconut plantations destroyed.
Pests Yemen Crops destroyed by locusts.
Economic/political causes
Low investment Zimbabwe Food shortages as farmers do not have
Yemen fertilisers and machinery.
Access/transport issues Afghanistan Transporting water into the mountains
is difficult so irrigation is not possible.
Wars and civil unrest Venezuela Shops have run out of food so people
Syria have to queue for hours.
Less food is produced as farmland is
destroyed.
Rising prices Zimbabwe People cannot afford food.
b It is perhaps possible for people to influence economic and political causes more than some natural causes, though
influencing any cause is going to be very difficult. Whilst it may be possible to irrigate during drought in some areas
it is not possible to prevent a drought or a tropical storm or large-scale flooding, especially in LEDCs. It may be
possible to control locusts by the use of chemical sprays, but this needs considerable investment which may not be
available in LEDCs.
Of the economic and political causes, lack of investment, access issues and rising prices could be addressed by
governments and aid organisations, although this is not easy as it requires the political will, and where wars and
conflict are causing the problems there is no easy solution.
TASK 4
a He meant that giving food is a short-term solution which will need repeating, but if you show people how to
produce their own food they can feed themselves in the long-term without being given food.
b If his advice is followed then the need for short-term food aid in LEDCs will become less (apart from emergencies)
as they learn how to produce their own food and eventually become self-sufficient with maybe some surplus to save/
sell to develop their economy and become less reliant on short-term food aid from MEDCs.
c Students should discuss the different shortages in Source C and how best to solve them.
A Support Sheet on the Student CD-ROM provides some solutions to the food shortage problems.
Theme 3: Case Study: Food shortages in Darfur, Sudan

(pages 152 and 153)
TASK 1
a Darfur is in the west of Sudan, a country in north-east Africa. Sudan borders the Red Sea although Darfur is
approximately 1000 km inland from it, bordering Chad and the Central African Republic. It lies between latitude
10°N and 20°N and longitude 23°E and 27°E.
b Development has been easier around Khartoum and east of it due to the presence of the river Nile which flows
through the east of the country. The river provides water for agriculture, industrial and domestic purposes, whilst
much of the country receives very little rainfall, especially the northern part. In addition the east is closer to the
Red Sea, where there are ports, which have encouraged trade and further development, while the west is much more
remote and isolated.
TASK 2
a and b reasons such as:
• There is only a short wet season.

• Average annual rainfall in many parts is less than 400 mm.
• Locusts are a threat.
• There are long periods of drought.
• Crops do not grow and there are poor supplies of food.
• There has been conflict in parts of the area.
TASK 3
a 1956
b The rebels (mainly African) located in the dry west of Sudan rose up against the government as they claimed that
they had been neglected whilst the rest of Sudan (the Arab area), especially the eastern area close to the river Nile,
had been favoured.
c An IDP is an internally displaced person, someone who has had to flee from home with many having to live in
refugee camps. A total of 330 000 people in total have become IDPs and live in such camps.
d Many have been killed and their villages have been burned. Many have died from disease, water shortage, heat and
food shortage.
e In 2011 South Sudan became an independent country. Southern Darfur now has a border with the new country.
With border controls in place, migrating south from Darfur will be less of a possibility.
TASK 4
a Many people have fled from their farms as they don’t feel safe. There is a drought so even if they were able to farm
the land not much would grow.
b Basic services missing include toilets, drainage and medical facilities. Health will suffer, e.g. diseases can spread,
deaths through lack of inoculations, medicine, doctors/nurses.
c The government wants the IDPs to return to their villages so refuses to distribute food aid in case they stay in the
camps and become dependent on it.
d They fear for their safety as there is fighting between rebels and government forces.
e Malnutrition rises between June and October as many people return to their home area to cultivate the land and
there is little food available once they leave the refugee camps.
f Children are suffering from severe malnutrition and other diseases. They are under weight and many will not survive.

TASK 1
a Secondary industry is making or manufacturing things, the production of goods from raw materials or
component parts.
b It enables a country to become wealthy as it can make a profit from selling and exporting the products.
c • Steelmaking is a manufacturing industry as raw materials are converted into finished products on a large scale.
• Manufacturing canned food is a processing industry as a finished product for consumption is produced from raw
agricultural products.
• Car making is an assembly industry as the cars are put together using a large number of parts that are produced
elsewhere.
• Developing iPads, smartphones and tablets is a hi-tech industry as it involves advanced computer techniques and
‘cutting edge’ technology.
d Manufacturing is likely to create most waste as the conversion of the raw materials involves separating them from
waste materials; this will be especially true if the industry is large scale as shown in the photograph. The process
will also produce waste gases and waste water.
Food processing will involve the production of waste too as there will be skin, peel and waste food which will not be
canned. Depending on what is being processed there may be some waste gases from heating and cooking, and some
waste water.
Car assembly will produce little waste as components are brought in and simply assembled together. The only waste
is likely to be packaging or damaged components.
For similar reasons hi-tech industry will produce little waste, even less than car assembly as the products and
components are smaller and need less packaging.
TASK 2
a • Capital = a bank loan.
• Enterprise = a person taking a risk and setting up a business.
• Land = the area on which the factory is built.
• Raw material = wool, iron ore, wheat, etc.
• Power = coal, oil, electricity, gas etc.
• Labour = a machine operative.
b • Smelting = iron and steel industry.
• Weaving = wool textile manufacture.
• Spinning = cotton textile industry.
• Dyeing = textile industry.
• Printing = newspaper industry.
• Knitting = wool textile/clothing manufacture.
• Stitching = textile/clothing manufacture.
• Tanning – leather industry.
• Moulding = producing products from rubber, e.g. tyres.
c An example of an output sold directly to the general public is a motor cycle.
An example of an output that becomes a raw material for another industry is a wheel hub.
d Some waste is recycled and used as in input, otherwise it has to be disposed of or sold as a by-product. Some profit is
re-invested to buy more inputs.
TASK 3
a
Inputs Processes Outputs
Red clay Mixing clay with water Pots
Water Flatten clay to squeeze out water Plates
Dung Cut clay into chunks Bowls
Wood Throw the clay on the wheel to
shape it
Land Dry pots in the sun
Shed Fire the pots in a kiln
Kilns Decorate and glaze the pots
Labour
b There are only three workers, the business is carried out in a small rented building and the output is small.
c The only waste consists of broken pots – these are re-used as inputs for pot making. Any profit is used to pay the
rent and any left will re-invested in the business.
d Socially and economically the business will have benefits as wealth is being created from the sale of pottery, which
is being spent to improve the quality of life in the area. Suppliers of materials used will benefit. Extra wealth from
wages and profit may be used by the owner and workers to help feed, clothe and educate their children, and to
provide health care.
Small-scale industry is not likely to have such devastating effects on the environment as larger enterprises.
However, a little air pollution, from the burning of wood and dung, and water pollution is likely. Some deforestation
will occur as trees and bushes will be cut to provide wood for fuel. The use of water in the process may affect levels
in local rivers, but because of the small scale, this is unlikely to be too significant except during the dry season.
Whether the impacts on the forests and water courses will have any impact on wildlife, food chains and ecosystems
will depend on the scale of production. This enterprise alone will have little effect, but, when added to other users in
the area, the activities will contribute to potential loss of species and disruption of ecosystems.

TASK 1
a A raw material location is a place near to where inputs for the factory are obtained from, especially the raw
materials, whilst a location close to the market is a place near to where the products are sold. Industries located
close to raw materials use either heavy, bulky or perishable raw materials, while industries close to the market
produce bulky or perishable products, ones which are expensive to transport.
b A ‘footloose’ industry does not need to be located close to either raw materials or markets, it can be located almost
anywhere as long as there is labour and good transport and communications.
c Locational influences on the early iron and steelworks were:
• raw materials (iron ore, limestone)
• water supplies
• coal
• the market.
d Cost of transporting raw materials to the factory. Cost of transporting finished products to the market.
e An iron and steelworks will need to be close to the main raw materials, particularly those which are bulky and
expensive to transport such as coal and iron ore.
A bakery needs to be near its market as the bread is more expensive to transport than the raw materials which are
not as bulky. Also bread is perishable so it needs to be manufactured close to the market so it can be transported
there quickly.
A computer software developer will be footloose as there are no bulky raw materials or finished products. As long as
good transportation is available to transport the small components needed any location would be possible. A more
important influence is the availability of skilled labour and research facilities.
TASK 2
a The steelworks occupied large long, relatively low buildings, with many tall chimneys. It was located close to the
coast/an estuary/docks and close to the railway.
b Information is available at various websites such as:
http://www.tatasteeleurope.com/file_source/StaticFiles/Business_Units/CSPUK/Tata-PT-Visitor-Leaflet%20
Interactive.pdf
http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/sep/25/port-talbot-wales-steel-tata-job-cuts
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-28104757
TASK 3
a The answer here contains suggested questions that students might add to the ones already in their copy of Source B.
They should put in the questions in Source C and leave space to add one other question such as those below.
Location factor Questions to ask

PHYSICAL Site requirement How much land is available?
Is the land flat or gently sloping?
Natural routes Is there a river or canal nearby?
Availability of raw materials Can raw materials be transported cost-
effectively?
Are they available cheaply?
How long is it before raw materials will
run out?
Is there an alternative, accessible supply?
HUMAN Access to market Is the market just in one place or in
many areas?
Will there be an export market?
Which is the quickest form of
transport?
Is refrigerated transport available?
Skilled labour Are there facilities for training workers
in the area?
Power supply Is power reliable or are there likely to be
outages/breaks in supply?
Are there any possibilities of the factory
providing its own power, e.g. by solar or
wind power?
Industrial linkage Can components be obtained from or
products sold to other firms nearby to
reduce transport costs?
Capital Will attracting foreign investors be a
possibility?
Government policies Are there any industrial parks already
built which can be used?
Are there any tax breaks available?
b Physical factors:
• The size and relief of the land available will be an influence, as will its cost. If large areas of flat, cheap land are
available the area will be attractive to large-scale manufacturing, processing and assembly industry, e.g. a large car
assembly plant will need a large, flat area for the buildings, assembly lines and stores.
• The availability of natural routes on land and sea is important, e.g. a manufacturing industry producing goods for
export or importing raw materials needs to be near a port and/or have good access to it.
Human factors:
• A factory needs to access its market. If it is producing perishable products it should be located near to it, or in an
area where good roads and railway communication can provide quick transport to it.
• Skilled labour is important in some industries. If there are workers in an area with the required skills and
experience this would be a suitable area to locate and less training will be required for the workforce.
TASK 4
a Any two from:
• Mahadevapura
• Sadarmangal
• Dodda Nekkundi
• Visveshwarajah
• Kiadb
b • Colgate Palmolive
• Doorvani Cables
• Gears & Pinions
• Jaico Automobile Engineering
c • There are good road communications and a railway.
• The airport is close by to rapidly transport items or to use for business connections elsewhere in the world.
• There are many other businesses in the area from which new businesses could benefit.
• There are industrial estates and technology parks where sites may be available.
• There is plenty of open space and lakes so the environment will be pleasant.
• The built-up nature of the area suggests there will be a local market for many products.
d A school leaver with no qualifications will only benefit if low skill, manual jobs are available. Labourers will be
required on building sites and there will be cleaners and groundsmen required at newly built factories.
A young university graduate may be able to find well paid employment at one of the new hi-tech industries.
The owner of a food store at the local KIADB shopping complex will hope that there will be more trade generated
from people working at new establishments in the area. However the roads may become busier so transporting
supplies will be harder.
Theme 3: Case Study: The Pakistan Steel complex at Pipri,

Karachi, Pakistan (pages 158 and 159)
TASK 1
a It had just gained independence and needed to produce its own iron and steel so that it didn’t have to spend a lot of
money on importing it.
b It is a coastal location, close to a port, and it is well served by rail and road communications.
c It is to the ESE of Karachi, approximately 30 km from the CBD and to the south of the National Highway.
d The site is 18 600 hectares in size, with 10 000 being used for the works. This provides sufficient space for the works,
a worker’s township and a water reservoir. The land is low and flat which makes construction easy.
TASK 2
a Limestone, iron ore and coke are the main raw materials. Power, labour, land and capital will also be needed.
b The raw materials are put into a blast furnace and heated to smelt the iron content from the ore. Hot air is passed
through the furnace and this produces molten ‘pig iron’. This is heated in a furnace where oxygen is passed through
it, removing the impurities and creating molten steel. This is made into ingots and then shaped into steel sheets,
plates, girders and wires.
c Students need to draw a systems diagram in the style of Source B on page 155. Inputs will be those listed in a above
and processes will be those described in b above. Outputs are steel sheets, plates, girders and wires.
d Socially and economically the business will have similar benefits, however these will be much greater as more
wealth is being created by the iron and steel works and more jobs created. There will be far more suppliers of
materials who will benefit and much more wealth will enter the community than is the case with the small-scale
pottery. In addition, the area is likely to gain considerably from infrastructural developments needed in the area
for the iron and steelworks to be a success. New roads, railways and power stations, e.g. may be required which will
benefit the area as a whole.
Large-scale industry is, however, much more likely to have devastating effects on the environment such as air
pollution, water pollution and noise pollution. The iron and steelworks will pollute the atmosphere badly as large
quantities of coal are burnt. Much deforestation will occur; the large site would have to be cleared of its natural
vegetation and this could kill wildlife, disrupt food chains and damage ecosystems. The development of the local
port facilities, which will be required for transport of materials, may cause further environmental destruction as
the coastal area nearby is covered by a natural vegetation of mangrove swamps which would have to be drained and
destroyed. Thus many habitats will be destroyed.
TASK 3
a
Factors influencing location Reason
PHYSICAL
Site Flat, cheap unused land was available at Pipri near
Gharo Creek.
Natural routes Port Qasim has a natural harbour that can deal with
imports of materials and exports of steel to the countries
neighbouring the Arabian Sea and east and west of the
Indian Ocean. The 2.5 km long seawater channel is kept
navigable for ships.
Raw materials Iron ore, manganese and most of the coking coal can be
imported through Port Qasim. Limestone, needed as a flux,
can be brought by road from the nearby Makli Hills, near
Thatta. Large quantities of water required for making steel
can be brought from Lake Haleji, 50 km to the east.
HUMAN
Capital The former USSR (now Russia) provided economic
assistance in the form of technical expertise, finance and
capital.
Energy Port Qasim and Karachi had the highest electricity
generating capacity in the country. Pipri thermal power
station produced 21% and Koranga thermal power station
produced 15% of the total. Karachi also has a nuclear
power station.
Labour Plenty of skilled and unskilled cheap labour was available
locally from Karachi.
Markets Many steel using industries were located in Karachi, such as
tool-making. It supplies rolled sheets, galvanised sheets, pig
iron and coal tar to the rest of the country. Over half the
steel is used in the Punjab at Taxila where many factories
were established with Chinese finance in 1979.
Transport Pipri was connected to the main Karach-Kotri railway.
Metalled roads also connected this area to the main
road system.
TASK 4
In many areas there are small and large-scale industries which may be willing to liaise with the school and provide
information for students to use in this task. It could be done individually or in groups, or even as a class exercise
which incorporates a factory visit. Some centres may be able to carry out a coursework assignment on a local factory
or industry and cover this work in that way.

TASK 1
a 11.5 million
b US$5–US$9 billion
c France – China – Spain – USA – Italy
TASK 2
a 890 million
b Europe, Asia and Pacific
TASK 3
The Bergamo area is scenic with mountains and green natural vegetation so it will be attractive at any time of year.
Average precipitation amounts are at least 50 mm per month and there is no dry season so the area will be green
throughout the year. Average maximum temperatures between May and September are above 15°C, but no higher
than 27°C so they are suitable for outdoor activities such as hiking in the mountains and sightseeing. Minimum
temperatures fall below 0°C between December and February, so during these months skiing and other winter sports
will be possible as precipitation is likely to fall as snow.
TASK 4
a • New York is a large city.
• Hlane is a game reserve.
• Pas de la Casa is a winter sports resort.
• Loch Ness is an area with natural scenic beauty.
• Rome is a historical city.
• Flic en Flac is a beach resort.
b • New York is a human attraction. The attractions shown in the photograph include skyscrapers and a dockside
area with historical ships.
• Hlane is a natural attraction. In the photograph there is natural grassland vegetation and lions in their
natural habitat.
• Pas de la Casa is a natural attraction. The photograph shows steep snow covered slopes used for winter sports.
• Loch Ness is a natural attraction. The photograph shows a natural lake with vegetation around it, however the
ruins of a castle (built attraction) can be seen in the foreground.
• Rome is a human attraction. The photograph shows a historical building (the Colisseum) which was built by
the Romans.
• Flic en Flac is a natural attraction. The photograph shows a sandy beach and an area of sea with mountains in
the background.
c Destinations shown in the photograph could be researched here. However, a better alternative may be for students
to research destinations in their own country or ones abroad which they have visited.

TASK 1
a The top photograph shows receptionists in a hotel (formal employment). The bottom photograph shows a henna
tattooist (informal employment).
Neither of these jobs will be particularly well paid. The receptionist will earn a regular income which may be higher
than other employment locally. The henna tattooist will not earn a regular wage, her earning will depend on how
many customers she gets and what price she is able to negotiate.
b Jobs which tourism brings to an area include:
• many types of jobs in hotels, e.g. cleaner, waitress, gardener, bar staff, etc.
• jobs in transport, e.g. taxi driver, airport ground staff, tour bus driver, etc.
• jobs at tourist attractions, e.g. in gift shops, museums, fairgrounds etc.
c Getting a job in tourism benefits people who live in an area as they are able to earn regular wages. They will be able
to improve their quality of life as they will have regular income to buy or improve their homes, buy food and other
essentials and pay for services like education and health care for their children. They may also be able to supplement
their income with tips.
d The area receives more wealth when tourists visit an area, some of which may be foreign currency. When money
is spent in the area by tourists many local people benefit, particularly local businesses and suppliers. This includes
local farmers and fishermen who will have a much wider market for their products in hotels and restaurants.
The extra money circulating in the area is likely to create a ‘multiplier effect’, e.g. some money will be invested in
building more tourist facilities – construction companies will benefit from this and the extra money which the
workers earn will be spent in local businesses. In addition taxes will be paid by tourists, e.g. on goods which they
purchase and on payment for their accommodation. The government will be able to use these taxes to provide better
services within the country, such as health care and education. Indeed tourists will demand good facilities and as a
result services like hospitals, roads, water supply and power supply will need to be improved. The local people will
benefit from this, whether they are employed directly in tourism or not.
TASK 2
a Rainforest vegetation (flora) has been cleared so there is less biodiversity. Fauna will lose habitat, food supplies
will be reduced for primary consumers and food chains will be destroyed threatening species with extinction. Soil
erosion is occurring. Water is being polluted with sediment and this causes damage to coral reefs and mangroves.
b The extract explains that the local people have been forced to sell off their homes and farmland. This is likely to
be a problem for them, unless they are able to sell them for so much money that they can set up their homes and
businesses elsewhere and improve their quality of life. This is unlikely as often local people are exploited by tourist
companies and amounts of money they would gain from the sales of their land and homes would probably have
been small. Therefore they may find themselves homeless and unable to make a good living.
TASK 3
a Three largest islands: Mahe Island, Praslin Island and La Digue
b Two national parks: Morne Seychellois National Park, Vallee de Mai National Park
c Anse Royale resort: 4° 45’S, 55° 30’E (approximately)
From airport at Victoria the resort is SSE approx. 16/17 km.
TASK 4
a The tourist industry contributes to water shortages in LEDCs as often supplies are limited and they consume large
amounts of water in showers, baths, toilets and swimming pools. Large amounts of water are used in the dry season
to water decorative plants around hotels and in ornamental gardens and some may be used in fountains. The drier
and hotter it is, the more likely it is that tourists will use more water for these purposes and locals will suffer water
shortages, while the tourists are prioritised.
b Benefits will include:

• Less water may be used.
• There may be less pollution of the air (from vehicles) and seas (from sewage).
• Less natural environment may be destroyed to build new tourism facilities.
• Congestion may be reduced on local roads, etc.
Problems of this will include:
• Employment and wealth created will be restricted along with tourist numbers.
• Hotels may well have lots of empty rooms, thus resources will be wasted.
• Suppliers, such as farmers and fishermen, may sell less produce.
• Tax revenues from tourism will be limited, etc.

TASK 1
a Sustainable tourism is tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social and environmental
impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities.
b The Arusha Declaration concluded that sustainable tourism was one of the most effective ways to preserve Africa’s
national parks and protected areas. It stressed the importance of good management of tourism, especially the need
to directly involve local communities in the management of parks and protected areas to ensure they gain concrete
benefits in terms of employment and income generation.
TASK 2
a Ecotourism is responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of
local people.
b The Galapagos Islands is a unique natural environment which contains many plants and animals which are not
found anywhere else in the world. There are many websites which describe these islands and their attractions.
Examples include:
http://www.galapagos.org/about_galapagos/about-galapagos/
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1
http://www.discoveringgalapagos.org.uk/
c Having to pay an entry fee will restrict the number of tourists who visit the islands so that large numbers are not
allowed to threaten the natural environment. Also the money raised will be available to use for conservation.
d • They should not touch, feed or disturb wildlife so that species are not disturbed and become dependent on people.
• They can only visit on small ships of 10 to 16 tourists, most of which are owned by local people so that numbers
are restricted, thus avoiding large-scale tourism which would destroy the pristine natural environment which is
the main attraction. Boats owned by local people have to be used so that the local people will earn income from
tourists, also the boat owners will know which areas are environmentally sensitive and try to avoid them.
• They can only visit a limited number of places on the islands so that other parts are protected to ensure that
enough of the islands remain natural and unchanged in the future.
• They should keep to paths and not leave litter so that vegetation is not destroyed next to the paths and wildlife is
not harmed by litter.
• They are given information on how to conserve the islands before they visit so that they will know how to react
responsibly and not destroy the natural environment or cause problems for local communities.
TASK 3
a A biosphere reserve is an area of land or water that is protected by law to conserve ecosystems to help to protect the
world’s plant and animal species while dealing with the needs of the population.
b Cuba has six biosphere reserves with a large variety of natural attractions which attract tourists:
• Ciénaga de Zapata Biosphere Reserve has a crocodile-breeding farm where rare Cuban crocodiles are bred.
This reserve contains large wetlands with ecosystems and creatures such as the world’s smallest bird, the bee
hummingbird.
• Cuchillas del Toa Reserve has untouched rainforests.
• Buenavista Biosphere Reserve has mangroves, coral reefs, sand dunes. There are caves with historical paintings.
• Baconao Reserve includes the Sierra Maestra mountain range and has 939 indigenous species of wildlife living
there, including butterflies, mammals, reptiles and the endangered hot-cave bat.
• Sierra del Rosario Reserve has rainforests containing one of the world’s smallest frogs and the colourful reptile,
the chipojo.
• The Península de Guanahacabibes Reserve has mangroves, marsh grasslands, coastal scrublands and forests and
there are many species of birds and lizards.
c It is important to protect biosphere reserves to make sure that plants and animals are safe from human impact. At
the same time protection ensures that they will continue to provide a space for environmental research, recreation,
and tourism.
d The creation of a biosphere reserve will affect local people in many ways. In the core area they will not be able
undertake any activities which will destroy the natural environment, so clearing land for agriculture and hunting,
e.g. will not be possible. However, ensuring that the area provides opportunities for tourism and recreation may
offer them other opportunities to work and improve their quality of life without their natural surroundings
being destroyed.
Theme 3: Case Study: An area where tourism is important – Dubai,

UAE (pages 166 and 167)
TASK 1
a Dubai is one of the seven United Arab Emirates (UAE) located on the Arabian Peninsula on the south-east coast
of the Persian Gulf at 25°N and 55°E. Dubai receives over 9 million tourists per year generating revenue of over
US$4 billion per year and this growth has occurred in a very short period of time. In 1998 there were only 2 million
tourists and by 2004 this had grown to over 5 million.
b It is located in the Middle East so that it can easily be accessed from all continents. It is sometimes described as
being ‘at the crossroads of Europe, Africa and Asia’. There are many direct flights from Europe, southern Asia,
Africa and North America; indeed most capital cities have direct flights there. Also its coastal location enables it to
attract cruise visitors from many areas.
TASK 2
Students will need to carry out research using the internet on the physical and human attractions which could include
the climate, the natural coast and desert and the built environment, both traditional and modern. Here are a few
examples of websites:
http://www.getyourguide.com/dubai-l173/?partner_id=1DD5E&cmp=ga&gclid=CJSAqd6I2sMCFeHLtAodzWAAhw
http://www.planetware.com/tourist-attractions-/dubai-uae-dub-dubai.htm
http://www.dubai.com/v/attractions/
TASK 3
a Even though the resort is located within the desert, attempts have been made to conserve the desert’s ecosystem, e.g.
a wildlife reserve was developed which has 33 indigenous mammal and reptile species, 100 bird species, and nearly
300 Arabian oryx.
All glass, plastic, cans and paper used in the hotel are recycled and all kitchen oils and organic wastes are carefully
disposed of. Nevertheless the processing of these will have some impact on the environment and they will have to
be transported elsewhere for disposal.
The resort ensures that the underground water is protected and not reduced in quality, though large amounts
will inevitably be used in swimming pools and showers. Whilst care has been taken to develop the resort in a
sustainable way it is inevitable that there will have been some disruption to the fragile desert ecosystem as it gives
people access to sand dunes where they can eat, drink and relax. Also visitors travelling to the resort will use
vehicles and the fumes from these will emit some atmospheric pollution as well as noise.
b It is important for tourism to be carefully managed in Dubai as it is an important sector of the economy and
likely to continue to be in the future if it is sustainable. However, much of the recent development has not been
sustainable and a lot of damage has been caused to the natural environment. In particular the large amounts of oil
use is contributing to enhanced global warming and potential rises in sea level which could flood coastal lowlands
like Dubai in the future if the process is not reversed.

TASK 1
a Non-renewable energy sources will not last forever; they will eventually run out, while renewable sources of energy
can be used continuously and will never run out.
b Oil, natural gas and coal.
c 80% in total is produced from these three energy sources.
d They want to become self-sufficient so they are not controlled by other countries which have large supplies, who can
dictate the price and supply of energy resources. They are worried that if these countries decide not to sell the fuels
to them they will have no energy.
TASK 2
a Students need to show the data on an outline map of the world (available on the Student CD-ROM). Located
proportionate symbols would be a good method to use, using a different colour for each of the fuels.
b The top fossil fuel producers are mainly in the northern hemisphere. The only southern hemisphere country in
the top six fossil fuel producers is Australia. Most of the top six producers are in North America, Asia or the
Middle East.
c All three types – Russia and USA. Any two types – China, Iran and Canada.
TASK 3
a Hydro-electric power (HEP), wind power and solar power.
b Compared to non-renewable sources of energy the amounts of renewable energy produced from HEP, wind and
solar power are relatively small. All produce a small percentage of the world’s energy, though HEP is slightly more
important than wind and solar power with 3% compared to 2%.
c Many countries are developing their own renewable energy sources because:
• they are running out of fossil fuels
• fossil fuels have become very expensive
• they want to reduce their dependence on imported supplies and avoid being politically and economically dependent.
There is great concern about the environmental impacts of burning fossil fuels and renewable sources are less likely
to pollute the atmosphere, cause acid rain and enhance global warming.
TASK 4
a Nuclear power is the most important source of energy in France, with almost 40% of the energy being generated in
that way, but it is not used at all in D.R. Congo.
The fossil fuels (oil, natural gas and coal) are all more important in France than D.R. Congo. Together the fossil
fuels are responsible for almost 50% of France’s energy compared with less than 5% in D.R. Congo.
In D.R. Congo biofuels (fuelwood) are far more important than in France, as over 90% of the energy in D.R. Congo
is from biofuels compared with less than 5% in France.
A greater percentage of energy is obtained from HEP in France than D.R. Congo, but the percentage is small in
both countries.
b France has the technology and wealth to build nuclear power stations, but D.R. Congo does not. France is able to
import fossil fuels, but D.R. Congo cannot afford to do so. D.R. Congo has to use biofuels as most people are forced
to use fuelwood as the country does not have the infrastructure to supply them with electricity and they would not
be able to afford it, unlike the people in France.
c In France it is likely that the percentage of fossil fuels used will gradually be reduced as the country tries to cut
down its expensive imports of these resources and produces more of its own fuel from nuclear power and
renewable energy.
D.R. Congo may increase its use of fossil fuels like oil and coal as it begins to develop and possibly industrialise
and extend the electricity grid to more homes. As this happens the importance of biofuels (fuelwood) is likely to
decrease as people are able to use electricity rather than burn wood.
The use of HEP should become more important as the Inga project plans to develop the HEP potential of the
Congo river.

TASK 1
a Water is taken from the cool water source and pumped along pipes to where it is changed to steam by the reaction
in the containment building. It is turned back to water in the condenser and then pumped to the large cooling
towers where it is cooled down.
b Water, nuclear fuel (e.g. uranium), machinery (e.g. turbines, generators), buildings (e.g. cooling towers), labour,
capital, etc.
c • Atoms of uranium are split (fission) to create heat.
• Water is changed into steam.
• Steam turns turbines connected to generators.
• Generators produce electricity.
• Steam is cooled by cold water.
d • Electricity is transferred along wires to the consumers.
• Radioactive waste is sealed in containers and stored in a safe place for many years.
• Waste cooling water is returned to rivers/lakes.
TASK 2
Most of the benefits and disadvantages of nuclear power are listed in Source B and it is this list which students need
to discuss. Whilst it is likely that many will be aware of the perceived problems which nuclear power may cause, some
may not have considered the benefits and all should be encouraged to take a balanced view, considering both benefits
and problems and overall opinions should be justified.
TASK 3
Students will need to research any one of the nuclear accidents listed. Many websites can be found using a search
engine. Here is an example for each accident:
http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Safety-of-Plants/Three-Mile-Island-accident/
http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Safety-of-Plants/Chernobyl-Accident/
http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Safety-of-Plants/Fukushima-Accident/
TASK 4
a From highest to lowest the rank order is:
HEP – wave and tidal power – offshore wind – biofuels – geothermal – onshore wind – nuclear – solar/coal – gas
b The benefits and disadvantages of each renewable source are clearly listed in Source C. Students should choose one
of geothermal, wind, HEP, wave and tidal power and solar power and copy the benefits and disadvantages of the
chosen one. However, students should attempt to add detail to each point or add extra points by carrying
out research.
TASK 5
a In support of the statement:
• The average cost of nuclear power is lower than most renewable sources of energy.
• Many renewable forms of energy need specific site requirements and these are limited in many countries.
• One nuclear power station can generate larger amounts of energy than thousands of wind turbines, HEP
stations, etc.
• In order to generate the same quantity of energy, renewable sources would potentially cause much more
environmental destruction, e.g. loss of vegetation and habitat, and over a wider area.
Against the statement:

• Nuclear power stations are more expensive to build and not affordable for many countries.
• Renewable energy requires less sophisticated technology than nuclear power which may be more practical
for LEDCs.
• Radiation and nuclear waste has the potential to cause a catastrophic accident which could affect both people and
the natural environment severely.
b Whatever their views the students need to justify them.
Theme 3: Case Study: Energy supply in Iceland

(pages 172 and 173)
TASK 1
a Iceland is located on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where the North American and Eurasian plates meet. It is 300 km east
of Greenland and 900 km west of Norway, at a latitude between 63°N and the Arctic Circle and a longitude between
14°W and 24°W.
b As it is on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge there is a lot of volcanic activity so geothermal power generation is possible. High
amounts of precipitation enable it to generate HEP. As it does not have its own deposits of fossil fuels these need to
be imported and there would be insufficient sunshine at this latitude to generate solar power.
c Students need to draw pie chart plotting the following statistics:
• 66% geothermal power
• 19% Fossil fuels
• 15% HEP
d In rank order from high to low geothermal power is used for:
heating – electricity generation – fish farming – snow melting – industry – swimming pools – greenhouses
e Heating. It is used for melting snow to obtain water to use in HEP stations.
TASK 2
a Reykjavik is on the coast in the south-west of Iceland.
b Most of the high-temperature rocks are located on the rocks which are less than 0.8 million years old. These stretch
across the middle of Iceland from the south-west coast to the north-east. They are located within the active volcanic
zones at a depth below 1 km.
c The low-temperature zones are located on older rocks and many are in the north-west and south-west away from
the main volcanic zones. They lie to the surface.
TASK 3
a 10 HEP, 2 geothermal and 1 fossil fuel power station.
b Most HEP stations are located on rivers, inland in the south-west of Iceland though there are ones scattered further
to the north and east. The geothermal power stations are inland in the north east whilst the thermal power station
is on the coast in the extreme south-west, close to Reykjavik.
c Many HEP stations are close to ice and snowfields as they use the fast flowing water (produced from melting snow)
of the rivers which flow from them.
d The capacities of the HEP stations range from 28 MW to 690 MW.
e With one exception, Laxa, the capacity of the HEP stations is greater than the geothermal and fossil fuel power stations.
TASK 4
a Students need to produce an outline labelled sketch of Source D.
b Advantages are that:
• It produces large amounts of electricity which has attracted Alcoa to build a smelter there – this would raise
revenue for Iceland.
• It created over 750 jobs for Iceland.
Disadvantages are that:

• The natural environment of this large wilderness area has been destroyed, habitats for birds and seals have
been removed.
• Many migrant workers have been employed rather than using local people.
c Aluminium
d It provided them with cheap electricity and electricity generated in a way which would not pollute the atmosphere
with carbon dioxide as much as the fossil fuels which they were using in the USA. It was also a clean attractive
environment.

TASK 1
a To water plants and for animals to drink.
To generate hydro-electric power.
For drinking and washing/showering/bathing.
For waste disposal – in the toilet.
b Other uses of water include:
• In factories for industrial processes
• For cleaning cars, windows, homes, etc.
• For swimming in, boating and other recreational purposes.
c • To water plants and for animals to drink. (S)
• To generate hydro-electric power. (Q)
• For drinking and washing/showering/bathing. (S)
• For waste disposal – in the toilet. (Q)
• In factories for industrial process (Q)
• For cleaning cars, windows, homes etc. (Q)
• For swimming in, boating and other recreational purposes (Q)
TASK 2
a Students need to draw a small pie chart next to each of the 6 countries and shade it according to the data in Source
B. An outline world map is available on the Student CD-ROM.
b For example, the UK and Mali.
Mali uses a greater percentage of water for agriculture. The UK, however, has a far greater percentage for domestic
and industrial use.
c Agriculture is far more important in Mali than in the UK as most of the population are farmers (many of them
subsistence farmers), so a greater percentage of the water needs to be used for watering crops and keeping animals.
In the UK a far greater percentage of water is used in industry than in Mali as there are more factories which use it
in the processes.
Domestic use is greater in the UK as more homes in the UK are likely to have piped water and use water in
appliances like washing machines and dishwashers.
TASK 3
a An aquifer is an underground reservoir of water contained within a porous rock.
b Wells can be drilled or water can be pumped up to the surface.
c A copy of the cross-section needs to be annotated to show why water is trapped in the chalk.
d The highest level of the water within the aquifer is the water table.
e This level varies mainly because of variation in the amount of rainfall. If rainfall is high then the level of the
aquifer will be high. However, the amount of water being extracted from it is also a factor. When large amounts are
pumped from the aquifer for irrigation, e.g. the level of the water table will fall.
TASK 4
a Reasons suggested could be:
• high rainfall
• impermeable rocks
• large demand for water in south-west of England
• a large area could be used to store water
• few people living in the Exmoor National Park.
b It is released into the river Haddeo which then flows into the river Exe. It is taken from the river Exe and
transferred to where it is needed by pipelines, e.g. Tiverton and Exeter.
c Advantages include:
• A more reliable supply of water.
• Around the reservoir the land can be used for recreation.
• The reservoir is used by a sailing club.
• A trout fishery is located in the reservoir.
• A nature reserve has been created so protecting the environment.
• Employment for local people in building and maintenance.
Disadvantages include:
• Loss of farmland.
• Loss of natural vegetation and habitats.
• Loss of land which may have been previously used for settlement.
• Possible need to re-route roads.
• Loss of land previously used for recreation, e.g. river valleys which were used for fishing and hiking.
• Possible disruption to fish migration patterns or breeding grounds.
TASK 5
a Desalination (also called ‘desalinisation’ and ‘desalting’) is the process of removing dissolved salts from water, thus
producing fresh water from seawater.
b There are a number of websites with up-to-date information such as:
http://www.desalination.com/market/where-does-desal-happen
http://www.desalinatedwater.info/countries.php

TASK 1
a Areas with more than 1500 mm of rainfall per year are mainly in tropical areas in South America, Africa and
south-east Asia. These include the Amazon Basin in South America, the Congo Basin in Africa, and Indonesia, all
of which are on or close to the equator, and parts of India and China, on or close to the Tropic of Cancer.
b Gabon could experience a water surplus as it is in the part of Africa which has over 1500 mm rainfall per year.
Indonesia may also experience a water surplus as it is in the part of south-east Asia which has over 1500 mm rainfall
per year.
Mali and Chad could experience a water deficit as this part of the Sahel experiences low rainfall.
There are many other possible examples.
TASK 2
a The cartoon is suggesting that, instead of pursuing expensive options such as building new dams or desalination, it
would be wise to reduce the amount of water wasted by leaking pipes and then perhaps it would not be necessary to
find new sources of water.
b Examples:
• The Murray-Darling drainage basin is entirely in the control of Australia and the drainage basin of the River Loire
is in control of France.
• The Nile basin is shared by Egypt and Sudan and other countries in north-east Africa and the Amazon Basin by
Brazil, Peru, Colombia and other countries in South America.
• There are many other examples of each.
A country upstream can cause problems for a country downstream by damming the river and/or extracting too
much water so there is not enough available downstream. Alternatively a country upstream could pollute the river
and the waste would flow downstream and cause problems, e.g. with the country’s fisheries.
c This will depend on the country where the student lives. However, many countries do share rivers with
neighbouring countries. Initially students could study maps and, if appropriate, search for information about the
river basin on the internet at websites such as:
http://academic.evergreen.edu/g/grossmaz/oforiaa/
TASK 3
a Water pollution is increasing in China and LEDCs due to economic development. Rapid urban growth,
industrialisation, mining and modern farming methods are causing pollution.
b Water pollution can affect the health of people by causing water-borne diseases such as cholera, typhoid and
dysentery. It may reduce the size of the working population by causing the death of people in the economically
active population or by reducing their health so preventing them from working. This could slow down the economic
development of the country.
TASK 4
a Gujarat is a coastal state of north-west India, next to the border with Pakistan. It lies between latitudes 24°N and
29°N and longitudes 70°E and 78°E and is bordered by the states of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.
b They dammed a river and dug 23 wells.
c They were able to irrigate twice as much land (153 hectares rather than 85 hectares), so they are now able to grow
three crops per year. This quadrupled production per hectare and increased the income of the farmers in the village.
This meant that people no longer have to migrate from the village to look for work.
Theme 3: Case Study: Water supply in Lesotho (pages 178 and 179)
TASK 1
a Lesotho is a landlocked country in southern Africa surrounded by South Africa. At the nearest point it is
approximately 100 km from Durban which lies on the shore of the Indian Ocean. It is approximately 400 km south
of the Tropic of Capricorn.
b The relief is an advantage for economic development as much of the land in the east is high therefore there is a
high precipitation, providing sufficient water for industrial use and for the generation of HEP. This high, steep
land makes much of the land isolated as roads and railways are difficult to construct, therefore the poor transport
network is a disadvantage for economic development.
TASK 2
a The highest temperatures and precipitation occur between November and February and the lowest between May
and September. In the summer season, November to February, average temperatures are above 15°C and reach an
average of 23°C in the hottest month, December. There is an average precipitation of over 100 mm during these
months. In the winter months, between May and September, the average temperature is below 5°C and the lowest
average in July is minus 5°C. In the driest months of June and October there is an average precipitation of
only 25 mm.
b Advantages of the climate for water supply:
• Annual average precipitation of 1020 mm is high.
• Temperatures for most of the year are not too high so evaporation levels are low.
Disadvantages of the climate for water supply:
• Rainfall is not evenly distributed throughout the year: from May to the end of September there is an average of less
than 50 mm rainfall per month.
• Temperatures of below zero for part of the winter combined with low rainfall may freeze water and cause problems
with supply.
c It can provide water all year round because reservoirs are used to store water which has fallen during the wet
season. Also, precipitation falling in the wet mountainous areas can be transferred to the lower drier areas
by pipelines.
TASK 3
a Katse (1997), Mohale (2003), Mashai (2008), Tsoelike (2017), Ntoahae (2020) and Malatsi (2020).
b The western part of Lesotho has a water deficit as that is where the land is low so more people live there, but the
rainfall is relatively low, below 250 mm per year. The east has a water surplus as the high land there is sparsely
populated and average rainfall is high, over 1000 mm per year.
c Water will be transferred from storage reservoirs in the east through tunnels and pipelines, into the rivers which
flow westwards.
TASK 4
a The listed features need to be labelled onto a sketch of Source D. An outline sketch is available as a Support Sheet on
the Student CD-ROM.
b Two reasons suggested could be from:
• High rainfall
• Impermeable rocks.
• Easy to build a dam across the valley.
• A large area could be used to store water.
• In highlands so low evaporation rates.
• Sparsely populated.
• Low value land, etc.
c Other benefits might include generation of HEP, road across valley on the dam, recreation and tourism, commercial
freshwater fishing.
TASK 5
a
In favour of LHWP Against LHWP
Provides water all year round Many people had to move their homes when land was
flooded for reservoirs
Improves agricultural output as irrigation can be used Changes to culture as area becomes less isolated and
tourists visit
Triggers economic development Increased dependency (on South Africa)
New jobs provided through tourism Loss of farmland – people forced to live on colder, infertile,
steeper and higher land as reservoirs occupy former valleys
Money made from selling some of the water to South Africa
Development of infrastructure, e.g. roads, electricity supply
b Individual views will vary on this issue, but students should be able to justify them.

TASK 1
a Economic activities had little impact as economic activities were dominated by agriculture up to about 250
years ago.
b Primary activities which change the natural environment include:
• Agriculture and forestry involves the removal of natural vegetation and a change in the visual appearance of
the landscape.
• Mining and quarrying may involve areas of landscape and vegetation being destroyed as rocks are extracted on a
large scale.
• Fishing could destroy ecosystems and food chains.
Secondary activities which change the natural environment include:
• Pollution of the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels.
• Pollution of rivers by the disposal of industrial waste.
Tertiary activities which change the natural environment include:
• Atmospheric pollution from transport using roads, railways and airports.
• Loss of natural environments due to tourist activity and the construction of tourist facilities.
TASK 2
a Air pollution – mainly caused by traffic in Tokyo.
Water pollution – mainly caused by industry in Hubei province.
Noise pollution – caused by traffic in Cairo.
Visual pollution – caused by the lights in the city of Las Vegas.
b This will depend on where students live, but it is likely that all forms of pollution will be present to some extent.
TASK 3
Mining is causing pollution in the north around Shkoder and Fusche-Arrez. However, in the centre of the country at
Elbasan it is also a problem. Industry is causing pollution at more locations in Albania, particularly in the west of the
country close to the coast. Again Elbasan is one of the areas affected, though places such as Tirana, Durres and Vlore
are also affected by hazardous industrial sites.
TASK 4
a Short-wave radiation from the sun is able to pass through the atmosphere and heat the Earth. Long-wave radiation
taking this heat away from the Earth is trapped by greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere.
This is the natural greenhouse effect. However, this has been enhanced by people in the last 250 years as industries,
agriculture and transport have released more carbon dioxide, CFCs and methane, therefore enhancing the
greenhouse effect as more heat is trapped by more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
b Global temperatures are likely to have increased by approximately 4°C during the period from 1900 to 2100. The
most rapid increase has been from 1950 onwards, until then there was little change. The increase, however, has not
been continuous, it has fluctuated over short time periods.
c Industries, agriculture and transport are believed to have caused these changes, in particular the burning of fossil
fuels such as coal and oil.

TASK 1
a Sustainable development is development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs, i.e. development which allows people to produce and enjoy what they
want now without making it impossible to do so in the future.
b Social, environmental and economic.
c It is important to ensure that social and economic development occurs, but this should not damage the
environment, to ensure that it is protected for the future.
d Global agreement is difficult as each country has its own priorities and wants to ensure economic development
takes place in their country in the short-term. Long-term agreements for the future of the planet are not easy to
achieve if this prevents short-term gain for individual countries – politicians would not be popular in their own
countries and would not be re-elected if they agreed to international policies which would adversely affect their
current wealth.
TASK 2
a Mr Lagware is worried because he is a farmer and the fertility of his soil has been declining for many years. The
yields of his crops will be declining as a result of this. The government is worried too as agriculture employs 86% of
the population and it needs to become more productive to improve the trade balance of the country.
b The government has made local communities responsible for developing a sustainable approach, with the help of
various educational initiatives.
c Ways being used include:
• Increased use of phosphate and organic fertilizers and compost.
• Growing fodder crops for animals to prevent overgrazing.
• Building bunds to prevent run-off and soil erosion.
• Using high yielding seeds.
• Controlling tree cutting and replanting seedlings.
d Economically as farming is being improved in various ways farmers should benefit. Socially too they will benefit as
communities are being given responsibility for their own actions and, assuming the scheme achieves success, the
communities will grow stronger and not be broken by the economic need to migrate. Environmentally the scheme
is caring for the soil and the vegetation by the use of techniques to reduce soil erosion and deforestation.
TASK 3
a An NGO is a non-governmental organisation. It is not a part of a government or a profit making business. There
are many examples – the directory at the following website could be used to find ones in the country where the
students live.
http://www.wango.org/resources.aspx?section=ngodir
b An ecological city is one which aims to use as little non-renewable energy as possible.
c Solid waste is a major concern as people in Jakarta produce over 6000 tonnes of rubbish every day. Air pollution is
a major concern because of the large amount of traffic. Many people commute to work using cars, trucks and motor
bikes which produce emissions of gases.
d Lorries are used which use non-renewable fuels to transport waste materials and incinerators use energy to burn
waste which produces gases and causes air pollution. Far too many people drive long distances to work. There are
not enough green spaces which limit air pollution; many are becoming built up as the city grows.
e Solutions include:
• Turning solid waste into compost fertiliser.
• Replacing plastics with biodegradable materials.
• Creating workplaces close to where people live to reduce the need for long journeys to work.
• Educating the people who live in the city how to make waste into compost and making sure they have the
equipment for this.

TASK 1
a Photosynthesis occurs when energy from the sun combines with carbon dioxide and water to produce oxygen.
b The food producer shown is a type of grass.
c • If Arctic hares increased there would be less grasses growing, as the hares would overgraze them and consume
them as food supply.
• If grasses increased because of higher temperatures there may be more hares, as there is more food supply. In turn
this provides more food for Arctic foxes which may increase in number.
• If oil pollution destroyed most of the decomposers this would result in less nutrients being returned to the soil, and
dead plant and animal matter staying on the surface. Less grass would grow and a consequence of this could be a
decrease in the numbers of hares and foxes.
TASK 2
a Krill is the only food source of the baleen whale so it is very important to it.
b If krill were removed the fish and the penguins would have a reduced food source.
c Primary economic activity such as mining could destroy the habitat of the seals and penguins and their breeding
sites. Their seasonal migration patterns could be threatened by land based activities such as drilling and they could
be frightened by noise. They could be harmed by litter or machinery. Air and water pollution could be toxic to them
or their food supplies.
Secondary economic activity elsewhere is likely to pollute the atmosphere and the global circulation of these
pollutants could result in some of the toxins being deposited by precipitation in Antarctica. In addition greenhouse
gases emitted will enhance global warming, raising temperatures and causing melting of snow and ice in Antarctica
which will threaten their habitats and food supplies.
Ttertiary economic activity could involve tourists visiting from cruise ships and bringing litter to the area and oil
spillages could occur. Both would threaten species either directly or by reducing their food supply. Some animals
might become dependent on obtaining food from people rather than hunting for it.
TASK 3
a Students need to shade in all the countries with manned bases in Antarctica – see Source C.
(An outline world map is provided on the Student CD-ROM.)
Many of these manned bases belong to countries which are MEDCs as they can afford to set up bases in Antarctica.
Whilst there are many from the northern hemisphere, there are larger numbers from the southern hemisphere
because of their relative proximity to Antarctica compared to the northern hemisphere.
b Most bases are in a similar area as that area is relatively close to the southern tip of South America so it will be
much more accessible than other parts of Antarctica, either coastal or inland.
TASK 4
a Reasons include:
• The desire to expand their own territory and political influence.
• To use as a base for whaling and/or fishing.
• To explore for and exploit mineral resources such as oil, gold, silver and gas in the future.
b The 1959 Antarctic Treaty and the 1991 Madrid Protocol which prevent mining or oil-drilling until 2049.
c Countries are trying to justify their ownership by setting up their own international bases such as the British
Antarctic Territory. Some countries, like Chile, are flying out pregnant mothers to have Antarctic-born children;
other less extreme measures include the British Antarctic Territory issuing its own postage stamps.
d Oil, gas, gold, silver, chromium and uranium.

e Some countries may be tempted to ignore the treaty and attempt to exploit resources. This could cause conflict
especially as those resources could be so valuable economically as so many non-renewable resources elsewhere are
being exhausted. Also, enhanced global warming is slowly destroying parts of Antarctica by melting the ice and it is
possible that some countries will want to exploit it while it is still possible.
TASK 5
Certainly Antarctica is remote and many parts are indeed inaccessible as a result of the great distance from many other
areas of land and the extreme climate which make transport to many areas virtually impossible. However, it is not
totally inaccessible and on coastal parts, especially those closest to South America, there is already considerable human
activity, including many manned bases and tourist activities. The existence of a radio station, banks, hospital and
schools in Frei, e.g. and the ease by which a mobile phone signal and internet access can be gained from there may be
surprising to many students. It must be remembered, however, that the base at Frei is just one small part of Antarctica.
Theme 3: Case Study: Fracking in California, USA (pages 186 and 187)
TASK 1
a A process for extracting oil and natural gas from the ground by blasting oil and chemicals into underground rocks.
b Primary economic activity.
c It is taking place because:
• Countries want to develop their own energy resources rather than relying on other countries.
• Costs of fracking have come down so it can be used economically.
d Companies drill down into the layers of shale and small holes are blasted into these underground rocks. Then a
mixture of water, sand and chemicals is pumped in, fracturing the shale and allowing gas to escape into the well.
TASK 2
a Monterey shale is approximately 100 km inland just to the east of the San Andreas Fault between Bakersfield
and Modesto in California. Santos shale is around Santa Barbara, to the south of the Monterey shale, just on and
offshore at the edge of the Pacific Ocean, north-west of Los Angeles.
b Santa Barbara, Bakersfield, Fresno, Visalia, Shafter
c Almost 600 wells have already been located in California over an area of 4000 sq km. They could supply California
with oil for the next 21 years. Large amounts of revenue will be raised and many jobs will be created in California.
TASK 3
a Reasons why the USA does not want to depend on other countries for its energy supplies are:
• the high cost of importing oil
• global conflicts could cut off the supply of imported oil
• much oil and gas is extracted from countries whose governments the USA have problems with, therefore the supply
cannot be guaranteed.
b It will be very important as the shale deposits under California contain 65% of the USA’s oil deposits, enough to
meet the country’s oil demand for many years.
c It will create up to 200 000 jobs and raise millions of dollars for the state economy.
TASK 4
a People could suffer if:
• The quality of drinking water is reduced. If chemicals used in fracking get into drinking water supplies it could
cause them to be ill or die.
• The air is polluted they will have to breathe toxic fumes.
• Fracking causes minor earthquakes which could crack the walls of their homes.
Wildlife could suffer if:
• It is poisoned by pollution of its water supplies.
• Forests and other vegetation are cleared to build the well heads as habitat will be lost so they will either die or move
away. This may cause endangered species such as the California condor to be further threatened.
Other effects on the natural environment could be:
• The height of the water table could be lowered as a result of removing water from some areas and pumping it into
the rocks.
• Methane released in the process could further enhance the greenhouse effect and trap more heat in the
atmosphere.
• The underground rocks could become less stable and tectonic activity could increase.
b There is no right or wrong answer; the justification is important.
TASK 5
It is possible that fracking will be being considered in many countries and students should see whether their country
is one of them by doing an internet search. Canada, China, Australia, the UK, Germany, Russia, Bulgaria, Denmark,
Poland and South Africa are just a few of the many examples.
Exam-style Question on Development (page 188)

a i The total value of all the goods and services produced by a country in a year including income from abroad,
divided by the number of people living there. (1)
ii United States is higher/Bolivia is lower. United States is $US43 801–102 800 compared with Bolivia
$US400–6200.(2)
iii Ideas such as United States has:
• more industries or is industrialised
• more business and commerce
• earns more from tourism
• has better educated people/more skills
• has been industrialised for much longer, etc.
NB Accept reference to United States as above or reverse ideas relating to Bolivia. (3)
iv Indicators such as :
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (1) – the higher the value of goods and services produced by a country
in a year the more developed it is.
• Life expectancy (1) – the higher the average age to which a person lives the more developed the country is.
• Infant mortality rate (1) – the higher the number of babies, per 1000 live births, who die under the
age of one the less developed the country is.
• People living below US$1 per day (1) – the higher the percentage the less developed the country is.
• Population with access to clean water and sanitation (1) – the higher the percentage the more developed
the country is.
• The average number of people per doctor (1) – the higher the figure the less developed the country is.
• Children and young people who attend school (1) – the higher the percentage the more developed
the country is.
• Literacy rate (1) – the higher the percentage that can read and write the more developed the country is.
NB 2 marks for stating the indicators and 2 marks for an explanation. (4)
b i Ideas such as:

• Increase in tertiary employment.
• Decrease in primary employment.
• Increase in secondary employment up to 1970 then decrease from then. (3)
ii Ideas such as:
• Exhaustion of primary resource.
• Some primary resources (e.g. coal) become uneconomical to mine.
• As countries develop it is cheaper to import raw materials/manufactured goods.
• Mechanisation of primary/secondary activities (for example).
• Increase in education/skills.
• More demand for services (or examples) as country becomes more wealthy.
• Development of tourism/recreation/leisure as country develops, etc. (5)
c Levels of response marking
Level 1 (1–3 marks)

Statements including limited detail which describe the impacts of a transnational corporation.

Uses named example. More developed statements which describe the impacts of a transnational corporation.
NB Maximum 5 marks if no named example, or inappropriate example.
Level 3 (7 marks)
Uses named example. Comprehensive and accurate statements including some place-specific reference.
Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to positive and negative impacts such as:
• Employment
• Infrastructural development
• Multiplier effect
• Exploitation
• Low pay
• Dependency, etc
Place-specific reference is likely to consist of:
• named locations within the chosen area
• specific details about the transnational corporation, etc. (7)
(25 marks)
Exam-Style Question on Tourism (page 189)

a i Temple (1)
ii Some people may go to relax on the beaches/hot springs, others may hike/sightsee in the mountains,
while others may look at wildlife in the national park, etc. (2)
iii Ideas such as:
• Loss of vegetation/deforestation when building hotels and other facilities.
• Destruction of habitat.
• Negative impact on food chains.
• Sea/river pollution from disposal of sewage.
• Litter may harm wildlife.
• Atmospheric pollution from vehicles and aircraft.
• Destruction of coral reef, etc. (3)
iv Ideas such as:
• High temperatures may attract tourists (in temperate areas).
• In tropical countries tourists may seek cooler temperatures.
• Long sunshine hours attract tourists.
• And low amounts of rainfall are attractive.
• In some areas tourists could be attracted by snow (for winter sports).
• And temperatures below zero, etc. (4)
b i Features such as:
• The residences consist of apartments.
• There are several storeys/three storeys.
• There are balconies.
• There is a swimming pool in front of the buildings.
• The buildings have sea/mountain views.
• The buildings are landscaped/have palm trees in front of them, etc. (3)
ii Ideas such as:
Advantages:
• Employment in construction.
• Employment in tourist industry (for example).
• Increased trade for taxi drivers.
• Development of infrastructure (for example).
• More trade for shopkeepers.
• Farmers may have larger market for crops grown, etc.
Disadvantages:
• Noise may disturb local people.
• Congestion on roads.
• Loss of farmland for construction.
• Loss of local culture.
• Tourist behaviour may offend local religious/cultural values (for example).
• Air pollution from extra transport, etc. (5)
NB Maximum 3 marks on each of benefits and disadvantages.

Statements including limited detail which explain how tourism is managed so that it is sustainable.

Uses named example.
More developed statements which explain how tourism is managed so that it is sustainable.
Level 3 (7 marks)
Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to ideas such as:

• Creation of national parks.
• Ecotourism.
• Biosphere reserves.
• Litter bins/removal.
• Teaching tourists about the impact of their actions/posters/information boards.
• Restrictions on numbers/opening times.
• Fencing areas off, etc.
• named locations within the chosen area or country
• specific details about the policies, etc. (7)
(25 marks)
Exam-Style Question on Industry/Food Production (page 190)

a i The production of a product by carrying out a series of processes to convert inputs into outputs. (1)
ii In an assembly industry the inputs will be component parts/made in another factory. In a processing
industry the inputs will be raw materials/obtained from the primary sector. (2)
iii Examples include:
• Pharmaceuticals.
• Communications equipment/mobile phones.
• Equipment for aerospace industries.
• Making computer hardware (for example).
• Developing computer software, etc. (3)
iv Ideas such as:
• Industries may want to locate close to where products are sold/the market.
• As this may reduce the costs of transporting finished products.
• This is especially true if the products are bulky, heavy, expensive to transport and more. Expensive to transport
than the inputs.
• Or if they are perishable.
• As they need to be sold quickly before they rot/go off/perish.
• Therefore there are many industries close to where people live in large urban areas. (4)
b i Differences such as:
• B is arable, but C is pastoral/mixed.
• B is more intensive than C.
• B has an output of rice, but C has an output of milk/meat.
• In B harvesting will be a process, but in C the farmer will need to milk cows.
• Manure/fertiliser may be an input of B, but an output of C, etc. (3)
ii For either photograph credit references to:
Natural factors
• Relief, e.g. in C much of the land is not flat enough for crops, but the animals can cope with steeper slopes.
• Soil type, e.g. in C soils may be thin and poor so animals are kept as yields from crops would be low.
• Precipitation, e.g. in B there may be a wet season so there is sufficient water for the rice to grow and be flooded
during the early stages of growth.
• Temperatures, e.g. in B temperatures do not fall below zero so crops which are sensitive to frost can be grown.
• Sunshine, e.g. there is sufficient sunshine to ripen the crop.
Human factors
• Market, e.g. there may be more people living in the area shown by photograph B requiring rice as their
staple diet, etc. (5)
NB Credit 1 mark for a factor and development marks for elaboration/exemplification.

Statements including limited detail which describe the effects of food shortages.

Uses named example. More developed statements which describe the effects of food shortages.
NB Maximum 5 marks if no named or inappropriate example.
Level 3 (7 marks)
Content Guide
• Death and/or starvation.

• Malnutrition.
• Impacts on agricultural output.
• Outward migration.
• Reduction in capacity to work.
• Civil war/conflict.
• Need for aid/dependency, etc.
• specific details about the impacts, e.g. number of deaths, etc. (7)
(25 marks)
Exam-Style Question on Energy/Water (page 191)

a i 5400 to 5600 billion kilowatt-hours (1)
ii Changes such as increases in the use of:
• renewable energy
• coal
• natural gas. (2)
iii Examples such as:
• Wind power.
• Solar power.
• Tidal power.
• Geothermal power.
• Hydro-electric power/HEP, etc. (3)
iv Ideas such as:
• They are running out of fossil fuels.
• Fossil fuels have become very expensive.
• They want to reduce their dependence on imported supplies and avoid being politically and
economically dependent.
• There is great concern about the environmental impacts of burning fossil fuels.
• Renewable sources are less likely to pollute the atmosphere and cause acid rain and enhanced
global warming, etc. (4)
b i • They are spread widely across the United States.
• They are unevenly distributed.
• There are more in the east than the west.
• Many are clustered around the coast/Great Lakes, etc. (3)
ii There will be conflicts/differing views as:
• Nuclear power stations are expensive to build.
• Nuclear power stations could cause radiation.
• Nuclear waste is difficult to dispose of.
• People may favour nuclear power as the average cost of nuclear power is low.
• One nuclear power station can generate large amounts of energy.
• In order to generate the same quantity of energy renewable sources would potentially cause much more
environmental destruction, e.g. loss of vegetation and habitat, and over a wider area.
• Nuclear power stations do not cause atmospheric pollution/give off greenhouse gases. (5)

Statements including limited detail which explain how a country obtains its water supplies.

Uses named example.
More developed statements which explain how a country obtains its water supplies.
Level 3 (7 marks)
Content Guide
• Reservoirs/dams
• Use of aquifer/wells
• Desalination
• Use of rivers
• Pipelines/water transfer schemes
• Waste water treatment/ recycling, etc.

• specific details of water supply schemes, etc. (7)
(25 marks)
Global Issue 3 Reduce, re-use and recycle (page 192)

TASK 1
a Young children from poor families.
b Waste which can be recycled is collected from people’s homes for recycling by local councils and this service is paid
for through taxes.
c Recycling saves resources and energy as the materials can be used again. This helps to make resources last longer
and ensures there is less damage to ecosystems. Also disposal of refuse is expensive, takes up valuable land and
damages the environment. The more materials are recycled the less problems there will be.
TASK 2
a Garden waste, paper, kitchen waste
b This will vary from country to country. Students may be able to make estimates based on simple surveys.
TASK 3
a Sustainable Dave. He is nicknamed this as he and his wife and two daughters keep all the rubbish for recycling or
storage in his basement. Almost nothing is thrown away.
b The amount of his waste has been considerably reduced – only 15 kg of waste is not stored or recycled compared
with the average American family which produces 725 kg.
The exam-style questions, sample answers and mark schemes are written by the authors. In examinations, the
way marks are awarded may be different.

IGCSE-OL Geo CB Answers Theme 3 Economic Development

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IGCSE-OL Geo CB Answers Theme 3 Economic Development

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Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Geography Teacher’s Resource Answers to coursebook questions

Theme 3: Topic 43 (pages 134 and 135)

Theme 3: Topic 44 (pages 136 and 137)

Theme 3: Topic 45 (pages 138 and 139)

Theme 3: Topic 46 (pages 140 and 141)

Theme 3: Topic 47 (pages 142 and 143)

Theme 3: Case Study: A transnational corporation – Nokia, Finland

Theme 3: Topic 48 (pages 146 and 147)

Theme 3: Case Study: An arable farm in Lincolnshire, UK

Theme 3: Topic 49 (pages 150 and 151)

b Haiti, Guatemala, North Korea and Tajikistan.

Theme 3: Case Study: Food shortages in Darfur, Sudan

• There is only a short wet season.

Theme 3: Topic 50 (pages 154 and 155)

Theme 3: Topic 51 (pages 156 and 157)

Location factor Questions to ask

Theme 3: Case Study: The Pakistan Steel complex at Pipri,

Theme 3: Topic 52 (pages 160 and 161)

Theme 3: Topic 53 (pages 162 and 163)

b Benefits will include:

Theme 3: Topic 54 (pages 164 and 165)

Theme 3: Case Study: An area where tourism is important – Dubai,

Theme 3: Topic 55 (pages 168 and 169)

Theme 3: Topic 56 (pages 170 and 171)

Against the statement:

Theme 3: Case Study: Energy supply in Iceland

Disadvantages are that:

Theme 3: Topic 57 (pages 174 and 175)

Theme 3: Topic 58 (pages 176 and 177)

Theme 3: Topic 59 (pages 180 and 181)

Theme 3: Topic 60 (pages 182 and 183)

Theme 3: Topic 61 (pages 184 and 185)

d Oil, gas, gold, silver, chromium and uranium.

b There is no right or wrong answer; the justification is important.

Exam-style Question on Development (page 188)

b i Ideas such as:

Level 1 (1–3 marks)

Level 2 (4–6 marks)

NB Maximum 5 marks if no named example, or inappropriate example.

Exam-Style Question on Tourism (page 189)

Level 1 (1–3 marks)

Level 2 (4–6 marks)

NB Maximum 5 marks if no named example, or inappropriate example.

Answers are likely to refer to ideas such as:

Exam-Style Question on Industry/Food Production (page 190)

c Levels of response marking

Level 1 (1–3 marks)

Level 2 (4–6 marks)

NB Maximum 5 marks if no named or inappropriate example.

Answers are likely to refer to ideas such as:

• Death and/or starvation.

Exam-Style Question on Energy/Water (page 191)

Level 1 (1–3 marks)

Level 2 (4–6 marks)

NB Maximum 5 marks if no named example, or inappropriate example.

Answers are likely to refer to ideas such as:

• named locations within the chosen area or country

Global Issue 3 Reduce, re-use and recycle (page 192)

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