IGCSE-OL Geo CB Answers Theme 1 Population Settlement

Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Geography Teacher’s Resource Answers to coursebook questions
Theme 1: Topic 1 (pages 4 and 5)

TASK 1
a 1 to 2 billion = 123 years
6 to 7 billion = 12 years
b Problems could be selected such as:
• lack of food supplies
• unemployment
• shortage of housing
• depletion of natural resources such as fossil fuels
• pressure on services or examples such as hospitals or educational establishments
• traffic congestion
• any environmental issue such as atmospheric pollution or deforestation.
The explanation will depend on each of the problems chosen, e.g. the lack of food supplies will be difficult to
overcome as there will not only be more mouths to feed, but less land on which to grow crops and raise animals.
Migration to urban areas means many people will not be able to produce their own food and those people who live
there in extreme poverty will be unable to afford to buy it.
c Changes in birth and death rates which result in changes to the total population are not always predictable. Wars,
social and economic changes may have unforeseen effects. Unexpected cures may be found for killer diseases or
new diseases could emerge and cause pandemics. In addition, in many LEDCs population figures and projections
can only be rough estimates due to the difficultly of carrying out a census in remote areas and these could be
hopelessly wrong.
TASK 2
People lived longer at the end of the 20th century due to:
• improvement in health care facilities

• increased availability of medicines and doctors
• more and better quality food available
• improvement in water supplies
• improvement in sanitation and hygiene
• reduction in wars and conflicts
• availability of benefits, e.g. pensions, etc.
In some parts of the world there was no reduction in the numbers of children being born due to:
• the lack of birth control/contraception/abortion

• little education of women/about birth control/impacts of large families
• many people being unable to afford contraception
• people wanted children to work on the land/to send out to work to earn money to look after parents in old age
• few government instigated anti-natal policies/government incentives to have more children
• impact of tradition/religious influences
• high infant mortality rate/people had greater number of children in the hope some will survive, etc.
TASK 3
a Most students are likely to agree with the warning by Eric Tayag and the explanation will revolve around his
comments in the final paragraph of Source C (i.e. the lack of food, clean water, shelter, education, etc.) and perhaps
further evidenced by the earlier answer to Task 1 b.
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Geography Teacher’s Resource © Cambridge University Press 2018
9781316503614_13_Answers to tasks Theme 1.indd 1 10/24/17 9:27 PM

b Possible answers include:

• Government anti-natal policy
• Improvements in birth control
• Investment in the education of women
• Legislation to reduce the employment of children
• Investment in pensions/elderly care infrastructure, etc.
c The main message is the worry/fear/apprehension due to the growth of the population. ‘The world’ is worried about
the impacts of this. Reference could be made to the pumpkin which may indicate that it is Halloween when visitors,
like the stork, visit homes to ‘trick or treat’. The baby could be seen as a source of celebration (treat), but also one
which is worrying (trick).


TASK 1
Over-population occurs when there are too many people for the available resources.
Under-population occurs when there are too few people to fully use the available resources.
TASK 2
a Optimum population is when there is a balance between the population and resources available so that all resources
can be exploited, but not put under strain.
b The country could have large quantities of resources, so that even a large number of people could be supported.
c The country could be lacking in resources, so that even with a small population the resources may not be sufficient.
TASK 3
a Singapore, Israel and Kuwait.
b Students need to research any of these three countries to discover why it is over-populated. They should be able to
find references to either a large population or a small amount of resources, possibly both depending on which of the
countries they select. What they all have in common is their lack of resources in relation to their population size,
which should emerge from the research.
TASK 4
Students need to develop each of the ideas listed in Source E. Development of ideas is important in the examinations as
students gain more marks for developing their ideas than making simple statements.
Problems caused by over-population:
• Not enough housing – squatter settlements develop where people live in squalor.
• Water and air pollution – cause diseases such as lung diseases and water-borne diseases.
• Shortage of food and water – people suffer starvation and dehydration.
• High crime rates – people become desperate to stay alive.
• Not enough health care and education – levels of disease remain high and literacy levels low.
• Lack of employment – many people have to make a living in the informal sector or remain in poverty.
• Poverty – people cannot afford to send their children to school.
Problems caused by under-population:
• Shortage of workers – immigration is encouraged which may cause conflicts.

• Low level of production – there is little to export.
• Resources underused – causes wastage.
• High taxes – as there are so few people contributing to the economy.
• Lack of government income – to provide expensive services, such as education and health care, for relatively few
people/people who may be widely spread.
• Small market for goods and services – does not encourage domestic industry.
• Low value of exports – there may be little development of primary industry or manufacturing.
TASK 5
The example at the top represents over-population which is caused by large numbers of people exploiting resources
using low levels of technology.
The one below shows less population, yet due to higher levels of technology resources may be more rapidly exploited,
hence the same end result.

Theme 1: Case Study: Over-population – Nigeria (pages 8 and 9)

TASK 1
a Nigeria has 15% of Africa’s total population, but only makes up 3% of the land.
In Nigeria 60% of the population live on less than $1 a day and are unable to afford basic resources.
b Pressure on natural resources occurs when there are so many people wanting materials that occur on, or under the
Earth’s surface, that there are not enough to go round.
Lack of essential services means that there are not enough of the amenities which people need in their everyday
lives, such as schools and hospitals.
Inadequate sanitation occurs when the sewage and drainage systems are not good enough to deal with the waste
water and human waste.
TASK 2
a Not enough housing in Kano – this can be caused by too many people living there for the housing stock available.
Building materials may be in short supply as so many people require them.
Pollution of air and water in Port Harcourt – this can be caused by the large numbers of people who are living and
working there, extracting and processing resources such as oil.
Shortage of food and water in Yola – there are so many mouths to feed it is likely to result in food shortages,
especially if land previously used for farmland is built on to house and employ growing populations.
High crime rates in Jos – poverty and unemployment, the result of too many people for the available jobs, will
inevitably result in crime as people become more desperate.
Not enough health care and schools in Ibadan – the burden of the costs of health care and education cannot be met
by governments if there are too many demands for the available resources from large and growing populations.
Congested roads in Lagos – large numbers of people living and working in the city need transport, yet the road
system is inadequate to deal with the number of commercial and private vehicles using it.
b Students need to research any one of the problems from Source A in a named town or city in Nigeria. Whilst there
are a number of urban areas in Nigeria the main problems tend to be concentrated in Lagos and Port Harcourt,
which house a large percentage of the population. There is a wealth of information on traffic problems, housing
shortages, poverty and crime in these cities.
TASK 3
Students are likely to include references to issues such as:
• traffic problems
• pollution
• crime
• lack of services/utilities
• poor quality/overcrowded housing.
All are evidenced in Sources B, C and D.

Theme 1: Case Study: Under-population – Australia

(pages 10 and 11)
TASK 1
Australia has a much smaller population than the USA, yet the area of land is only slightly smaller which suggests that
the area of land available in Australia could accommodate more people. The map in Source A shows vast empty areas,
apart from around the coast. The relatively low production of oil and gas, and the low value of exports in relation to
the USA, could suggest that resources are under-exploited or there may not be enough workforce to fully exploit them.
TASK 2
a From: give benefits to people for having more children; relaxing visa regulations so more immigrants can get
citizenship, expanding the economy.
b From: there could be a shortage of water supplies; shortage of land for farming; communication difficulties/many
non-English speakers/culture conflict.
c Whilst much of the country is empty they claim that those areas are not habitable and there is little land on which
to produce food as much of the land is desert.


TASK 1
a Birth rate is the average number of babies born per 1000 of the population per year.
Death rate is the average number of people who die in a country per 1000 of the population per year.
Net migration is the average number of immigrants minus the average number of emigrants per 1000 of the
population per year.
b Natural population change does not include the impacts of migration, however overall population change does.
c The death rate could be higher than the birth rate and/or emigration could result in a population decline.
d Only high levels of immigration would cause a high rate of population growth in a country with a low birth rate.
An ageing population could cause population growth, but this is unlikely to be a high rate.
TASK 2
a +13.9 per 1000 (18.7 birth rate – 4.8 death rate)
b −0.9 (−0.4 natural population change plus −0.5 net migration)
c The bar graph will be plotted based on the following statistics:
Belgium +0.5 Greece +0.3 India 12.8 Morocco 10.2 Poland −0.9
d Overall rate will depend on country researched – calculated by birth rate – death rate +/− net migration.
TASK 3
a The area to be shaded lies between the lines showing birth rate and death rate, with the exception of the period in
Stage 1 when death rate is higher than birth rate.
b Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4
Birth rate High High Decreasing Low
Death rate High Decreasing Decreasing/low Low
Natural increase Fluctuating Large increase Slower increase Small increase
c There is a large birth rate, but the death rate is falling so there is a big difference between birth and death rates
causing a large population increase.
d Birth rate and death rates are similar – the birth rate is only slightly higher than the death rate as birth rates have
fallen in Stage 3.
e Stage 5 to be marked on diagram with the death rate slightly above the birth rate.


TASK 1
a Europe, Asia, Africa
b Students will only be able to estimate figures from the graph and a large tolerance will be required (statistics used
below are from internet sources)
Europe (0.549 to 0.709 billion)

North America (0.171 to 0.446 billion)
Oceania (0.012 to 0.056 billion)
Latin America (0.150 to 0.782 billion)
Africa (0.228 to 2.393 billion)
Asia (1.395 to 5.164 billion)
The most rapid increases are likely to be in Asia, Africa and Latin America.
TASK 2
a Libya, Madagascar, Pakistan, Brazil, Germany
b The paragraph should point out the higher rates of population growth in Africa than in Europe and illustrate with
examples. It should also refer to the wider variation within Africa than in Europe and may refer to anomalies in
some African countries where population growth is just as low as it is in Europe. They should give examples of
countries to back up their comparisons, e.g. Libya 4% compared to Sweden 0–0.5%.
TASK 3
a New Zealand, Angola
b The general relationship is that the higher the GDP per capita the lower the rates of population growth. This should
be illustrated by using statistics for contrasting countries such as Denmark (US$37 600 and 0.23 per 1000) and
South Sudan (US$785 and 4.23 per 1000).
c China appears to be an anomaly as its population growth rate is much lower than the norm for a country at that
level of GDP.
TASK 4
a The paragraph should focus on issues such as:
• access to birth control/contraception/abortion
• education of women about birth control and the impacts of large families
• availability of careers for women
• ability to afford contraception
• the need for children to work on the land/to send out to work to earn money to look after parents in old age
• the cost of raising children
• government instigated anti-natal or pro-natal policies
• the impact of tradition/religious/cultural influences
• infant mortality rates, etc.
Ideas should be developed and examples used from Sources D and E for illustration.
b Death rates influence growth as growth rates are calculated by subtracting death rate from birth rate.
Migration influences growth rates as positive net migration will increase growth rates, whilst negative net
migration will have the opposite effect.

Theme 1: Case Study: High rate of natural population

growth – Niger (pages 16 and 17)
TASK 1
Niger is in West Africa. It is approximately 1500–1800 km from west to east and 1400–1600 km from north to south.
Niger is:
• north of Nigeria
• west/north-west of Chad
• south/south-east of Algeria
• south/south-west of Libya
• east of Mali, etc.
TASK 2
a Answers will depend on the country in which the student is living.
b If the student is living in an MEDC it is likely that in comparison, Niger’s:
• population growth rate will be higher
• life expectancy will be shorter
• literacy will be lower
• GDP per capita will be lower
• population below poverty line will be higher
• a greater percentage of the workforce will work in agriculture.
Even if students live in an LEDC it is likely that many of the indicators listed above will indicate that Niger has a
greater level of poverty.
TASK 3
a Students draw a line graph.
b decreased/higher/33.7/lower
c Niger is in Stage 3, as the birth rate is high, but falling, and the death rate is much lower with the decrease having
slowed down. Some students may suggest the end of Stage 2 as the birth rate is much higher than the death rate.
However this stage would not be expecting a fall in birth rate (unless it is part of one of the small fluctuations shown).
TASK 4
The task is based on a consideration of the reasons why death rates have been reduced such as:
• the improvement in health care facilities
• the increased availability of medicines and doctors
• more vaccines/inoculation
• more and better quality food available
• the improvement in water supplies
• the improvement in sanitation and hygiene
• better education about health and hygiene
• reduction in wars and conflicts, etc.
There is no correct order of importance, but groups should justify their order.

TASK 5
The spider diagram will contain reasoning which includes:
• lack of birth control/contraception/abortion
• little education of women/about birth control/impacts of large families
• many people are unable to afford contraception
• people want children to work on the land/to send out to work to earn money to look after parents in old age
• the impact of tradition/religious influences
• high infant mortality rate/people had greater number of children in the hope some will survive, etc.
TASK 6
a The poster will be based on information in Source E. Its content should refer to:
• the importance of family planning
• education about family planning
• reducing the age of marriage.
b Difficulties may include:
• the influence of religion is very difficult to overcome
• tradition/culture hard to change, especially if many people are uneducated
• many people are hard to reach as they live in isolated areas/are nomadic, so the distribution of contraceptives/
family planning advice is very difficult and expensive for an LEDC
• many people have large families for economic reasons and will be reluctant to reduce family size as they perceive
that this will result in less future wealth.

Theme 1: Case Study: Population decline – Russia (pages 18 and 19)

TASK 1
a Tajikistan
b Allow a tolerance of 4–5 per 1000 using the scale on Source A.
c Any three from: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia.
TASK 2
a • Increased up to 1991 after which it began to decline.
• Approximately 120 million in 1960, by 1991 had reached 150 million, but by 2013 was down to 143 million.
• It is expected to have steeply declined to 67 million by 2100.
b Death rates are high because of high levels of alcoholism, heart disease and accidents.
Birth rates are low because Russian women prefer to have careers rather than large numbers of children.
Population is lost through migration as more people move out of Russia than into the country.
TASK 3
a The birth rate declined overall during the period though there were times when it rose slightly, e.g the 1970s and
early 1980s. Steep declines occurred in the early 1960s and early 1990s, since when rates have fluctuated with a
slight overall increase.
The death rate has generally increased during the period though again there have been fluctuations, especially since
2000 when, in some years, death rates have fallen.
b Population increased up to 1991 and in that year it remained the same, decreasing in all years after 1991.
TASK 4
a The population of Russia fell between 1990 and 2004, but in all the other countries it rose. It is projected that
the population in Russia will continue to fall by 2020. This trend is also projected for Germany, Italy and Japan,
however the decline in Russia is expected to be greater. Life expectancy is significantly lower in Russia than in the
other seven countries. It increased between 1990 and 2013 in all countries, but in Russia this increase has been
extremely small in comparison to the other countries.
Students should support their statements by the use of statistics derived from Source D.
b Reasons will relate to the falling birth rates and increasing death rates, plus negative net migration.
TASK 5
a This provides an opportunity for creative writing and students to empathise with Russian parents. Advantages
should include government financial incentives as detailed in Source E though some students may well refer in
some detail to other less tangible benefits. Problems should include the difficulties and costs of bringing up children
and balancing this with having a career.
b Suggestions might include:
• to reduce the rates of population decline and to increase the population
• so that the country does not become under-populated
• so that all its resources are fully utilised
• that there will be enough workers in future
• that there will be enough people to defend the country in future, etc.


TASK 1
a Ideas such as:
• planning effectively for the future
• to reduce/increase population growth to deal with the impacts of over-population or under-population
• to influence migration into the country.
b Government policies are unlikely to focus on death rates because:
• economic development is likely to reduce death rates anyway, so government intervention is not necessary
• increasing death rates will be impractical or inhumane
• they do not propose mass emigration or immigration, as this will have too many negative impacts on culture and
may lead to immense social problems.
c From: extra taxes for a third child, no paid maternity leave for the third child, parents with more than two children
could not enrol in best schools.
TASK 2
a Number of children per woman reduced on average from 4.8 to 2 over 10 years, with further reductions in the
following decades.
b Population had become too low to provide a young, vibrant workforce for the future.
c From: tax rebates for the third child, subsidies for day care, priority for large families in enrolling at the best
schools/gaining housing, extended sick leave and maternity leave.
d People wanted to pursue their careers and preferred material wealth. Later marriage made it difficult to increase
average family size.
TASK 3
a Data to be graphed. There are various possibilities. Compound bar or line graphs would be effective.
b Estimate of growth is 929 million. Little expected change between 2025 and 2050 suggests stability will be achieved.
c 0–4 age group decreases from 1995 onwards. However, 50+ age group increases throughout the period.
d Problems could include reference to:
• large numbers of elderly people supported by the shrinking working population
• shortage of workers/people to defend country, etc.
Suggestions about how these may be overcome could include reference to:
• relaxation of anti-natal policies (or use of pro-natal policies)
• policies to attract immigrants, etc.
TASK 4
a To address problems such as:
• selective abortion/female infanticide
• falling working population
• imbalance of male/females in the future, etc.
b It will not be until 2030 that these extra babies will be old enough to join the workforce or have children themselves.

c There are many possible answers here which could refer to impacts on society and/or the economy.
It could be argued that social problems could be reduced, with problems caused by the one-child policy (such as
female infanticide and ‘little Emperor syndrome’) being reduced. It could be argued that this would be a fairer and
more compassionate policy. Economically in the short-term those organisations making money from abortions/
sterilisation may see business reduced, however it will benefit those companies in the future who will require a
young, vibrant workforce. Educational organisations may well have difficulties in accommodating extra children in
years to come, though this may create more employment.
Such pressures may also be felt by the health care system, especially maternity units and nurseries. However,
benefits may be seen in the creation of more jobs as midwives and child care assistants, etc.


TASK 1
a The movement of people from one place to another in order to live or work.
b Involuntary migrants are forced to move – they have no choice, unlike voluntary migrants. Internal migrants move
within the country, unlike international migrants who move from one country to another.
c An immigrant moves into a country whilst an emigrant moves out of it.
TASK 2
a There are many examples which can be used. These include those in Source B (see below).
b Asylum seeker – migrants from Indonesia to Australia.
Refugee – Syrian migrants to Lebanon.
Illegal immigrant – migrant from Cuba to USA.
Economic – migrant from Zimbabwe to South Africa.
c To be completed using world map outline (available on the Student CD).
d This will depend on the country, but it needs to be within the country not international. In LEDCs this may well
be from a rural area to an urban area. In MEDCs it may be from one region to another, though there are also many
examples of rural to urban migration or urban to rural migration which could be used.
TASK 3
PUSH FACTORS PULL FACTORS
Physical Physical
Natural disaster More reliable food supply
Harsh climate
Crop failure
Economic Economic
Unemployment Work
Low-paid jobs Better-paid jobs
Farm too small Chance to improve
Social Social
Poor housing/shelter Higher education
Few schools Join family
No electricity Better housing/shelter
Poor water supply Electricity supply
Few doctors/clinics Water supply
Poor transport More reliable transport
Lack of safety More doctors/hospitals
Safer
Better entertainment
Bright lights/word of mouth
Political Political
Civil war Freedom of speech
Persecution

TASK 4
a Intervening obstacles may be less for internal migration. For example, language differences are less likely and the
distance, and therefore cost, is likely to be less. There will be no issues with passports and visas.
b The Mediterranean Sea.
c Too many people are being transported on the boats being used to cross the Mediterranean Sea. They may also refer
to the indirect effects of illness, lack of hygiene, infection through crowding/previous illnesses, lack of food/water
for days, poor navigational skills, un-seaworthy boats.


TASK 1
a The shoe shiner requires fewer skills and can determine his own working hours so he can work longer or shorter
hours than the nurses. He has no guaranteed income and is unlikely to pay tax. Job satisfaction will vary, but is
likely to be less than that for the nurses.
Nurses require more skills and need training. Working hours will be more regular. They will receive more and
regular pay, and will pay tax. They are likely to have greater job satisfaction.
b Shoe shining is informal, nursing is formal. The shoe shiner works for himself whenever and wherever he wants;
he is his own boss. Nurses work for an organisation and are managed by others. They work in fixed places and have
fixed hours, pay and holidays. Some explanation may be drawn from some of the ideas in a.
c Nursing may be carried out by migrant workers, as in the UK there is a shortage of people prepared and qualified
to do this job. Migrants will be happy to fill these posts as the pay will probably be greater than in their home
countries. The shoe shiner is likely to be a migrant worker, as many migrants lack the education and skills to secure
other employment. They may also have entered the country illegally so adopt a low profile.
TASK 2
Positive impacts may include:
• For migrant: regular work, learns new skills, earns money, better standard of living/quality of life.
• For origin: money sent home, lowers population so more resources for the rest.
• For destination: vacancies in areas where there is a shortage of workers, often filled at low cost.
Negative impacts may include:
• For migrant: has to live away from home, misses family/friends, low pay, long hours, poor working conditions,
language/communication difficulties, racial/cultural problems.
• For origin: family issues often due to male leaving, loss of male workforce.
• For destination: influx of migrants may cause resentment with indigenous workers, culture conflicts, may not be
able to provide enough housing leading to slums.
TASK 3
a Migrants may not be wanted and/or liked for many reasons including:
• prejudice/lack of understanding
• xenophobia/fear of loss of indigenous ‘culture’
• fear of competition for jobs
• lack of suitable space for housing
• increased pressure on education/health care
• fear of crime/unrest
• worry over increased taxation/benefit costs, etc.
Migrants may not be treated or paid well because:
• some employers may exploit them
• they may have few/no skills or experience
• some may be desperate/illegal and prepared to accept any pay or conditions, etc.
b Governments need to legislate and ensure that any legislation is supported by constant monitoring and legal action
against employers who do not treat the migrants fairly. Education and promotional campaigns may also be used to
back up any legislation and try to change attitudes.

TASK 4
a Push factors such as:
• isolation/poor transport links/remoteness
• civil war
• money from farming is poor
• lack of social life for young
• lack of loyalty/sense of community to the area, etc.
Pull factors such as:
• better pay in cities
• better living conditions
• less hard work in city jobs
• less remote.
b Impacts such as:
• 140 population now reduced to 4 people
• lack of community/not many neighbours/no social life
• closure of primary school
• conversion of homes into barns and sheds.
c Involuntary migration would have occurred as a result of civil war, revolution and possibly hunger. People would
have had no choice, otherwise they would have lost their lives. Hunger may also have caused involuntary migration
if starvation was likely to have resulted in the village, so people would have been forced to either move or starve.
The recent migrations, resulting from economic growth and movement to the cities, would have been voluntary
as the migrants were economic migrants who simply wanted to earn more money and improve their standard
of living.
TASK 5
Views will vary between individual students. They should be encouraged to justify their views and give clear reasons.

Theme 1: Case Study: An international migration – Qatar

(pages 26 and 27)
TASK 1
a Answer will vary according to where students live. They should give a distance and direction from their own country.
b Qatar lies mainly between 25 and 26 degrees latitude north of the equator and between 51 and 52 degrees longitude
east of Greenwich. Saudi Arabia borders it to the south, otherwise it is surrounded by the Persian Gulf.
c The time-line should be drawn from information in the coursebook starting at approximately 1925 to the present
day using an even scale. Information needs to be added to it using the ideas in the text on page 26 such as:
• pre 1930 – pearl fishing industry/poverty
• 1935 – prospecting for oil
• 1939–45 – Second World War
• 1952 – opening of the first school
• 1959 – opening of the first hospital
• 1971 – Independence
• 1995 onwards – economic growth/wealth, etc.
TASK 2
a Student’s own line graph.
b The graph shows continuous growth of the population though rates fluctuated. Growth between 1965 and 1995
was steady with a relatively rapid period of growth between 1980 and 1985. Growth increased from 1995 onwards,
becoming particularly rapid between 2005 and 2010. Statistics are required (see Source B to support points made).
c Students add labels on their graph.
d The population structure of Qatar is largely composed of working age people, especially 20 to 49, with very few
young or elderly dependants. As 80% of the population are migrants many of these will be of working age, as they
will be economic migrants who are working in Qatar and sending money back to their families at home. As most
of these workers, such as those in the construction industry, are men this explains the gender imbalance as many
of these migrants have not brought their families with them.
e There are various possibilities including:
• low birth rate
• high rates of immigration
• gender imbalance.
Whilst the list is not intended to be exhaustive it should be noted that problems need to be related to population.
TASK 3
a Average maximum and minimum averages temperatures are relatively high, especially between May and September
when the average maximum rises to over 40°C and average minimum is around 25°C. November to February
temperatures are lower with an average maximum around 26°C and an average minimum around 10°C.
Rainfall is low – much of the year has none, whilst between November and March there is less than 25 mm per
month giving an annual total of around 100 mm.
Humidity is low with percentage figures generally between 60% and 80%, a little higher between November and
March than the rest of the year.
b Students will need to compare these climatic features with those for their own area.

c Problems will be the heat and dryness. Inside air conditioning will be used and outside workers will need to wear
appropriate light clothing and cover their heads. They may need to wear sun screen and drink large amounts of
water. Because of the dryness it may be very dusty, and masks and scarves may need to be worn. In the hottest
months, work may be impossible at the hottest time of day, so migrants may have to work early in the morning and
when the sun has gone down.
TASK 4
a India and Nepal.
b World outline map required for this task. (Available on the Student CD-ROM.)
c Many of the migrants are from Asian countries that are LEDCs so unskilled or low skilled migrants will migrate to
Qatar where they can earn more than in their home countries. There are many migrants from other Middle Eastern
countries, such as Iran, Palestine and the Lebanon. These countries are not too far away, and may have a similar
culture and religion so obstacles to migration are not too great. War and civil unrest in those countries may have
forced some of these migrants to move to Qatar. The small numbers from the USA and UK may be skilled workers
and involved in management of firms located in Qatar.
TASK 5
a High skills and qualifications: teacher, judge, oil and gas workers (possibly).
Low skills and no qualifications: immigration official (possibly), car hire attendant, taxi driver, hotel porter, waitress,
shopkeeper, building labourer.
b Evidence of building work: cranes, workers wearing hard hats and high visibility jackets, lorry which appears to be
delivering supplies.
Workers are protecting themselves against the climate by having skin covered by clothing and also their heads covered.
c The question asks for the views of the students. They may see it as being a good system as it will restrict
immigration, ensuring that everything is controlled and carefully regulated. On the other hand, they may see it as
being over-regulated with immigrants being deprived of their rights especially to leave their job and to leave the
country as they wish. They might suggest that the system could offer opportunities to employers to exploit workers.
TASK 6
This is an issue at the time of writing and is likely to remain so. There are many websites with information, particularly
the issue of the use of migrant labour in the construction industry. These can be located by using a search engine.


TASK 1
a i) LEDC is more pyramid/triangular shape. ii) MEDC has greater proportion of elderly people/broader top.
iii) LEDC has greater proportion of young people/wider base.
b In an LEDC the main issues resulting from the population structure would be the growing population and the large
percentage of young people. High death rates/low life expectancy may also be an issue.
c In an MEDC the government would face the issue of supporting an ageing population. Possibly there may also be
issues concerned with a workforce which is too small, and/or possibly not innovative. Defending the country may
also be an issue if the economically active group is relatively small. There may have been immigration as a result of
these shortages which could result in social issues. With a large percentage of elderly people to support, increasing
taxation could be an issue. The small proportion of children could result in some facilities for children and young
people (e.g. schools and universities) becoming uneconomical and they will need to be kept open at great expense or
in some cases closed down.
TASK 2
a The population of Afghanistan is youthful with a large percentage of young dependants and relatively few elderly.
The workforce is a relatively young one, with numbers rapidly declining when people reach their 40s and 50s.
b Tunisia seems to have a lower birth rate and a lower death rate/longer life expectancy. This could be the result of
more economic development having taken place, such that investment in health care, sanitation and food supply
has contributed to reductions in birth and death rates.
c The government of the USA has issues to deal with which result from the ageing population – these will be much as
described in 1 c above.
d The shape of the pyramid suggests that population may be in decline. Pro-natal policies might be suggested to
solve this or perhaps increased immigration. Others may suggest that there is no need for any further government
intervention, given the fact that Germany has a prosperous and successful economy.
TASK 3
a Students are likely to draw comparative bars here and possibly pie charts to show data on age structure.
b The most obvious data is that which shows the age structure, 42.3% of the population being 14 or below and only
2.4% over 65. Relatively high birth and death rates support this.
c The most obvious data is that which shows the age structure, only 20.2% of the population being 14 or below but
12.8% over 65. Relatively low birth and death rates support this.
d The USA is more developed with a longer life expectancy, lower birth and death rates and infant mortality rate.
All these suggest better health care, sanitation and nutrition as a result of more development than in Afghanistan.
TASK 4
a Afghanistan’s birth rates are higher than the USA’s. The issue in Afghanistan is how to reduce them, in the USA
there is no need to do that.
b The USA’s population is ageing, but Afghanistan’s is not. The issue in the USA is how to deal with an increasing
proportion of elderly people and how to support them, whilst in Afghanistan the issue is how to increase the life
expectancy which currently is low.
c In the USA the working population will face the increasing burden of supporting the old dependent population,
either individually or through increased taxation. The working population will become smaller as the population
ages and birth rate remains low. In Afghanistan, currently, the working population is smaller than that of the USA.
However, assuming improvements in health care it may increase in size as death rates are reduced. With large
numbers of young people entering the workforce, competition for jobs will continue to be an issue.

TASK 5
a This will depend on the country in which the student lives.
b A comparison is required with the pyramids in Source B – students should compare the percentages in the 65+,
15–64 and 0–14 groups.
c Again, this will depend on the country. However, issues are likely to be similar to those described in Task 4 for
Afghanistan and the USA, depending on the level of the development of the country.
d As above, this will vary according to the country being considered.

Theme 1: Case Study: A country with high dependency – Italy

(pages 30 and 31)
TASK 1
a Approximately 2.7 million aged 10–14.
Approximately 3.7 million aged 60–64.
b There are more 60–64 than 10–14. When they move into the band above this will lead to the old dependent
population increasing and the working population decreasing.
c The population is still increasing as a result of migration to Italy.
d Low death rates: improved health/care facilities, better medicine, more doctors/hospitals, better diet/food supply,
pensions have all reduced death rates to around 10/1000.
Birth rates, however, are even lower at around 9/1000 as over 25% of women do not have a child and another 25% of
women only have one child possibly due to desire for material goods, careers, later marriage, expense of children.
TASK 2
a A young dependant is someone under the age of 15 who does not work and relies on someone else to support him/her.
An old dependant is someone aged 65, or more, who no longer works and relies on someone else to support him/her.
The working population are employed and support the young and old dependants.
b Old dependants are a higher proportion in Germany and Japan, compared with Afghanistan and Tunisia where
the proportion is very low. In Afghanistan, young dependants form a much higher proportion than in the other
countries, especially Germany and Japan where the percentage of young dependants is less than the percentage of
old dependants.
c Italy is very similar to Germany. In Italy 65+ is 20.2% (Germany 20.9%), 15–64 is 66.3% (Germany 66.1%), 0–14 is
13.5% (Germany 13.1%). (NB It is not vastly different from Japan.)
TASK 3
a–d There is no definitive answer to this task which involves discussion about the population problems facing the
Italian government. Discussion should focus on the population structure, with problems being identified and
possible solutions. Problems are likely to include the ageing population and consequent dependence on a smaller
working population, along with the problems associated with low birth rates, such as the pressure to reduce
spending on education whilst maintaining or improving its quality. Solutions suggested might include pro-natal
policies to increase birth rates, policies to increase immigration and raising taxes.


TASK 1
a Population distribution is the pattern of where people live, but population density is the average number of people
living in a given area.
b There are many examples which could be used here, for example:
• Over 200 per sq km: Ganges Valley, eastern/coastal China, northern Italy, southern parts of Japan.
• Less than 1 per sq km: Sahara Desert, Antarctica, Himalayas, Alaska.
c Lower population densities tend to be found in areas where the climate is extreme, particularly arid areas or areas
which are very cold. Higher population densities tend to be found in those areas where climates are temperate.
However, the relationship is not perfect and there are exceptions as population density is not dependent on
climate alone.
TASK 2
a Most of the population live on or near the coast, particularly in the east and south-east on the coasts of Victoria,
New South Wales and Queensland. The interior has few people living there, and similarly much of the coastal
areas of Northern Territory, Western Australia and South Australia. However, there are some concentrations of
population in urban areas on these coasts.
b Much of the interior is desert so few people live there and in the east there are mountains which restrict settlement
and access to the interior. Some northern areas consist of rainforest, whilst others experience tropical storms.
Temperate areas lie in the south-east and there are many ports which have encouraged trade and therefore
employment.
TASK 3
a The area in Source C shows an area of flat land, whilst Source D shows steeply sloping and mountainous land. The
area in Source D is likely to have few road and rail communications, whilst Source C will be well served by all forms
of communication links. Employment opportunities will be greater in the area shown in Source C than that in
Source D. Source D shows snow on the mountains, where the climate is likely to be more extreme than in the area
shown by Source C – probably wetter with lower temperatures and longer winters.
b The government can encourage population growth in some areas by its policies. Supporting economic development
(by the use of incentives such as grants) in some areas will attract population, whilst preventing development (by
strict planning regulations for example) will result in some areas remaining sparsely populated. In some countries
new towns have been planned as part of government policy (e.g. Brasilia in Brazil, New Towns, such as Stevenage
in UK) and in other countries population distribution has been affected by policies such as the Transmigration
Scheme in Indonesia. In some countries population growth (or decline) in some strategic areas has resulted from
forced migrations.
TASK 4
a This task can be based on photographs of any area where there is a concentration of people. It is likely that it will
be part of an urban area, but it could be a densely populated rural area. The labels should be based on the ideas on
the spider diagram showing what attracts people to live in some areas – most, but perhaps not all, will be relevant.
Labels should be sentences as they should ‘explain’ why many people live there.
b Pictures of areas of desert, mountain, snow and ice covered land, would work well here or pictures of farmland
with little settlement (e.g. prairie wheat growing areas or areas of sheep or cattle grazing). Ideas appropriate to the
photograph chosen will need to be selected from the spider diagram showing why few people live in some areas.
Labels should be sentences as they should ‘describe’ the difficulties of living there.

Theme 1: Case Study: High population density – Japan

(pages 34 and 35)
TASK 1
Unevenly/Honshu/coast
TASK 2
Rank 1: Honshu 426.7 per sq. km
Rank 2: Kyushu 312.4 per sq. km
Rank 3: Shikoku 219.1 per sq. km
Rank 4: Hokkaido 64.4 per sq. km
TASK 3
a Land over 500 metres (m) above sea level/mountain areas, has few people living there or is sparsely populated. Areas
below 500 m above sea level are more densely populated.
b Land has been reclaimed from the sea in the Kobe area, using rocks and soil from the mountains and earthquake
rubble. This has created new areas of land which were once sea and also converted areas which were once
mountainous into flatter areas where construction can now take place.
TASK 4
Low-density rural areas High-density rural areas High-density urban areas
Relief Mountainous, high land and Flat valley floors and Flat, low land.
steep slopes. gently sloping lower
slopes.
Communications Poor winding roads – few Good roads and railways. Good network of roads and
communications, so many railways and airports.
areas are remote and isolated.
Economy Little work, except forestry, as Large areas of productive Factories, offices and
there are few natural resources. farmland where a variety commercial buildings; ports
of crops can be grown. and harbours encourage
imports and exports and
fishing industry.
TASK 5
This task is based on research to be carried out by groups of students on Tokyo, Nagoya and Osaka. The internet
provides a wealth of information and searches can be conducted using a search engine such as Google.
The concentration of people in these areas is to be explained by reference to:
• relief (generally flat and low)

• climate (no extremes of climate)
• employment (much available as all are urban areas with commerce, manufacturing industries and ports).
Students should be encouraged to find maps, statistical information and place-specific details.

Theme 1: Case Study: Low population density – Namibia

(pages 36 and 37)
TASK 1
Choropleth map to be produced using outline map which is available as a worksheet on the Student CD-ROM.
TASK 2
a Approx. 370–380 mm
b 11°C (i.e. 24°C max minus 13°C min)
TASK 3
a X = 27° 11’S, 15° 49’E
Y = 27° 22’S, 17° 45’E
Z = 26° 28’S, 15° 12’E
b X is an area of sand dunes and mountains.
Y is a deep, steep-sided river canyon.
Z is a coastal area with large expanses of bare rock.
TASK 4
Ideas such as:
• Relatively low precipitation, with virtually no rain between May and September.
• Many areas are long distances away from tarred roads, e.g Rosh Pinah is approx. 150 km along a gravel road.
• There are only three small airport landing strips at Luderitz and Ai Ais and Oranjemund, making access difficult
and many areas isolated.
• Some areas consist of steep river canyons, e.g Fish River Canyon.
• Areas of sand dune will be difficult to settle on and opportunities for farming will be limited in many areas.
• Some areas are restricted due to diamond mining, e.g Diamond Area 1, or game reserves, e.g Koichab Pan.
• There are very few large towns, e.g Luderitz, suggesting that employment opportunities are limited.
Etc.


TASK 1
a An urban area is a built-up area, a town or city. A rural area is a small settlement in the countryside.
b The main settlement in Source A is nucleated, i.e. compact and clustered around a central point. The countryside
around it does however contain dispersed or scattered settlement. In Source B the settlement is linear, i.e. long
and thin.
TASK 2
a Kisumu East appears to be more densely populated in the sense that separate houses are spread across the entire
area with only one built-up area. However, there appear to be more towns and villages in the Mdungu Kebbe area.
b Kisumu East is mainly dispersed settlement with one large nucleated settlement. Mdungu Kebbe consists mainly of
nucleated settlements.
TASK 3
a The scale is 4 cm = 1 km or 1:25 000. The map shows 12 sq. km.
b The relief is gently sloping in most parts of the map, with steeper slopes in the south and south-east of the area
shown. The land is relatively low, much of it being between 50 and 100 m above sea level. The lower land is in the
southern part of the map.
c Overlay (tracing) to be produced, marking on and naming the settlements.
d Whilst there are some very small nucleated settlements, e.g Marfauville, the larger settlements are more linear
than nucleated, e.g. St Supplix has developed around a crossroads, but extends in a linear fashion much more to the
north and south than it does to the east and west. St Bartlelemy follows a similar pattern with considerable linear
development to the east. There is much linear development along the minor road in the west of the map.
e 3909, 3910, 3911 and 4010 are perhaps the best examples, the linear pattern being along roads.
TASK 4
a Features of distribution such as:
• it is uneven
• close to road/tracks/footpaths/largely linear
• near streams
• on land between 1380 and 1680 m
• away from swamp and woodland.
b Reasons such as:
• most people will be farmers and occupy areas where land is more fertile/better grazing/higher land could have
poor soils
• near streams for water supply for people and animals
• close to road/tracks/footpaths for accessibility, e.g to market
• avoid swamp which may be dangerous/mosquitoes could be a major problem there
• avoid living in forest as it may have been difficult to clear space for building/there could have been dangerous wild
animals in the forest, etc.


TASK 1
a Farming/agriculture.
b Advantages such as:
• water is available from two rivers
• land is fertile for cultivation
• land is flat for easy construction
• forests nearby for building materials and firewood.
TASK 2
a Market town: where goods produced in the surrounding area are bought and sold.
Port: where goods are imported and exported by ship.
Industrial town: where many people work in factories, processing raw materials or assembling products.
Tourist resort: a place where people visit in their leisure/vacation time to enjoy themselves.
b Market towns, e.g. Alençon, France and Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
• Develop in farming areas.
• Have good transport links – often they are route centres.
• Are often near bridges over rivers (mills to process farm produce were built on the river).
Ports, e.g. Olbia, Sardinia and Mar del Plata, Argentina
• Develop where there are sheltered harbours, such as on an estuary, at the mouth of a river or in a bay.
• Have flat land for building or storage close to the water.
• Have deep water for large ships.
• May be close to major industrial areas inland to import and export their goods.
Industrial towns, e.g. Pittsburgh, USA and Nowa Huta, Poland
• Sometimes develop on or near coalfields.

• May be located close to railways or canals.
Tourist resorts, e.g. Marbella, Spain and Pattaya in Thailand
• May develop on the coast with beaches or in scenic inland areas or may be large historical cities.
• Sometimes develop in areas where the climate is favourable, e.g. snow for skiing or hot, sunny weather for
beach holidays.
• May be close to industrial areas with large populations, with good rail and road links.
NB Examples quoted are those named on pages 40–41 of the textbook, but any others could be used. Students
should be encouraged to use examples in their own country.
TASK 3
a Descriptions required of the following activities as shown in photographs: fishing, tourism, commerce/buying and
selling of goods, administration.
b Accra originally developed as a fishing village. It became a major port when the Europeans built three forts and
trading posts there in the 17th century. It is now the capital city and, due to this, it has the functions of government
and is a financial, commercial and administrative centre. Manufacturing is important, including food processing,
textiles, clothing and chemicals, and fishing is still important due to its location near to a port and the large
numbers of people who live in the area.


TASK 1
Students need to draw a settlement hierarchy for their own country. This should be based on the triangular diagram
used in Source A with examples of each type of settlement in brackets, e.g. in the UK:
• Capital city (London – population 8.2 million)

• Regional centre (Leicester – population 329 900)
• Large town (Burton-on-Trent – population 72 299)
• Small town (Belper – population 20 548)
• Village (Leire – population 587)
• Hamlet (Appleby Parva – population 50)
TASK 2
a Generally the larger the population the more services are available – a positive relationship or correlation.
b It could be located close to a large urban area, and therefore not need many services. It could be a dormitory
settlement/commuter village and many people could obtain services elsewhere.
c Information should be graphed by students. Bars or divided bars are likely to be most appropriate.
d Main points are likely to include:
• many settlements do not have services, especially smaller ones/ones with population less than 1000
• over half of these do not have a bus service and almost half do not have post offices
• most settlements with over 3000 have primary school, village shop and post office – however almost a quarter of
these large villages still don’t have a bus service.
TASK 3
The State Central Library and Town Hall is a high order service.
General store and church could be found in villages, towns or cities.
The State Central Library and restaurant will have large spheres of influence and will need a large threshold population.
TASK 4
a From:
• Hospitals, e.g. Children’s Memorial Health Institute/Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology.
• Theatres, e.g. the National Theatre/the Grand Theatre.
• Headquarters of TV and radio stations, e.g. Canal + Poland/MTV Poland.
• Universities and schools of higher education, e.g. Warsaw School of Economics/European School of Law and
Administration.
• Large malls, e.g. Arkadia/Galeria Mokotów/Złote Tarasy.
• Stadia, e.g. The National Stadium (Stadion Narodowy).

b From:
• Warsaw is the capital city – it is where the country is governed from.
• The headquarters of many major firms/ organisations are located there.
• It provides services for everyone living in the country.
• Over 1.7 million people live there.
• Locating in Warsaw ensures there is a large threshold population.
• Communications/transport enables people to travel to Warsaw from a large area/long distance
Etc.
c Many high-profile events are held there:
• People want to travel from all over Poland to watch these events.
• The national football team play their matches there.
• The venue will be easily accessible from all parts of Poland., etc.

Theme 1: Case Study: Settlement and service provision in Sardinia

(pages 44 and 45)
TASK 1
a There are more small settlements than large ones, the number of settlements gets smaller as the size increases, e.g.
there are three settlements over 50 000, but 16 between 5000 and 14 999.
b Cagliari, the capital city, will have high, middle and low order services, but Bosa, a small town, is unlikely to have
high order services. Cagliari will have specialist shops and many comparison shops, Bosa will have services selling
convenience goods mainly, though in a small town there will be some middle order services such as secondary
schools and clothes shops. Cagliari will have administrative services, as a result of it being the capital city. However,
many of Bosa’s services will be related to the tourist industry as it is a popular resort. There will be far more services
in Cagliari and a wider variety – the sphere of influence of Cagliari will be much greater.
c Cagliari is the capital city. It will have an administrative function. However, it is also a commercial and
industrial centre.
Carbonia is a mining town.
Bosa is a tourist resort.
TASK 2
Olbia lies on a long sheltered inlet. The water will be deep enough for access for large ships, and sheltered from winds
and rough seas. There is sufficient flat land for port developments. It lies opposite the Italian mainland, and serves a
large commercial and passenger demand.
TASK 3
a From top left clockwise: supermarket, hospital, car sales, bank
b They are all high/middle order services which require a large threshold population. Olbia has over 50 000 residents.
As a port Olbia will be well connected to the rest of the island, so that people are able to travel long distances to use
the services creating a large sphere of influence.
c Rural settlements are likely to have low order services with shops selling convenience goods. There will be churches
and primary schools which serve the villages and surrounding rural areas. There may be bars which just serve the
village; other than that there will be few if any forms of entertainment. Some of the villages may have a bus service,
though this is likely to be infrequent.


TASK 1
a Similarities:
• In both models there is a CBD.
• In both models there are some areas of middle-class housing further from the CBD than working-class housing.
Differences:
• In the Hoyt model this does not completely encircle the CBD as it does in the Burgess model.
• Factories (and some working-class housing) are in sectors not circles.
b High-cost, modern housing tends to be on the outskirts as the urban areas grow from the centre outwards, so new
developments are likely to be some distance from the centre. High-cost housing is often large with lots of land, the
outer areas will be likely to have more land than those towards the centre.
Traditional industry is close to railway lines as bulky raw materials and/or finished products were transported
by these industries. At the time many industries were established, rail transport was the most popular and cost-
effective transport method for bulky items.
c Similarities:
• There is a CBD in both MEDCs and LEDCs.
• Both have elements of concentric circles and sectors.
Differences:
• In LEDCs poor quality housing tends to be on the edge of the centre, compared with being closer to the centre in
MEDCs, as in many LEDCs rural-urban migration has resulted in development of squatter settlements around the
urban area.
• In LEDCs high-cost housing is close to the centre where it developed, often during colonial times, whereas in
MEDCs it has grown closer to the edge, probably more recently.
TASK 2
In Barcelona high quality residential land use tends to be found in areas away from centre and in some sectors away from
industry as in the Hoyt model, whilst low class tends to be close to centre as in the Burgess model. Industry is located in
sectors following roads and railways as in the sector model, and some low class residential areas occur in sectors close to it.
TASK 3
a The top photograph shows older housing in terraces, with at least four storeys. The housing is tightly packed with no
front gardens. There are no drives, so cars are parked along the street. The bottom photograph shows modern high-
rise blocks, some with four storeys, but others with considerably more. The apartments are in blocks with vegetation
and open land in between them.
b The top photograph will be located close to the centre as the housing is old and high density. The bottom
photograph could be located in the outer suburbs as it is relatively new and there is open space. Alternatively,
it could be located where redevelopment has taken place in the inner city and slum housing replaced by new
developments. However, the presence of a considerable amount of vegetation and open space suggests that an outer
suburban location is most likely.
TASK 4
Students need to take photographs (or find photographs on the internet) and fully label them with details of the land use.
If possible, this is a useful exercise to carry out in the urban area where the school is located (or a nearby urban area in
the case of a rural school) and it could form part of the fieldwork programme. It is particularly helpful if the teacher can
provide a map of the urban area showing the main land use zones, on which annotated photographs can be located.


TASK 1
a and b This task should be carried out in groups of four, with each group member researching one urban problem and
giving a presentation on it, using examples. The internet is ideal to use for this exercise, but it could be based on other
materials and examples which would have to be provided by the teacher.
c Some problems would be seen as significant by almost all residents. For example, high crime rates would worry
most people, although perhaps it would be more worrying to the elderly than any other age group. Inadequate
housing would be a concern to everyone, though if a person owns a good house, he or she may not be too worried
that other people do not. It is unlikely that all residents of the city will agree on which are the four biggest problems
as it will depend on their personal circumstances, where they live and their priorities in life. For example, whether
traffic congestion is a major problem will largely depend on whether people are car owners and how frequently they
use the road network.
People of different ages will have different opinions about how big a problem unemployment is, as if they are retired
they may not see it as significant as if they are of working age. Whether air and water pollution are perceived as
a problem will depend on whether people live near an industrial zone (or main road or river) and whether their
concerns are more with the economy or with environmental issues.
TASK 2
a Housing is overcrowded in Jakarta, Seoul and Shanghai.
Air quality is poor in Cairo and Jakarta.
Levels of traffic congestion are high in London, Cairo and Seoul.
b Moscow (compared to Shanghai in the table) is likely to have:
• less traffic congestion
• fewer people who do not have electricity
• fewer people sharing a room
• more air pollution
• more noise pollution
• more murders.
c This will depend on which issue the students perceive as the most important to themselves, though LEDC cities
such as London, Melbourne and San Francisco are perhaps easiest to justify. Indeed, all six of the quality of
life indicators for Melbourne are favourable whilst London scores poorly on traffic congestion levels and noise
pollution, and San Francisco has a relatively high number of murders.
TASK 3
a Mumbai has opened a monorail, with trains running on lines above the roads.
b Advantages of using public transport such as this for Mumbai residents will include:
• No need to use private vehicles, therefore not wasting time in congestion.
• They do not have to find a parking place.
• They can relax or work on the journey.
Disadvantages will include:
• Not all parts of the city will have a station nearby so they may have to drive or walk to the station.
• Trains may be uncomfortable and crowded, especially at rush hour.
• Trains run to a timetable and this might not be convenient for all residents, etc.

c Other methods of reducing traffic congestion in urban areas include:

• Underground railways
• Trams
• Park and ride schemes
• Congestion charging
• Number plate policies, i.e. Plates with certain letters/numbers can only use the roads on certain days
• By-passes/ring roads, etc.
TASK 4
Comprehensive redevelopment gives an area a completely new start and all parts can be planned carefully and
new buildings provided, along with infrastructure. However, this destroys communities and is not popular. High-
rise housing, particularly, has not been popular as the design of many such areas has not encouraged community
interaction and has provided an environment where high crime rates have been prevalent. Urban regeneration (also
known as urban renewal) builds on and improves existing buildings and this means that communities are not broken
up. However, it is difficult to renew some areas of slum housing and derelict buildings, and the expense of doing this
may well be greater than comprehensive redevelopment.

Theme 1: Case Study: An urban area – Atlanta, USA

(pages 50 and 51)
TASK 1
a Atlanta has grown from approximately 1.3 million in 1950 to approximately 6.1 million in 2010. The growth was
even up to 1990 when it reached approximately 3.3 million. It grew much more rapidly between 1990 and 2010.
Most of the growth took place in the Atlanta Metro region, rather than in the central part of Atlanta, where the
population remained fairly stable – indeed it slightly declined from 1960 onwards.
b Growth has resulted from migration, mainly from other parts of the USA, e.g. Great Lakes area and the north-east,
where unemployment is high/cost of living is expensive.
TASK 2
a Atlanta has expanded outwards since 1973 in all directions and the urban area has more than doubled during
this period. In some areas expansion has occurred by about 20 km, e.g. to the north in Cobb County. The rates of
expansion have not been even with expansion of only 3 km, e.g. in Clayton County to the south.
b Problems which affect people:
• Traffic congestion.
• Air pollution causes illnesses, e.g. emphysema, bronchitis and asthma.
• Pressure on water supplies/contaminated drinking water.
• Loss of farmland.
• Flash floods.
• Loss of recreational land/cultural sites, e.g. civil war battlefields.
Problems which affect the natural environment:
• Impact of water pollution on aquatic life.
• Loss of trees/deforestation.
• Impact of deforestation on ecosystems/biodiversity/food chains.
• Death of/migration of wildlife.
• Increase in temperatures by up to 10°C.
TASK 3
a Ideas such as:
• It will reduce the number of cars on the road therefore reducing traffic congestion.
• Levels of air pollution will be reduced.
• Recreational land/open space will be provided.
• Derelict land/brownfield sites will be used restricting further urban sprawl.
• It will help create employment during construction, etc.
b The resource states ‘midtown and downtown Atlanta’ which is the inner suburbs. It is here because there are
old buildings and abandoned railway tracks (brownfield sites), so land can be re-used instead of expanding into
greenfield sites and increasing the built-up area even more.
c Various possibilities here and these will vary from student to student. Many are likely to suggest that strategies to
prevent urban sprawl should be of high priority – these may include ideas such as the creation of green belt land as
part of planning restrictions or the further development of brownfield sites rather than using rural land.
Transport issues will also be popular responses and further suggestions may be given for the development and use
of public transport, e.g. an underground railway network, or the restriction of private transport, e.g. congestion
charging. Others may suggest strategies to create employment, whilst strategies to protect the natural environment
will also be popular.

TASK 4
a There are many modern, high-rise buildings shown in the photograph, which look like office blocks and other
commercial developments. There is a complex network of roads visible in the foreground, including underpasses
and overpasses, with some open space/grass/trees/parkland around them.
b The area appears to show the CBD because land use is high density and buildings are high rise, typical of
commercial development in such areas. There are a number of major roads leading to and going through the area,
as the CBD needs good access from all surrounding areas.


TASK 1
a North America
b Brazil = 60–80%
Egypt = 40–59%
India = 20–39%
TASK 2
South America has the greatest percentage living in cities with 35% in 1950, projected to increase to 75% in 2030. Rapid
urbanisation took place there between 1950 and 1995 as the percentage living in urban areas almost doubled. The rate
of urbanisation has slowed down and is projected to keep doing so. Urbanisation in Asia has also been rapid, and the
percentage living in cities is projected to increase to 25% in 2030, having been less than 10% in 1950. Increase in the
percentage has become more rapid during the time period and is projected to increase even more by 2030. Urbanisation
in Africa is projected to be even faster than in Asia, with around 35% expected to live in cities by 2030.
TASK 3
a From: drought, poverty, little work, lack of food, loss of farm work, few jobs, not enough land, failed crops,
no prospects, natural disaster, poor education, high infant mortality rate, malnutrition.
b From: housing, education, money, shops, medical care.
TASK 4
Whilst there are more opportunities for work, and some migrants find wealth in the cities, many unskilled migrants
end up without work, being exploited by employers or working in the informal sector. There are indeed more services
and better education/health care, but many migrants trapped in poverty cannot afford these services or good houses
and end up living in squatter settlements without basic amenities. For many escaping poverty in the countryside, it is
replaced by living in poverty in urban areas, where even affording enough food to live on becomes difficult, as they no
longer have access to land on which to cultivate.


TASK 1
Advantages include:
• Availability of work (in leather trade, garment industries, small-scale industry which produces clothes, leather
goods, pottery and plastic.
• Close to the city centre (for work and access to services).
• Cheap homes.
• Availability of gas and electricity.
Problems include:
• Cramped homes.
• Poor sanitation.
• Lack of health care.
TASK 2
Location = in the inner city area or at the edge of the CBD.
Homes = low rise, close together, zinc roofs. Most will be self-built from poor quality materials. Houses are likely to be
unstable and susceptible to fire and flooding.
Quality of life = likely to be poor with overcrowded conditions, poor sanitation, lack of electricity and piped water. It
will be noisy and the atmosphere may be polluted. People will have little privacy in such overcrowded conditions and
crime levels may be high, e.g. mugging and robberies.
TASK 3
a LHS = selling newspapers
RHS = cleaning/repairing shoes
b Ideas such as:

• Lack of formal jobs.
• Many people lack the skills or education to work in the formal sector.
• Informal sector work allows flexibility for workers (choose their own times and places to work).
• There is a large market in these big cities for services, e.g. shoe shining, and products being sold in the
informal sector.
• Many workers in the informal sector are too young to be in legal, formal employment, etc.
TASK 4
Most migrants come from the Nile Delta area to the north, e.g. Alexandria, Port Said, or from the Nile Valley to the
south, e.g. El Minya, Sohag, Aswan. There are small numbers from areas to the east and west, places such as Suez and
Matruh. The largest numbers of migrants from the north have migrated less than 75 km, but from the south large
numbers have migrated from up to 350 km away (Qena 10 000) and those from Aswan (about 5000) have migrated
approximately 450 km.
TASK 5
a Lack of housing, e.g.:
• Self-built brick houses are built illegally on farmlands by the river Nile. These ‘informal’ houses cover 80% of Cairo.
• In the Cities of the Dead, 2–3 million people have set up homes amongst the tombs of Old Cairo.
• Half a million people live in homemade huts on roof spaces of office blocks and flats in the city centre.

Traffic congestion, e.g.:

• Between 1970 and 2000 the number of cars in Cairo rose from 100 000 to over a million.
• Travel to work times can be very slow.
• Many drivers are aggressive and do not keep to the rules of the road, causing danger for road users and pedestrians.
Lack of jobs, e.g.:
• Jobs for unskilled workers are hard to find.
• Whilst many university graduates get jobs with the government, salaries are low.
• Many poor people are forced to work in the informal sector, selling things on the streets to earn a meagre living.
Pollution, e.g.:
• The air is heavily polluted by a cocktail of vehicle exhausts and fumes from fuels used in homes and workplaces.
• Groundwater is polluted by waste illegally dumped by factories and workshops.
• Leaking and inadequate sewers pollute water courses.
b The problems can be ranked in any order and students will need to justify their choice.
TASK 6
a Ring road and metro system will help reduce traffic on the roads.
New satellite and dormitory towns built around the city should reduce numbers migrating to Cairo itself, therefore
there should be less pressure on housing and jobs, and less traffic congestion.
The upgrading of homes and public services may reduce pollution, assuming that upgraded houses will have better
waste and sewage disposal, and the Greater Cairo Waste Water Project should also help.
People collecting garbage in donkey carts will help reduce illegal dumping of waste.
b Whilst some of these methods may go some way towards improving Cairo and solving its problems there will still
be problems of:
• poverty
• crime
• lack of employment
• pressure on service provision, e.g. education, hospitals, etc.

Theme 1: Case Study: Urbanisation in Peru – Lima

(pages 56 and 57)
TASK 1
Lima is on the coast of Peru at a latitude of 12°S and longitude of 77°W. It is on the western coast of South America, on
land below 2000 metres above sea level between the Andes and the Pacific Ocean.
TASK 2
a Lima’s population has grown from just under half a million in 1940 to almost 9 million in 2013. Growth was
particularly rapid after 1960, with the population increasing by over a million each decade, particularly between
1980 and 1990 when the growth was most rapid, with an increase of more than 2 million.
b Pulls such as:
• Work, such as unskilled jobs in the formal sector or work in the informal sector, so they can earn money to send
back to their families to improve their quality of life.
• Better quality services, e.g. water, electricity, which enables them to live more hygienically and comfortably,
reducing levels of water-borne disease such as cholera and typhoid.
• Better education for children, so they can become literate in order to earn money to support their families in
the future.
• Better quality medical care/hospitals/clinics, so that they can be inoculated against disease and receive quicker
treatment during illness, prolonging their life expectancy.
TASK 3
Rural Peru is left with a relatively high percentage of children and elderly people (particularly children) and more
females than males of working age. Lima’s population has a relatively high working population, particularly males.
This impact on the population structure of rural Peru and Lima results from the fact that most migrants are males of
working age. The elderly and the very young remain in the rural areas, as do many of the women of working age.
TASK 4
a Ideas such as:
• The mountains are bleak and inhospitable.
• Poverty.
• Hostile climate: sub-zero temperatures, torrential rain, floods, high winds, snowstorms.
• Poor quality and lack of health services.
• Lack of water.
• Difficult to make a living by alpaca farming.
• civil war and conflict, etc.
b Letters may focus on improvements to the quality of life as a result of getting away from the issues in a above and/
or being able to seek work, find improved housing and enjoy better services. However, the negatives of life in Lima
could be reflected by reference to problems of living in squatter settlements and the difficulties of making a living in
the cities for migrants with little education and few skills.

Exam-Style Question on Population Growth and Structure

(page 58)
a i On average 15.2 out of every 1000 people die per year in Lesotho (1)
ii Rwanda
Rwanda 36.1 − 9.6 = 26.5 per 1000 (only need to show Rwanda working for the second mark)
Zimbabwe 32.2 − 12.4 = 19.8 per 1000
Lesotho 26.3 − 15.2 = 11.1 per 1000 (2)
iii Three from ideas such as:
• Lack of birth control, contraception, abortion.
• Little education to women about birth control and the impacts of large families.
• Many people are unable to afford contraception.
• People want children to work on the land, or to send them out to work, to earn money to look after
parents in old age.
• Impact of tradition.
• Religious influences.
• High infant mortality rate.
• People had greater number of children in the hope some will survive, etc. (3)
iv Three from ideas such as:
• Improvement in health care facilities.
• Increased availability of medicines and doctors.
• More vaccines and inoculations.
• More and better quality food available.
• Improvement in water supplies.
• Improvement in sanitation and hygiene.
• Better education about health and hygiene, etc. (4)
b i Pyramid A
Evidence such as:
• High percentage of young dependants/wide base/under 15s.
• Low percentage of old dependants/wide top/over 65s.
• Pyramid shape (any 2 ideas). (3)
ii Ideas such as:
• LEDCs have a large percentage of young dependants to support and will need to provide schools,
nurseries and child care, which are paid through taxation or privately funded by parents
• MEDCs have a large percentage of old dependants to support as they will have to be paid a pension,
which is paid for through taxation of the economically active, etc. (5)
c Levels of response marking
Level 1 (1–3 marks)

Statements including limited detail which describe the impacts of policies used by the government to influence
population growth.


Uses named example. More developed which describe the impacts of policies used by the government to influence
population growth.
NB Maximum 5 marks if no named example, or inappropriate example.
Level 3 (7 marks)
Uses named example. Comprehensive and accurate statements including some place-specific reference.
Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:

• changes in birth rates
• consequences of falling/rising birth rates
• imbalance in proportions of males/females
• migration, etc.
Place-specific reference is likely to consist of:
• named parts of the chosen country/locational detail
• specific details of the policy
• population data, etc.
NB The population policy could relate to natural population change or migration. (7)
(Total 25 marks)

Exam-Style Question on Population Distribution (page 59)

a i Population distribution is the pattern of where people live/how people are spread in an area. (1)
ii Two from ideas such as:
• Uneven distribution.
• Many people live close to coasts.
• More people living in northern hemisphere than southern hemisphere.
• Clusters in Europe, Central America, north-east North America, south-east Asia, etc. (2)
iii Reference could be made to variations in:
• relief
• temperatures
• precipitation
• accessibility
• trade
• mineral wealth/employment, etc. (3)
iv Ideas such as:
• Lack of food supplies.
• Unemployment.
• Shortage of housing.
• Depletion of natural resources such as fossil fuels.
• Pressure on services, such as hospitals or educational establishments.
• Traffic congestion.
• Any environmental issue such as atmospheric pollution or deforestation, etc. (4)
b i Ideas such as:
• High/steep relief.
• Few employment opportunities/only opportunities are for (subsistence) farming.
• Poor access/isolation, etc. (3)
ii Positive impacts such as:
• Less pressure on food supplies.
• Less pressure on services, e.g. schools, clinics, etc.
• Increased wealth from remissions/money sent home, etc.
Negative impacts such as:
• Loss of economically active working population and males.
• Women, the old and children need to carry out tasks normally carried out by people who have migrated.
• Declining production from agricultural land.
• Social issues and problems, such as the break-up of families, etc. (5)
NB Maximum 3 marks on positive/negative impacts.

Statements including limited detail which explain why it has a high population density.


Uses named example. More developed which explain why it has a high population density.
Level 3 (7 marks)
Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:

• relief
• climate
• access
• natural resources
• employment, etc.
• named parts of the chosen area or country/locational detail
• reference to specific means of communication, resources or employment opportunities
• climatic details
• population data, etc. (7)
(Total 25 marks)

Exam-Style Question on Rural and Urban Settlements and

Services (page 60)
a i A rural area is an area of countryside that is not built up, an area with villages, hamlets or farms. (1)
ii Services such as church, public house, primary school, newsagent, general store, etc. (2)
iii Services in an urban area are likely to:
• be higher order
• be more specialist, have more comparison stores and fewer convenience stores
• be larger in size and have larger shopping centres
• have greater variety and choice
• be more advanced and sophisticated
• comparative example, e.g. department store compared with general store, secondary school
compared with primary, etc. (The answer should compare similar sorts of examples.) (3)
iv Ideas such as:
• Large areas of land available.
• Land is cheaper in rural-urban fringe than in CBD.
• Close to residential areas and potential markets.
• Easy access from other nearby settlements.
• Accessible via motorways, ring roads, by-passes, etc.
• Avoids traffic congestion of more central areas.
• Pleasant environment, etc. (4)
b i Features such as:
• High-rise developments.
• High-density land use.
• Large amounts of office space.
• Restaurant/retail areas, etc. (3)
ii Changes such as:
• Building of indoor malls.
• Pedestrianisation.
• More high-rise developments.
• Building of inner ring roads around CBD.
• Public transport developments, e.g. tram, metro, monorail network and stations.
• Opening of different type of shops, e.g. mobile phone shops.
• Closure of some shops which cannot compete.
• Short-term lease and charity shops, etc. (5)

Statements including limited detail which describe conflicts that have resulted because of a change in land use.

Uses named example. More developed which describe conflicts that have resulted because of a change in land use.

Level 3 (7 marks)
Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to conflicts which result from changes in land use such as:
• Construction of new housing.
• Construction of new factories or other industry, e.g. office blocks.
• Pedestrianisation.
• Road building.
• Public transport developments, e.g. tram, metro network construction, etc.
Place-specific reference is likely to consist of named parts of the urban area, streets, buildings, locational details, etc.(7)
(Total: 25 marks)

Exam-Style Question on Urbanisation (page 61)

a i Cairo, Lagos, Kinshasa (1)
ii Nairobi, Kinshasa, Dakar
NB All 3 correct = 2 marks; 2 correct = 1 mark. (2)
iii Impacts could be positive or negative such as:

• Less pressure on food supplies.
• Less pressure on services, e.g. schools, clinics, etc.
• Increased wealth from remissions, money sent home, etc.
• Loss of economically active working population.
• Women, the old and children need to carry out tasks normally carried out by people who have migrated.
• Declining production from agricultural land.
• Social issues and problems, such as the break-up of families, etc. (3)
iv Ideas such as:
• Availability of formal employment.
• Large market for informal sector work.
• Educational opportunities.
• Better medical care/hospitals/clinics.
• 'Bright lights’ and entertainment.
• Better access to food supplies/shops.
• Availability of housing with gas/electricity/running water, etc. (4)
NB Students could also refer to rural pushes, but do not double credit opposites.
b i Increase during the whole period:

• from 657 million to 828 million
• of 61 million in 5 years
• steepest increase 1990–2000
• increase of 61 million in 5 years from 1990 to 1995 and 110 million from 1990 to 2000
• increase slowed down since 2000
• increase of 29 million from 2000 to 2005 and 61 million from 2000 to 2010, etc. (3)
NB One mark reserved for use of statistics and years.
ii Characteristics such as:

• Self-built
• Made with wood, cardboard, corrugated iron sheeting, waste materials, etc.
• Flimsy, makeshift, easily destroyed by fire or storms, etc.
• Small and cramped together.
• No running or piped water.
• No sewage disposal and drains. (5)

Statements including limited detail which describe what has been done to improve the quality of life of families living
in slums.


Uses named example. More developed which describe what has been done to improve the quality of life of families
living in slums.
Level 3 (7 marks)
Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to improvements such as:

• Construction of new low-cost housing.
• Site and service schemes.
• Self-help schemes.
• Road building and improvement.
• Public transport developments.
• Building of amenities such as schools, clinics, hospitals.
• Installation of water pipes, sewers and electricity supplies, etc.
• named parts of the urban area/streets/buildings
• locational details, etc. (7)
(Total: 25 marks)

Global Theme: HIV/AIDS (page 62)

TASK 1
a HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus
STI: Sexually Transmitted Infection
AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
b The virus attacks special cells in blood which help the immune system. When these cells stop working the immune
system does too. With no immunity the person can develop serious infections. Once diagnosed the virus stays for
life and is often fatal.
TASK 2
a More than 20% affected, e.g. Botswana, Swaziland, Lesotho.
Less than 5% affected, e.g. Ghana, Chad, Angola, etc.
b Southern Africa is heavily affected with most countries having >11% adults infected; central Africa is still
moderately high with, e.g. Kenya, Cameroon 6–10% infected; most of north-west Africa is less affected with <5%
and in some cases <1%, e.g. Morocco.
TASK 3
a Size of population will significantly reduce as a high number of economically active working population and
young dependants fail to live to older ages. Structure will see less of a pyramid shape as young dependants and
economically active working groups decrease – there will be very few reach the age of old dependants. The pyramid
will become short at the top and narrow towards the middle/base.
b Economic development is likely to be reduced. With shrinking numbers of economically active people of working
age and also less future workers from young dependants, there will be fewer people to do any work and those with
HIV/AIDS will also be too ill to work. Old dependants will be fewer and cannot be expected to help the economy.
The future looks grim with little production possible of food , goods and services, either for subsistence, for selling
in Botswana or for exporting. The country will rely heavily on overseas aid to survive.
TASK 4
Students could use the internet to obtain idea, as well as Source D. However, credit should be given for their own ideas
based on the impact of the visual aspects of the poster, plus its text including some kind of memorable slogan that
encourages people to engage in an activity that would help reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS. For schools with readily
accessible IT facilities this task may provide an opportunity for using and developing skills in that area.
The exam-style questions, sample answers and mark schemes are written by the authors. In examinations, the
way marks are awarded may be different.

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Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Geography Teacher’s Resource Answers to coursebook questions

Theme 1: Topic 1 (pages 4 and 5)

• improvement in health care facilities

• the lack of birth control/contraception/abortion

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b Possible answers include:

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Theme 1: Topic 2 (pages 6 and 7)

Problems caused by over-population:

• Shortage of workers – immigration is encouraged which may cause conflicts.

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Theme 1: Case Study: Over-population – Nigeria (pages 8 and 9)

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Theme 1: Case Study: Under-population – Australia

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Theme 1: Topic 3 (pages 12 and 13)

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Theme 1: Topic 4 (pages 14 and 15)

Europe (0.549 to 0.709 billion)

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Theme 1: Case Study: High rate of natural population

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Theme 1: Case Study: Population decline – Russia (pages 18 and 19)

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Theme 1: Topic 5 (pages 20 and 21)

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Theme 1: Topic 6 (pages 22 and 23)

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Theme 1: Topic 7 (pages 24 and 25)

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Theme 1: Case Study: An international migration – Qatar

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Theme 1: Topic 8 (pages 28 and 29)

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Theme 1: Case Study: A country with high dependency – Italy

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Theme 1: Topic 9 (pages 32 and 33)

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Theme 1: Case Study: High population density – Japan

Rank 2: Kyushu 312.4 per sq. km

Rank 3: Shikoku 219.1 per sq. km

Rank 4: Hokkaido 64.4 per sq. km

The concentration of people in these areas is to be explained by reference to:

• relief (generally flat and low)

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Theme 1: Case Study: Low population density – Namibia

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Theme 1: Topic 10 (pages 38 and 39)

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Theme 1: Topic 11 (pages 40 and 41)

• Sometimes develop on or near coalfields.

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Theme 1: Topic 12 (pages 42 and 43)

• Capital city (London – population 8.2 million)

General store and church could be found in villages, towns or cities.

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Theme 1: Case Study: Settlement and service provision in Sardinia