P O P U L A T I O N

Population
The total number of inhabitants of a country / city or any other area is called population.

Overpopulation
It refers to an area where its natural resources cannot support its inhabitants for a long time. OR
It is a situation whereby the population is considered too large for the available resources.

Under-Population
It is a situation where the population is less than the available resources of a country.

Optimum Population
It is a situation where the number of people that can be supported is the same as the available
resources.

Rural Area (Overpopulated)

When the growth of crops / output of crops is insufficient to fulfill the requirements of farmer
and his family for a long time, then we say that a rural area is overpopulated.

Urban Area (Overpopulated)

When the job opportunities and infrastructure facilities are not sufficient for the people living in
urban area, then urban area is said to be over populated.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The number of live births per thousand person in a particular year.

Crude Death Rate (CDR).

The number of deaths per thousand person in a particular year.

Natural Increase:
The difference between birth rate and death rate is called natural increase.

Population Growth
The annual increase in the total population is known as population growth rate.
Q.1. Explain the reasons for high population growth rate in Pakistan.
Ans. Religious beliefs, Early marriages,
Child labor
In migration (Afghan refugees),
Illiteracy,
Strong desire for son.
Polygamy,
Warm climate,
Increase in birth rate,
Control on death rate.
Q.2 How to reduce the population growth rate in Pakistan?
Ans. 1. Family planning programmes. e.g. Green star clinics, Chabi ka Nishan, Sabz sitara,
2. Lady health worker programmes.
3. Free contraceptives available in rural areas.
4. Education and awareness of population growth / how to improve living standards.
5. Education of women / jobs for women. (Delay / later marriage).
6. More clinics and hospitals.
7. Better living condition / Better sanitation.
8. Clean water.
9. Better food.
10. Religious support for birth control.
Q.3. Describe the effects of population growth on the economy and development of
Pakistan.
Ans. Economy
Shortage of money / foreign exchange to buy food / negative balance of payments
Need for foreign loans
Debts
Lack of money for investment
Development
Overpopulation leading to -
Shortage of -
Food, Water, Education, Health services, Unemployment,
Poverty, Pollution, Traffic congestion, Inflation / high prices,
Load shedding, Little industrial development.

Effects of under population:

Insufficient workforce / not enough people to work
Resources cannot be fully exploited
Low production / of e.g. food / consumer goods
Negative balance of payments
Low GNP / national income / weak economy / economy fails / slow growth
Difficult to defend country
Business may move out
High immigrant population
Lack of investment, Closure of schools.
Study Fig.1, which is a diagram of the Demographic Transition Model.

Fig.1
Q.4 Describe two changes that occur in Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition
Model in Fig.1.
Ans. • Birth rate increases slightly then decreases slightly / overall slight decrease;
• Death rate falls (rapidly);
• Natural increase is at its highest / steeply rises / increases;
• (Total) population grows / increases (rapidly).
Q.5 Suggest three reasons for a high and fluctuating death rate in Pakistan
during Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model.
Ans. • High infant mortality rate / children die from disease;
• High maternal death rate;
• Spread of diseases such as diarrhea / cholera / malaria;
• Food shortages / lack of food / traditional farming methods / unreliable
rainfall / drought;
• Poor hygiene facilities / lack of sewage disposal / lack of sanitation;
• Little development of medicines / drugs such as antibiotics / statins /
limited availability of treatments for disease / vaccinations;
• Limited hospital / medical facilities / doctors / access to health facilities;
• Use of traditional practitioners / medicines;
• Natural disasters such as earthquakes / floods / mudslides;
• Insufficient knowledge on healthy diets / healthy living / exercise / health
hazards of smoking;
• Unsafe / polluted drinking water.

Q.6 Explain two reasons for a fall in the birth rate in Pakistan during Stage 3 of
the Demographic Transition Model. You should develop your answer.
Ans. • Family planning programmes / named examples, e.g. subz-sitara clinics /
Chabi ka Nishan;
• People aware of benefits of / desire smaller families;
• People have knowledge of problems of / understand issues of
overpopulation;
• Increased literacy rates / people become educated;
• More women working / career orientated;
• Mechanisation of farming / fewer workers needed on farms;
• Later marriages;
• Decreased span of re-productivity;
• Desire for material possessions, e.g. cars rather than having children;
• Internal migration / international migration;
• Men leave / families fractured.
Q.7 To what extent can the birth rate of Pakistan be reduced? Explain your answer.
Ans. Possibilities
More education of women / more women in careers (will marry later)
Reproductive spans / less desire for children
More education on family planning / awareness related to problems of high BRs
Family planning programmes
Cheaper contraception
More hospitals / clinics / better health care
Approval of family planning by religious leaders
Banning child labour
Problems
Lack of education / illiteracy
Lack of empowerment of women to control family size
Traditions / opposition to contraception
Lack of medical facilities
Traditional beliefs encouraging large families
Early marriage.
Occupation (Employed labor force by sectors)

The occupations can be divided into three broad categories.

(1) Primary Occupation
(2) Secondary Occupation
(3) Tertiary Occupation
Study Fig.1, which shows the Proportion of workforce employed by sector.

Fig.1

1. Primary Occupation:
It is related to all such occupations that extract raw material directly from the earth or sea.. e.g.
Agriculture. Mining. Fishing.

2. Secondary Occupation:
It includes occupation which process and manufacture the primary products. e.g. steel making,
shipping or furniture making and assembly industries.

3. Tertiary Occupation:
It comprises of all those occupation which provide services such as transport, banking, trade,
insurance, administration, health, education.

Quarrying Crushing Packing Driver

Salesman Office worker
Q.4 From the list above, state one example of :
Ans. Primary employment: Quarrying / Crushing
Secondary employment: Packing, Crushing
Tertiary employment: Driver, Salesman, Office worker.
Q.5. Explain the reasons why so many people work in agriculture / primary occupation.
Ans. Traditional / Inheritance
Subsistence farming
Large % of population lives in rural areas
Farming is the main occupation
Large areas of Pakistan are suitable for farming
Alluvial soils
Irrigation schemes
Lack of money for farm machinery
Pakistan has an agro-based economy
Many industries are agro-based and therefore promote farming
 Growing population requires feeding
Lack of other jobs available
Pakistan is rich in some minerals e.g. limestone / rock salt / natural gas.
Forests are an important source of fuel
Fishing employs many in coastal fishing / some in inland fishing.
Q.6. Why has the percentage of the labor force working in agriculture declined steadily
in the recent years?
Ans. Increasing mechanization on farms
Fragmentation of holdings has made them unable to support the family.
Problems for tenants caused by landlords
Not enough farmland for increasing population
Loss of farmland due to water logging and salinity / soil erosion
Consolidation of holdings
Improving education so people want to work in jobs using their skills
Increase in manufacturing industries so more jobs in industries
Higher wages in manufacturing industry
Rural urban migration
Find other jobs for additional income.
Q.7. Why has the percentage of the workforce working in tertiary industries increased
steadily in recent years?
Ans. Rising standard of living due greater demand for services
Higher literacy / more educated so sue qualifications in tertiary sector
Want higher wages
Want better working conditions
Rural-urban migration tends to mean a change from a primary occupation to a tertiary
Government efforts to improve services / development
Improving educational standards so more teachers / lecturers needed
Growth of tourism
Extension of road network
Fewer people make their own clothes
More shops
Spread of IT
More opportunities in banking
More trade
Industrialization
Q.8. Why are very few primary jobs available in urban areas?
Ans. No pasture
No mines or quarries
No forest
Creates pollution
High cost of land
No arable land.
Q.9. Why are many people unemployed in cities?
Ans. Illiterate / uneducated
Lack of skills / training
Tertiary jobs / jobs needing qualifications
Shortage of jobs
IT in offices
Machines in factories
Family contacts.
Q.10. Why is the sector of tertiary employment likely to increase more in urban areas
than in rural areas?
Ans. Rural – urban migration
Increase in literacy / more jobs for the educated people
 Growth of services
People have more money to spend
More transport / shops / offices
Growth of informal sector.
Study Fig.2. Which shows the proportion of workforce in Pakistan’s main categories of
employment?

Fig.2
Q.11. Study Fig.1. Which of these categories of employment has all its workforce in the
primary sector of industry?
Ans. Agriculture / category 1.
Q.12. How many of the categories of employment given are in the tertiary sector of
industry?
Ans. 3 / items 2,3,6 in key.

Employ: A job to do for payment. OR

To use the services of (a person) in return for payment.

Employee: A person employed for wages. OR

A person who is paid to work.

Employer: A person or company that pays people to work for them.

Employment: Work, especially when it is done to earn money.

Self Employed: Working independently and not for an employer. OR

Working for yourself and not employed by a company.

Under Employed: Not having enough work to do. OR

Not having work that makes full use of your skills and abilities. OR
Not fully employed.
Unemployment
Unemployment means the state of being unable to find a paid job. OR
A lack of paid employment.
Q.1. Explain the Causes of Unemployment in Pakistan.
Ans. High rate of population growth, Illiteracy, Mechanization in agriculture
Revolution in information technology, Rural urban migration, Political instability
Lack of skills, Jobs needing qualification, Machines in factories. Load shedding
Q.2. How can we overcome the problem of unemployment in Pakistan?
Ans. To provide technical education, training and skill facilities
Establishment of heavy industries and invite foreign investors
Establishment of cottage industries in rural areas
Computer education, To improve technology
Establishment of technical institution
Establishment of industrial estates
Establishment of export processing zones, Establishment of dry ports
Establishment of other seasonal industries.
Government schemes (Bank loans)
Expansion of Industry.
Study Fig. 3, which shows the sectors of employment by percentage in Pakistan.

Fig.3

Self Employed: Working independently and not for an employer

Q.3. Which is the largest sector?

Ans. Paid employment
Q.4. Give an example of self-employment.
Ans. Farmer, Shopkeeper, Driver.
Q.5. What is the percentage of ‘unpaid family workers’?
Ans. 25 %
Q.6. State two jobs that may be done on a farm by unpaid family workers.
Ans. Sowing, harvesting, threshing, weeding, feeding animals etc.
Q.7. Suggest why many farms rely on unpaid family workers.
Ans. Poverty
Subsistence / small farms
Manual labor / not mechanized
Large families / no other jobs available
Inherited / learned skills.
Q.8 Suggest two reasons why unemployment is difficult to measure in countries
such as Pakistan.
Ans. Disguised unemployment/more people employed than are needed
Large informal sector / workers not registered
Home workers / cottage industries
Self-employment
Unpaid e.g. domestic helps
Workers are mobile / high internal movement of labour/ fluid labour market/
seasonal
labour / part-time labour
Inaccurate data collection / problems in collecting data e.g. in tribal areas
Migration:
Movement of the people from one place to another is called migration.

Types of Migration:
There are three types of migration
1. Internal Migration
2. External / International Migration
3. Seasonal Migration

1. Internal Migration:
Movement of the people within the country is called internal migration. Internal
migration has four types:
i. Rural to Urban
ii. Rural to Rural
iii. Urban to Rural
iv. Urban to Urban

2. External / International Migration:

The movement of the people from one country to another for purposes of settlement with
the intention of staying a year or more. e.g. Afghan Refugees.

Emigration:
The act of leaving a country is called emigration.

Immigration:
The act of entering a country is called immigration.

Emigrant:
Those who migrate are called emigrants.

Immigrate:
Those who immigrate are called immigrants.

3. Seasonal Migration:
The movement of the people within the country due to climatic changes. e.g. In winter season
northern areas to plain areas.
Q.1. Explain the causes of migration / Rural push factors and Urban pull factors.
Explain the causes of rural-urban migration.
Ans. Rural Push Factors:
1. Unemployment due to mechanization.
2. Lack of health facilities.
3. Lack of school / trained teachers.
4. Natural disasters e.g. flood.
5. Lack of named facilities e.g. shops, entertainment. 6. Loss of land.

Urban Pull Factors:

1. More jobs. 2. Better pay.
3. Better education. 4. Better health facilities.
5. Attractions of entertainment. 6. More reliable food supply.
7. Better living standard.
Q.2. Why do people in villages think that their quality of life will improve if they
move to a city?
Ans. Better housing, More chances of employment / jobs with higher incomes,
Easier work / better working conditions than farming, Access to entertainment /
bright lights / clubs / parks, Good shops / markets, Clean water,
Telecommunication / telephone / internet, More food / better food, Education,
Public transport, Health care / hospitals, Security / Police.
Q.3. What problems are caused in rural areas by migration to urban areas?
Ans. Loss of workforce / only the old and young left.
Fewer children.
Loss of services e.g. education, medicines, public transport and shops.
Loss of infrastructure. e.g. roads, electricity, telephone.
Loss of educated people.
Women left behind / unbalanced sex ratio.
Lack of government investment.
Q.4. What are the effects / problems of population movements from rural to
urban areas within Pakistan?
Ans. Shortage of housing.
Water / Air pollution.
Unemployment in urban areas.
Littering of streets.
Traffic congestion.
Spread of diseases.
Crime / Violence / drugs increases.
Burden increases e.g. Schools, power supplies, food water.
Depopulation in rural areas.
Imbalance sex ratio / less agricultural production.
Q.5. What are the environmental problems of overpopulation?
Ans. Air pollution.
Noise pollution. (due to traffic)
Health problem. (Viral diseases)
Polluted water.
Cleaning problem.
Q.6. Why do some people go to live in other countries? Or Why do some people
emigrate from Pakistan?
Ans. Lack of jobs in Pakistan.
For higher wages / higher standard of living.
To support family in Pakistan.
Opportunities such as construction in Middle East, unskilled to Malaysia and
skilled to Canada.
To support family in Pakistan. For medical treatment.
Political instability, Corruption, lack of security in Pakistan.
Lack of development in rural areas.
Government encouragement so that foreign exchange is sent back.
Q.7. Why do some people make seasonal migrations within Pakistan?
Ans. To avoid from severe summers / winters.
Move from mountainous areas in winter to find jobs in plains.
Nomadic movements in search of pastures and water.
In mountains take animals up to higher pastures in summer / when snow clears
bring animals down to valley pastures for winter.
Work in cotton / sugar mills after harvests then return home when work finishes.
Move from the active flood plain to save from flood.
Enjoy holidays in summer and winter.
Q.8. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of emigration.
Ans. Advantages:
Can earn higher income, remittances sent home, Jobs for educated people,
Jobs for construction in middle East, Better living condition,
Social benefits e.g. education, health care. Religious freedom,
Better food.

Disadvantages:
Loss of educated workers e.g. doctors, teachers,
Language problems, too many people already there,
Homesickness / different culture.

Age Pyramid:
It is a type of bar graph that illustrates the structure of population.
The population structure is the percentage of males and females in different age groups. Age
pyramids are a useful indicator of age distribution. To make an age pyramid, the population of an
area is divided into five-year age groups on the basis of gender. Every age group is represented
by bars placed one on top of another from the lowest age group to the highest. In most cases, the
number of children are usually higher than the number of elderly people. As a result, the bars,
once place on top of another, end up looking like a pyramid.
The Pakistan’s age pyramid has a broad base, which indicates the high proportion of children to
adults in the population. It also indicates that Pakistan has a high birth rate. The pyramid shrinks
upwards quite sharply. This means that Pakistan also has a high death rate amongst the older
segments of the population. An age pyramid with a broad base and a tapering peak is called an
expansive or progressive age pyramid.
An age pyramid with a narrow base and broad in middle is called a regressive age pyramid. It
indicates a low birth rate, a low death rate and a large number of people in the productive age
groups. Such age pyramids belong to UK and USA.

Distribution of Population by Age Composition

The age composition can be divided into three groups.
Age Group
A 0 - 14 years Children
B 15 - 59 years Working population/ Active population
C 60 years and over Elderly persons
Study Fig.4, is a population pyramid for Pakistan in 1998.

Fig.4
Q.1. What information is displayed in a population pyramid?
Ans. Amount/proportion/percentage of population in certain age groups / distribution
of various age groups in a population / age structure of the population
In 5–year age groups
[Compares] male and female [shown separately]

Q.2. Describe the overall Shape of the Graph (Population Pyramid).

Ans. 1. Concave.
2. Mainly pyramidal / triangular
3. Broad base and narrow top
4. Bulge of males at 30 – 34 and 60 - 64
Q.2. Why is the birth rate in Pakistan high?
Ans. 1. Lack of awareness about the problems of population pressure.
2. Lack of family planning / Lack of education about contraceptives.
3. Contraceptives not readily available especially in remote rural areas.
4. Contraceptives not affordable.
5. Many think that the use of contraceptives is discouraged by Islam.
6. Tradition of large family. 7. Early marriage.
8. Prestige about large family.
9. Children work on farms / bring in money. 10 . Desire of sons.
11. Wanted as security for old age.
12. Religious beliefs because Allah provide rizk to every one.
Q.3 Explain why the birth rate has decreased a little in recent years.
Ans. 1. Family planning programmes. e.g. Green star clinics, Chabi ka Nishan, Sabz sitara,
2. Lady health worker programmes.
3. Free contraceptives available in rural areas.
4. Education and awareness of population growth / how to improve living standards.
5. Education of women / jobs for women. (Delay / later marriage).
6. More clinics and hospitals. 7. Better living condition / Better sanitation.
8. Clean water. 9. Better food. 10. Religious support for birth control.
Q.4. Explain why has the death rate fallen in recent years.
Ans. 1. More food.
2. More balanced diet.
3. Cleaner / fresh water.
4. Improved sanitation.
5. More doctors, more nurses, more medical colleges.
6. More hospitals and more medical facilities.
7. Better transport to get to medical centers.
8. Spread of medical facilities to rural and remote areas.
9. Free treatment in government hospitals.
10. Foreign aid.
11. Improved facilities for / care of old people.
Study Fig.5, a population pyramid for Pakistan in 1998.

Fig.5
Q.5. The number of elderly people are likely to have increased since 1998. Explain
the effects of this on the economy and development of Pakistan.
Ans. 1. More dependents / burden on working population.
2. More older family members to care for children.
3. More older people to give advice.
4. Overpopulation / strain on resources.
5. Shortage / demand of food.
6. More medical services needed.
7. More old people’s homes.
8. Less money for development.
9. Cost of pensions.
Q.6. The number of Children are likely to have increased since 1947. Explain
the effects of this on the economy and development of Pakistan.
Ans. 1. It consists of 0 - 14 years.
2. Special care / look after needed.
3. Overpopulation.
4. Dependent population increases.
5. Shortage of food.
6. More hospitals / clinics needed.
7. More doctors / nurses needed.
8. More schools needed.
9. More teachers needed.
10. Child labor increases.
Study Fig.6, which shows a population pyramid for Pakistan for 2006.

Fig.6
Q.7. How is the shape of the population pyramid likely to change from 2006 to 2026?
Ans. 1. Narrow base / shorter bars / fewer children under 15 years / fewer young children.
2. Wider middle / longer bars / more 15 – 59 years / more working population / more
independents.
3. Wider top / longer bars / more over 60s / more old dependents / more old people.
Q.8. Give one possible reason for each change identified in above question.
Ans. Lower birth rates/parents having fewer children/smaller family size
Marrying later / women in education/working/empowered
Higher use of/introduction of contraception/family planning
Education/awareness about contraception/family planning/healthcare/diet/hygiene
Over the period the larger bars move up the pyramid
Greater in-migration/more refugees in working age group
Longer life expectancy/higher standard of living/lower death rates/lower infant
mortality rates
Improved healthcare/vaccinations / more/better qualified doctors
Improved hygiene/diet/nutrition/food supply
Q.9. The changing shape of the population pyramid affects Pakistan’s workforce both
now and for the future. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the changes.

Ans. Advantages.
Fewer children to look after / more money for development
More workers for developing the country / less burden on the economy
More young workers / more energetic / innovative
Young more likely to be educated, More old to give advice to young.
 Disadvantages.
More old to look after
More unemployment due to larger workforce
Loss of educated / skilled workers through emigration
More taxes needed to support older people e.g. health care. Pensions.
Study Fig.7, which shows a population pyramid for Pakistan.

Fig.7
Q.10. Why is this figure likely to increase in the next 20 years?
Ans. Lower death rate, longer life expectancy,
Better health care / pensions etc.
Higher birth rate and lower infant mortality.
Q.11. What pressures will this increase put on the working population?
Ans. Higher taxes, less jobs,
Example of costs, e.g. medical care, pensions, care homes, food.
Q.12. Explain how better health and education provision can reduce the birth rate
in Pakistan.
Ans. Education Health care
Use of contraceptive / family planning Lower infant mortality so fewer births
Understand overpopulation Use of contraception
Delayed marriage Access to family planning clinics.
Change of religious views
Mechanized / progressive farming.
Population Distribution and Density
The density of population is the number of people per unit area. The unit can be a square
mile or square kilometer. The density is obtained by dividing the total population of a
country (province, district etc.) by its total area.
Q.1. Describe the difference between density and distribution of population.
Ans. Density – number per unit area.
Distribution – the spread of people / population in an area.

Factors affecting distribution and density of population:

The following factors shows the high / low density of population in Pakistan.

Physical / Natural Factors:

Natural topography. (Flat land and Doabs)
Climate.(Moderate)
Soil.
Water supply.
Natural Routes (natural harbors, pass)

Human Factors:
Efficient transport system.
Port facilities.
Industrial areas.
Trade and business centers.
Tourism development.

Political Factors:
Favorable Government policies.
New towns.

Social Factors:
Education and health facilities.
Better accommodation facilities.
Q.2. Give four reasons for the low density of population in Baluchistan.
Ans. Very low rainfall / arid conditions, Lack of water for domestic / industrial
purposes, Lack of sources for irrigation, Very hot in summer
Very high evapo-transpiration, Very cold winters, Mountainous areas / rugged
Steep slopes, Deep, steep sided valleys, Large areas of bare rock / barren area
Infertile soil e.g. sandy, Limited mineral resources
Lack of communications over vast areas, Lack of education / health
Lack of jobs, Very little industry.
Study Fig.8, a map showing population distribution in Pakistan.

Fig.8
Q.3 Using Fig.8, describe the population distribution of Pakistan.
Ans. 1. Unevenly spread;
2. Most people in North / North East Punjab / KPK;
3. Densely populated in Punjab / Sindh;
4. Most population in East Pakistan (compared with west);
5. Most / more population centred around cities or named example from
map, e.g. Islamabad / Lahore / Hyderabad / Karachi / Quetta;
6. South West / West / North / North East Pakistan has few people /
sparsely populated;
7. Balochistan / FATA / Northern KPK / NWFP/ Gilgit-Baltistan / Northern
Areas / Jammu and Kashmir are sparsely populated;
Q.4 Suggest three physical factors for the pattern of population distribution
shown in Fig.8.
Ans. • Topography / mountainous areas / uneven terrain = fewer people / flat
land = more people;
• Temperature / colder areas have fewer people / hot desert areas =
fewer people / moderate or tolerable or favorable temperature = more people;
• Snow in Northern Areas, fewer people / lack of rainfall, arid, dry = fewer
people / moderate rainfall = more people;
• Soil type / rich fertile soil able to grow crops = more people / dry or
sandy soils difficult to grow crops / thin soil difficult to grow crops / farm
= fewer people;
• Near to / adequate water supply / river attracts more people / away from
rivers = fewer people;
• Natural route ways = more people / lack of route ways = fewer people;
• Vegetation cover = more people / less vegetation cover = fewer people;
• Availability of raw materials = more people / lack of raw materials =
fewer people;
Study Fig. 9, a map showing the population density of Pakistan.

Fig.9
Q.5 Describe the population density of Pakistan.
Ans. • Varied / uneven distribution;
• Small number of areas high density / high density areas are scattered;
• More densely populated in South East / East / Sindh / KPK / Punjab;
• Less densely populated / in South West / West / North / Balochistan /
Gilgit / Northern areas;
• Moderate density in central areas.
Q.6 Suggest reasons for the variation in population density in Pakistan as shown
in Fig.9.
Ans. Reasons for variations in population density such as:
• Topography (flat v rugged);
• Climate (no extremes);
• Natural vegetation (type / abundance);
• Soil (farming);
• Natural resources / raw materials (availability);
• Water supply / near rivers (availability);
• Natural routes / valleys / natural corridors / named infrastructure;
• Power supply (availability / security);
• Economic / availability of jobs / income / industries;
• Political / stable government / government investment;
• Social / schools / healthcare / migration.
Q.7 With the help of named examples explain why density of population varies
considerably in NWFP?

Ans. Low Densities due to… Moderate Densities due to…

Very high areas Valleys with patches / areas of farming
Steep areas / Steep slopes Areas with unmetalled road access
Areas of permanent snow Mining areas
Areas of severe cold Minor defense sites
Areas lacking communications Rural areas with tourist attractions.
Areas lacking water
Areas lacking electricity
Pastoral activities support few people
Out migration from these areas.

Higher Densities due to…

Farming areas / valleys
Areas with metalled roads / railway access
Industrial centers, Administrative centers
Market / shopping centers, Main tourist centers
In migration (Afghan refugees have settled)
Major defense sites.

Seasonal variations in densities…

Winter migration / nomadic due to severe cold, snow covered areas and
being unable to work.
Q.8 Explain the causes of high density of population in Karachi and Lahore.
Ans. Provincial capitals, Administrative offices, Shopping centers / Big market
Better education facilities, Better health facilities, Tourist attractions
Good network of industry, Good communication system
Good network of roads and railway, Availability of jobs
Better infrastructure facilities, Trade centers, Recreational facilities.
Q.9 Explain the causes of high density of population in Punjab and Sindh
provinces.
Ans. Provincial capitals, Administrative offices, Shopping centers / Big market
Better education facilities, Better health facilities, Tourist attractions
Good network of industry, Good communication system
Good network of roads and railway, Availability of jobs
Better infrastructure facilities, Trade centers, Recreational facilities.
Flat areas / plain areas, Fertile soils i.e. Alluvial, Loamy and Clay.
Good irrigation schemes, Good agriculture system
Availability of fertilizers, high yielding varieties.
Study Fig.10, which shows a map of Pakistan.

Fig.10
Q.10 With reference to Fig.10, explain how the population density of the area
north of the line D is related to relief (topography) and water supply.
Ans. Relief
Higher density on Indus plain / flat land / low land
Lower density in mountains / hills / sloping land
Lower density in foothills of Hindu Kush / other ranges
Lower density in Sulaiman Hills / north Baluchistan plateau.
Water Supply
Higher density where irrigated / rivers
Higher density where more rain (in northern Punjab)
Lower density where less rainfall
Lower density in deserts.
Study Fig.11, a map of population density of Pakistan.

Fig.11
Q.11 With reference to Fig.11, describe and explain the distribution of areas of
population density more than 200 per square kilometer.
Ans. Description
North East and Central Punjab
Valleys of the 4 rivers east of River Indus
Central NWFP, Vale of Peshawar, Central Sindh.
Explanation
Rural urban migration and reasons
High birth rates
Employment in urban areas.
Q.12 State and explain the problems caused by the high rate of population.
Ans. Unemployment. Hunger. Over population / shortage of resources.
Lack of healthcare. Lack of education. Lack of housing.
Study Fig.12.

Fig.12
Q.9. State one important physical reason for the low density of population in each
of these areas.
Ans. A – High relief, mountainous, hilly / cold temperatures
B – Arid, dry, extreme temperatures / lack of soil, stony, plateau, sand storms
C – Arid, dry, extreme temperatures / hot / lack of soil, sandy, sand storms.
Q.10. Explain how each of the three factors contributes to a high density of
population in area D. Relief Rivers Rainfall
Ans. Relief: Flat / gently undulating
So good for cultivation, mechanization, roads, buildings.
Rivers: Indus and tributaries
So bring silt / alluvium, water for named use, fishing
So perennial irrigation.
Rainfall: Monsoon / enough / high rainfall
So plenty for rainfed / barani farming, domestic or industrial use.
Q.11. Choose either area A or area B from Fig.12.
It is often suggested that improved transport and telecommunications can
bring development to a sparsely populated area. What are the advantages
and disadvantages of these improvements to either A or area B?
Ans. Advantages:
Developmental of mineral / other resources
Trade / access to markets for local products, e.g. Gwadar port, to Iran and
Afghanistan, Industrial development, Development of employment opportunities,
Access to consumer goods / better food, Access to health / education,
Advertising by telecommunications, Tourism.
 Disadvantages:
People can leave more easily / more rural-urban migration,
Difficulty of construction, risk of damage or blockage,
Cost of construction, lack of power, low population therefore uneconomic,
Resistance of local tribes, Deforestation when roads / transmission lines are built.
Study Fig.13, which shows population density in Sindh.

Fig.13
Q.12. Describe the distribution of the areas with a population density of 201 to 800
people per square kilometer.
Ans. Northern border with Balochistan or Punjab / in the north or north-west
Follows river Indus, Central areas,
Towards to south-east / east of river towards south,
Named city or district.

Q.13. Explain the reasons for a high population density in the Karachi area.
Ans. Rural-urban migration, high birth rate, opportunities for business / trade,
Employment opportunities, fishing industry, entertainment facilities,
Better infrastructure facilities, maritime climate more pleasant,
Old capital city of Pakistan.
Study Fig.14, which shows the main towns and cities in the Punjab Province.

Fig.14
Q.15. Describe the distribution of towns and cities with a population of over 50,000.
Ans. Mostly in the east / central area
Where the tributaries are / Chenab, Sutlej, Ravi, Jhelum
Few in south / near Sindh, Few in north-west (except Islamabad / Rawalpindi)
Near KPK.
Life Expectancy
The number of years a person is expected to live at the time of his or her birth is called
life expectancy.
Q.1. Suggest reasons for the changes in life expectancy shown in this table.
Years Life Expectancy
1950 38 years
1985 45 years
2000 50 years
Ans. Improved medical facilities
Number of hospitals, Medical Colleges and Doctors has increased
Availability of fresh water
Improvement in diet
Better sanitation facilities
Low infant mortality rate (The no. of deaths per thousand babies within one year
of birth), Vaccination programs, Advancement in surgery
Better transport system for the movement of doctors.

Dependent Population
Those who depend on others known as dependent population.
Q.1. Study the table shows how the percentage of each of the three age groups, A,
B and C, is changing. What problems are caused by the changes shown in
this table.
Age Group Chang taking place
A 0 - 14 years Increasing
B 15 - 59 years Decreasing
C 60 years and over Increasing
Ans. Dependency ratio increasing
Child labor may increase
Shortage of food
More jobs will be needed as 0 - 14 group
Not enough schools
Not enough teachers
Not enough facilities for elderly people
More pensions are needed for old age people.

Literacy
The ability to read and write is called literacy.
Q.1. In 1995 male illiteracy was 50% and female illiteracy was 76%. Why is
illiteracy so high?
Ans. Pakistan is a poor country / lack of money
Lack of schools / colleges in rural areas
Schooling is not free / parents cannot afford to pay for schooling
Private schools are very expensive
Insufficient teachers / not enough teacher training colleges
Most of the population in rural areas
Many in rural areas do not value education
Some landlords do not allow tenants to send children to school
Many people in remote areas are nomads / semi-nomadic.
Q.2. Give two reasons why female illiteracy is higher than male illiteracy.
Ans. Traditional attitudes in rural areas and women‘s place in the home
Fewer girls given schooling
Lack of girls school in rural areas
Families spend money on boy’s education rather than girl’s
Less number of teachers in school in rural areas.
Q.3. State two ways in which the high illiteracy rate affects industrial growth.
Ans. Illiterate workers may produce low quality goods
Illiterate worker more difficult to train
Lack of skilled operators
Lack of skilled management
Illiterate bosses fail to plan properly
Discourages investors
May need to import skilled labor / expensive
Illiterate workers provide cheap manual labor.
Study Fig.15, which shows the levels of literacy in urban and rural areas.

Fig.15
Q.4. Give two reasons why the percentage of literate people is larger in urban
than in rural areas.
Ans. Jobs for literate, Better schools / colleges / education
More educated women, traditional farming does not require education
Can afford education.
Q.5. Using examples, explain why there are many jobs for illiterate and poorly
educated people in urban areas.
Ans. Unskilled work available, labour is cheap, low standard of living
It is developed area so factories, building work etc.
Rich people can afford, Plenty of informal employment opportunities,
Examples: Cleaners, Servants, Street sellers, etc.
Study Fig. 15A, a map of literacy in Pakistan.

Q.6. Name a city in each of the three areas shown on the map where literacy is
over 60%.
Ans. Islamabad/Rawalpindi/Gujrat/Jhelum
Lahore
Karachi
Q.7. Name an area where literacy is below 20%. Explain why the literacy rate is
low in this area.
Ans. Name
Central/N/NE/E/correctly named District in Balochistan, SE Sindh/Tharparkar,
N/NE KPK/Shangla/Kohistan/Batgram.
Explanation
Remote (from main population centres)
Traditional ideas/women uneducated/tribal influences
Terrorism
Nomadic lifestyle (in Balochistan)
Self-sufficient/less need for education/less work available
Child labour
Lack of named infrastructure e.g. roads, schools, telecoms/IT, electricity
No government help
Poverty/cannot afford education
Fewer/less skilled teachers
Q.8. To what extent will improvements in education benefit both the rural and
urban people of Pakistan?
Ans. Benefits:
Will increase literacy / skills / can read e.g. government advice,
Better paid jobs / can use machinery / skilled,
Better farm outputs / income for farmers,
Better understanding of family planning / hazards of overpopulation,
Better health / more doctors, more nurses, more clinics, Better living standards.
Problems:
Lack of jobs for educated people,
loss of skilled workers e.g. teachers, doctors,
Break-up of families through rural-urban migration, General problems to people.
Study Fig.16, pie charts showing literacy rates in Pakistan.

Fig.16
Q.9. Give an example of tertiary employment for which literacy is not important.
Ans. Industrial cleaner, road sweeper, driver.
Q.10. Explain why literacy is important to increase economic development in
Pakistan.
Ans. More skilled workers e.g. managers, IT teaches, engineers, architects,
More business started, increased number in employment,
Higher wages e.g. more money to spend in local economy, more taxes raised,
Business better managed e.g. become more profitable, good quality goods,
Better policy making / administration in government.
Q.11. To what extent can population growth be influenced by increasing female
literacy?
Ans. Likely to influence population growth
Reduce: Family planning, use of contraceptives,
Latter marriage so delay in having / reduced number of children
Health risk of a high birth rate / large families
Increase: Higher family income so can afford more children.
Will not influence population growth:
Reasons for high birth rate.
Q.12. What is meant by the term ‘sustainable population growth’?
Ans. Population size that can be supported by available resources.
Q.13. Explain how can population growth be sustainable.
Ans. Increase food resources
Increase awareness about the hazards of rapid population growth
Promote family planning methods to reduce the birth rate
Easy availability of contraceptives
Provide education to females
Provide employment opportunities.
Q.14. Suggest three problems that might be caused by unsustainable population
growth.
Ans. Shortage of food/food insecurity
Unemployment rises
Pressure on health/diseases increase/education/illiteracy rate increases
Pressure on utilities/water/electricity/sanitation
Traffic congestion
Shortage of housing/overcrowded housing/homelessness/squatter settlements
Pressure on land/resources
Standard of living falls/poverty/low standard of living
Increase in crime
Named type pollution, e.g. litter – max one mark
Lack of local/national government funds to provide for everyone.