1) Monosynaptic Reflexes - Reflexes having only one synapse

in the reflex arc are called monosynaptic reflexes.

Stretch reflex is the best example for monosynaptic
reflex and it is elicited due to the stimulation of
muscle spindle.

2) Polysynaptic Reflexes - Reflexes having more than one

synapse in the reflex arc are called polysynaptic
reflexes. Flexor reflexes (withdrawal reflexes) are the
polysynaptic reflexes.

3) Spinal Cord - Spinal cord has two spindle-shaped

swellings, namely cervical and lumbar enlargements.
These two portions of spinal cord innervate upper and
lower extremities respectively.

4) Toxin theory of sleep - While the brain sleeps, it

clears out harmful toxins. During sleep, the flow of
cerebrospinal fluid in the brain increases dramatically,
washing away harmful waste proteins that build up
between brain cells during waking hours, a study of mice
found. Research suggests this could lower risk of
Alzheimer’s.

5) Colliculi (Colliculus) – A number of small swellings in

the roof of the midbrain, involved in vision and
hearing.

6) Superior colliculus, to control rapid directional

movements of the two eyes.  Plays a critical role in the
ability to direct behaviours toward specific objects,
and can support this ability even in the absence of the
cerebral cortex. Superior colliculus is an important
center for reflexes. Through tectospinal tract, superior
colliculus controls the movements of the eyes, head,
trunk and limbs, in response to visual impulses.

7) Inferior colliculus, where all or almost all the

auditory fibres synapse. Sound-location data becomes
 fully integrated by the inferior colliculus. IC are
large auditory nuclei on the right and left sides of the
midbrain. 

8) Language Localization – Left hemisphere; Broca’s Area

and Wernicke’s Area.

9) Regions of the spinal cord – Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar,

Sacral, Coccyx.

10) Sodium-Potassium Pump – Enzyme found in the membrane

of all animal cells. Makes use of active transport. Plays
an important role in nerve impulse transmission, and the
maintenance of resting potential. Information-processing
element in brain computation.
11) Mass Reflex - In a spinal animal or human being,
sometimes the spinal cord suddenly becomes excessively
active, causing massive discharge in large portions of the
cord. Arradiation of neuronal impulses. The autonomic
system is activated. Characterised by:
a) Skeletal muscles go into strong spasm.
b) Colon and bladder evacuate.
c) Profuse sweating.
d) Blood pressure rises to maximal values.
12) Ablation – Laser ablation surgery is a treatment to
remove tumours and lesions. It uses light and heat to
destroy unwanted brain cells.
13) Expressive aphasia - This is also called Broca's or
non-fluent aphasia. People with this pattern of aphasia
may understand what other people say better than they can
speak. People with this pattern of aphasia struggle to get
words out, speak in very short sentences and omit words.
14) Frontal Lobe - The frontal lobe is generally
where higher executive functions including emotional
regulation, planning, reasoning and problem solving occur.
15) Parietal Lobe - Areas in the parietal lobe are
responsible for integrating sensory information, including
touch, temperature, pressure and pain. 
16) Temporal Lobe - The temporal lobe contains regions
dedicated to processing sensory information, particularly
important for hearing, recognising language, and forming
memories. 
The temporal lobe contains the primary auditory cortex,
which receives auditory information from the ears and
secondary areas, and processes the information so we
understand what we’re hearing.
Certain areas in the temporal lobe make sense of complex
visual information including faces and scenes.  
The medial (closer to the middle of the brain) temporal
lobe contains the hippocampus, a region of the brain
important for memory, learning and emotions.

17) Occipital lobe - The occipital lobe is the

major visual processing centre in the brain.
The primary visual cortex, receives visual information
from the eyes. This information is relayed to several
secondary visual processing areas, which interpret depth,
distance, location and the identity of seen objects
18) Reticular formation - A widespread network of
interconnected neurons that runs throughout the entire
brain stem and into the thalamus. This network receives
and integrates all incoming sensory synaptic inputs. The
reticular formation contains long ascending and descending
tracts.
19) Cerebellum is known as the silent area of the brain
because electrical excitation of the cerebellum does not
cause any conscious sensation and rarely causes any motor
movement.