Effects of Door and Window Openings on Lateral Stiffness of 4-

Single Storey 3-Dimensional Simulated Model as

Shear Walled Structure
Susulan, Aizon L.
Metro Altos Construction Corporation
susulanaizon@gmail.com

CONCEPT NOTE

Introduction

Shear wall structures are one of the most commonly used lateral load resisting in high rise building. It
is a wall that is designed to resist shear (the lateral force that causes bulk damage to the structures
during earthquakes) [2]. Lateral loads can develop high stresses, produce sway movement or cause
vibration [7]. Shear Wall systems are the most appropriate systems in moderate sized buildings up to
20 floors and in low-rise construction [6]. The involvement of patterns of windows or door openings
in the shear walls is required due to architectural functions. If this happens with very large openings,
walls are coupled to each other by beams, referred as coupled shear walls. Also, these openings cause
variation in relative stiffness of wall with openings that extended from that of a solid wall to that of a
flexible frame [3]. On the contrary, Sozen`s theory proposed a theoretical equation for estimating the
fundamental period of shear wall structures without openings, where the flexural behavior of the walls
dominates the lateral response and the lateral bracing system is the shear wall system [5].

Keywords: shear stress, lateral forces, wind and earthquake load, lateral stiffness, SAP2000
software, finite element method, simulation model, ASCE7-16 Code.

Problem Statement

Openings have a major effect on the seismic behavior of the shear wall structures. The case of always
neglecting these openings in the modeling phase leads to unreal design against earthquake load.

Shear walls in buildings may have openings as doors or windows to achieve architectural functions.
The openings cause a reduction in a wall lateral stiffness, and this leads to variation in overall
fundamental period of the building [3]. Another study agreed that the lateral stiffness is strongly
affected by the vertical location of the openings in the walls [1]. However, the designers [4][8]
generally ignore the effect of these openings in walls to simplify both modeling and analysis of the
structures using finite element programs.

Goals and Objectives

The study specifies the following objectives:

1. To investigate the effect of the openings on the lateral stiffness of simulated model of a 4-single
storey shear walled structure.

2. To identify the maximum ratio of openings in the wall to the size of the side wall that can be
neglected in modeling the structures for the purpose of simplification.

3. To recognize the minimum opening ratio that converts the behavior of a solid wall to that of a
frame, in order to help designers to make their models as simple and safe as possible.
4. To derive an equation for estimating the change (increase/decrease) in the stiffness factor of the 4-
single storey simulated shear walled model due to openings in shear walls through statistical
regression of the finite element results.

Methods

The commercial program SAP2000 (Structural Analysis Program) software based on using finite
element method will be used as a calculation tool, and this will be utilized to find results from the 3-
dimensional simulated model of a 4-storey shear walled structure. A quasi-experimental design shall
be employed and statistical regression analysis for finite elements will be also analyzed to show
comparison between the effects of openings on the lateral stiffness of shear wall structures
considering with and without openings. The regression analysis will be done to fit an equation for
estimating the increase in the lateral stiffness of the shear walled structures due to openings in shear
walls. The output equation will be useful in the conceptual design phase of the buildings.

The effects of other parameters (concrete compressive strength and wall geometry) on the lateral
stiffness of the shear walled structure with openings will be also identified and be compared to that
without openings. After careful considerations, the result will also be compared to ASCE7-16 code
formula in approximating the fundamental period of the simulated shear walled structure.

References

[1] A. Neuehofer, Lateral Stiffnes of Shear Walls with Openings, ASCE Journal of Structural
Engineering. Volume 132, Issue 11, 2006.

[2] AKK. Rajeeva, Effects of Shear Wall Configuration on Seismic Behavior of a Typical RC Tall
Building, International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, Volume 06,
Issue 09, Pages 64, Sept 2017

[3] A.M.H. Fares, Effect of Shear Wall Openings on the Fundamental Period of Shear Wall
Structures, Faculty of Graduate Studies, Palestine, 2018

[4] K.R. Goel et al., Period Formula for Concrete Shear Wall Buildings, ASCE Journal of
Structural Engineering, Volume 124, Issue 4.

[5] M.A. Sozen, Earthquake response of buildings with robust walls, Fifth Chilean Conference
on Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Santiago, Chile, 1989

[6] S.T. Bungale, Reinforced Concrete Design of Tall Buildings, CRC Press Taylor & Francis
Group.

[7] B.S. Smith et al., Tall Building Structures: Analysis and Design, John Willey & Sons Inc, 1991

[8] W.J. Wallace et al., Ductility and Detailing Requirements of Bearing Wall Buildings, ASCE
Journal of Structural Engineering, Volume 118, Issue 6, 1992
 Fatigue Performance of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Columns with
Corroded Reinforcement Bar Extracted From Demolished Universal
College Building at Canelar, Zamboanga City
Susulan, Aizon L.
Metro Altos Construction Corporation
susulanaizon@gmail.com

CONCEPT NOTE

Introduction

Reinforced concrete is a predominant construction material that generally performs well throughout
the service life. However, the corrosion of the reinforcement component is a major concern on the
durability and the safety of the reinforced concrete structures [2]. In addition to the aforementioned
chemical effect, fatigue load generated during vehicle driving also endangers the service life of
concrete structures. If reinforced aggregate concrete is applied to coastal bridges or other structures in
marine environment, it is bound to be affected by the combination of fatigue load and reinforcement
corrosion [4]. However, a research was proposed that, although corrosion causes the reinforcement to
be more brittle when stretched, the ductility of reinforced concrete depends on the initial ductility of
steel bar. [6]

Keywords: recycled concrete aggregate, corroded rebars, tensile strength, compressive strength,
ASTM, concrete specimens, ductility, durability.

Problem Statement

The use of recycled aggregates from existing concrete column with corroded reinforcement bar
improves bond capacity of Concrete Design Mix.

With such a high demand for new aggregates, the concern arises of the depletion of the current
sources of natural aggregates and the availability of the new sources [5]. Similarly, the construction
waste produced in a year is expected to increase. From building demolition alone, the annual
production of construction waste it estimated to be 123 million tons [3]. To address both the concern
of increasing production of waste, many states have begun to recognize a more sustainable solution in
recycling waste concrete or recycled concrete aggregates and helps reduce amount of waste that enters
already over-burdened landfills [1].

Goals and Objectives

The study specifies the following objectives:

1. To determine the effect of replacing natural aggregate concrete to a recycled aggregate concrete on
its compressive and bond strength.

2. To analyze the results of a slump test to be conducted for the bond strength of recycled concrete
aggregates.

3. To determine the reduction factors of yield strength, tensile strength, and ductility of corroded
reinforcement rebar extracted from the demolished Universal College School Building at Canelar,
Zamboanga City.
4. To propose a simple empirical equations to predict the residual strengths and ductility
of the corroded steel rebars.

5. To produce 6 concrete (recycled concrete aggregate with corroded reinforcing bars) specimens for 6
nonconsecutive days (1st, 3rd, 7th, 14th, 28th, and 60th day) of which are to be tested for compressive
strength.

Methods

An experimental design will be used to manipulate the study. Compressive Strength as per ASTM C39
(2011) Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens will be
also conducted to assess and compare the bond capacity of alternative concrete design mix over the
controls. The results will be visualized in a bar graphical representation for comparison purposes. On
the other hand, corrosion levels (mass loss) and residual cross section of the corroded rebars will be
also estimated and varied from the engineering properties of steel rebar products. The variation in
mass and engineering properties (yield strength, tensile strength, and ductility) will be analyze using
the ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) test with 5% Level of Significance.

Result data from the experimental measurements and experimental tests were utilized in statistical
analysis to propose simple empirical equations to predict the residuals strengths and ductility of
corroded steel rebars. Hence, in accordance with ASTM E8-09 Standard Test Method for Tension
Testing of Metallic Materials, tensile strength test will also be conducted.

References

[1] A.R. Steele, Bond Performance of Recycled Aggregate Concrete, Missouri University of
Science and Technology, 2014.

[2] D. Landolt, Corrosion and Surface Chemistry of Metals, 1st Edition, Lausanne, Switzerland,
EPFL Press, distributed by CRC Press, 2007.

[3] Federal Highway Administration, Transportation Application of Recycled Concrete

Aggregates: Federal Highway Administration, State of Practice, National Bureau,
Accessed February 2014

[4] S.M. Aziz, Residual Engineering Properties of Corroded Conventional Steels, High Chromium
Steel and Stainless Steel Reinforcing bars in concrete, University of Houston, December 2019.

[5] S.W. Kim, Influence of Recycled Coarse Aggregates on the Bond Behavior of Deformed Bars in
Concrete, Engineering Structure, Vol. 48, pp. 133, 2012.

[6] C. Lu et.al, Reinforcement corrosion-induced cover Cracking and its Time Prediction for
Reinforced Concrete Structures, Jiangsu University, April 2011.