FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF REINFORECED ALKALI ACTIVATED CONCRETE MIXES

MR SHREYAS B M a, DR MITHUN BM b
a
PG Scholar, Nitte (Deemed to be University), NMAM Institute of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, Nitte, India
b
Assistant Professor, Nitte (Deemed to be University), NMAM Institute of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, Nitte, India
_________________________________________________________________________________

Abstract

To research the work done on structural members using Alkali-Activated Phosphorous Slag Concrete
(AAPSC). The current study examines the AAPSC beam's flexural behaviour. To examine the flexural
performance of the beam depth, four-point static bending tests were carried out on 12 AAPSC beams
and three Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete beams. The flexural behaviour of the AAPSC
beam was unaffected by the strength of the concrete. In order to promote the use of AAPSC concrete
as a structural material, it is important to assess the flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams
built of this material.

Key words :- Flexural ductility, Flexural strengthening,

1. INTRODUCTION high early strengths more than 50 MPa even at

Currently, concrete is made mostly using room temperature and withstand sulphate

ordinary portland cement, a cementitious chemical assault. The primary emphasis of the

substance. to research and implement the use experiments used AAPSC to examine the

of structural members with alkali activated material characteristics of cement-free

concrete. The goal of the current study is to concrete.

better understand how a concrete beam made These earlier investigations provided
of an alkali-activated phosphorus slag information on the right mixture to produce
performs under flexure. Contrarily, silicon AAS mortars with material characteristics
dioxide (SiO2) and aluminium oxide are used comparable to Portland cement mortars. To
as raw materials to make alkali activated use AAS concrete as a structural material,
cement (Al2O3). It reacts with a strong alkali study must also be conducted on the elastic
solution. Since all Portland cement-based modulus, stress-strain relationships, and
matrices are relatively fragile in tension, all behaviour of structural components.
structural components need to be reinforced
with steel that is properly constructed to
withstand tensile loads. Such a change in the
flexural behaviour of reinforced AAPSC beams
relative to a traditional reinforced OPC.

In particular, experimental studies revealed

that concrete made using alkali activated slag
rather than blast furnace slag could produce

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW
i) Hojjatollah Maghsoodloorad (2015)
Alkali activation kinetics of phosphorous
slag cement using compressive strength
data
The project's primary goal is to demonstrate
that CS aggregate may be used as a
substitute for fine aggregates in alkali activated
concrete mixes for acceptable performance in
both structural and pavement quality concrete
mixes.

The mechanics without doing an experimental V) AMIR SALMA (2018)

test, the order of alkali activation is one of the Alkali activated concrete
most important aspects in predicting the
Since the 1800s, regular Portland
mechanical behaviour of alkali activated
Cement Concrete has been utilised
cement at various curing times and
extensively. According to research, each tonne
temperatures.
of cement produced emits around 0.84 tonnes
ii) LIU Jiuyan (2016) of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, both
directly during decomposition and indirectly
“Preparation of phosphorous slag based
due to the energy required for manufacturing.
cementitious material with high early
strength and its concrete properties” vi) YUNXING DU (2021)

The experimental PSBCM concrete qualities
showed that this concrete had a high early
strength and that it was easier to work with
than Portland cement concrete of the same
strength grade.
iii) KWANG MYONG LEE (2017)
Flexural and Shear behavior of reinforced
alkali activated concrete beams
The findings demonstrate that the
reinforced AAS concrete members' flexural
and shear behaviours are substantially
identical to those of unreinforced concrete
members and demonstrate the applicability of
the traditional design code while taking into
account the decreased density of slag.
iv) Dr Mithun BM (2017)
“Performance of alkali activated
concrete mixes incorporating copper slag
as fine aggregate”
Flexural behavior of alkali activated slag
based concrete beams
The use of alkali-activated concrete in
structural members has received scant
research. The current study examined the
flexural behaviour of concrete beams made of
alkali-activated slag-fly ash and based on
performance.vii) Ismail Amer Mohamed
Kohail (2021)
A review on alkali-activated slag concrete
Since its initial application, alkali-activated
concrete (AAC) has garnered a great deal of
interest as a material substitute for the well-
known conventional Portland cement concrete
(PCC) because of its superior qualities and
positive environmental effects.
viii) Kuisheng Liu and Yong Cui (2021)
slag
Effects of Different Content of Phosphorus
Slag Composite Concrete

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 Phosphorus slag, often known as PS under reinforced section. Shear stirrups were
or granulated electric furnace phosphorus slag 125mm c/c apart and 2L, 8mm in size in every
powder, is a calcium silicate-containing beam along the whole span.
industrial waste byproduct. It is made in an
On the compression side, two hanger bars
electric furnace at a high temperature of
with an 8 mm diameter were provided to
roughly 1400 C during the commercial
support the stirrups. All of the beams
manufacturing of yellow phosphorus
underwent three-point loading tests after 28
preparation from phosphorus ore, silica, and
days of curing. In OPCC beams and AASC
coke.
beams, concrete mix specifications for 28-day
ix) Young Cheelok (2022) compressive strength are tabulated. With
respect to the OPCC beam, all the necessary
Phosphorous slag in supplementary
theoretical calculations for computing the load
cementitious and alkali activated materials
at first-crack, service load, ultimate load, and
The purpose of the current work is to create deflections, etc., in accordance with the
alkali-activated cement using phosphorous provisions of IS 456-2000, are illustrated.
slag as a raw material.
The following order is a comparison of the
3. OBJECTIVES flexural performance of OPCC beams with
AAPSC beams.:
The main objective of present research paper
are identified as follows  First-Crack, Service, and Maximum
Loading.
1. To assess the flexural behavior of reinforced
 Beam Load-Deflection Behavior.
concrete beams composed with AAS concrete.
 Cracking Pattern.
2. To carry out the flexural members' finite
element analysis and evaluate the findings in
light of the experimental data. 5.CONCLUSION

3. To prevent the cement reaction from being This study tested and analysed how
necessary and to avoid activating reinforced concrete beams built of AAPS
unaccompanied cementitious matrices. concrete behaved structurally. The findings

4. EXPERIMENTAL TEST allow for the following inferences.

Twelve rectangular cross-sectional beams in (1) AAS concrete's elastic modulus and strain

all were tested. Each beam measured 150mm at maximum stress were somewhat lower than

wide, 250mm deep overall, and 2550mm long those anticipated for regular concrete. This

overall. For each of the four typical mixtures, discrepancy could be explained by the

three beams were evaluated. Concrete of decrease in AAS concrete's unit mass brought

grade M45 was taken into consideration. Each on by slag's lower density when compared to

of the tested beams had tensile reinforcement cement. The elastic modulus and stress-strain

at roughly 1.032% given in the form of three relationship of AAS concrete will be

12mm dia. bars, which corresponds to an

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adequately modelled with further research, it is
predicted.
(2) Because the reinforcing bars control the
flexural behaviour of the members, the flexural
behaviour of the reinforced AAPS concrete
members looked to be very similar to that of
the reinforced concrete beam composed of
ordinary concrete. With the use of AAS
concrete's elastic modulus and stress-strain
relationship, a nonlinear flexural analysis
model was put out. The analytical model's
viability was shown by the analytical results,
which were in strong agreement with the
experimental findings.
(3) The experimental shear strength for the
members without stirrups was substantially
higher than what the design code projected,
demonstrating the design code's
conservatism. Depending on how much tensile
steel was used, the reinforced AAS concrete
members' shear performance changed.
(4) The flexural and shear behaviours of the
AAPS concrete specimens were in rather good
agreement with those anticipated analytically,
according to the findings of the finite element
analysis reflecting the nonlinear model of
AAPS concrete employed in earlier
investigations.
(5) As a result, the test results demonstrate
that the flexural and shear behaviours of the
reinforced AAPS concrete members are very
comparable to those of the reinforced concrete
beam made of regular concrete, enabling the
design of reinforced AAPS concrete members
to be compliant with conventional design
codes for flexure and shear. Since this
experimental investigation was restricted to
specimens with certain dimensions, additional
research is necessary before AAS concrete
can be used in actual applications.
REFERENCE
(i) Hojjatollah Maghsoodloorad (2015)
Maghsoodloorad H, Allahverdi A.
Alkali-activation kinetics of phosphorus slag
cement using compressive strength data.
Ceramics-Silikaty. 2015 Jan 1;59(3):250-60.
(ii) LIU Jiuyan (2016)
Liu J, Peng Y, Yang B, Xiao J, Xu G,
Zhang J. Preparation of phosphorous slag-
based cementitious material with high early
strength and its concrete properties. In2016
5th International Conference on Civil,
Architectural and Hydraulic Engineering
(ICCAHE 2016) 2016 Oct (pp. 463-469).
Atlantis Press.
(iii) KWANG MYONG LEE (2017)
Lee KM, Choi S, Choo JF, Choi YC,
Yoo SW. Flexural and Shear Behaviors of
Reinforced Alkali-Activated Slag Concrete
Beams. Advances in Materials Science and
Engineering. 2017 Jan 1;2017.
(iv) Dr Mithun B M (2017)
Mithun BM, Narasimhan MC.
Performance of alkali activated slag concrete
mixes incorporating copper slag as fine
aggregate. Journal of Cleaner Production.
2016 Jan 20;112:837-44.
(v) AMIR SALMA (2018)
Ding Y, Dai JG, Shi CJ. Mechanical
properties of alkali-activated concrete: A state-
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Materials. 2016 Nov 30;127:68-79.

(vi) YUNXING DU (2021)

Du Y, Wang J, Shi C, Hwang HJ, Li N.

Flexural behaviour of alkali-activated slag-
based concrete beams. Engineering
Structures. 2021 Feb 15;229:111644

(vii) Kuisheng Liu and Yong Cui (2021)

Amer I, Kohail M, El-Feky MS, Rashad

A, Khalaf MA. A review on alkali-activated slag
concrete. Ain Shams Engineering Journal.
2021 Jun 1;12(2):1475-99.

(viii) Young Cheelok (2022)

Yong CL, Mo KH, Koting S. Phosphorus

slag in supplementary cementitious and alkali
activated materials: A review on activation
methods. Construction and Building Materials.
2022 Oct 17;352:129028.