SREE SAKTHI ENGINEERING COLLEGE 1

Ooty Main Road, Karamadai,

Coimbatore- 641 104, Tamil Nadu.

A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF COARSE

AGGREGATE WITH STEEL SLAG AS
SUSTAINABLE CONCRETE
Department of Civil Engineering

2023 - 2024

PRESENTED BY, GUIDED BY,

ANITHA.P -713620103302 ATHIRA K RAMAN M.Tech.,
NITHEES KAMBATTAN.D-713620103307 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
PARTHIBAN.J -713620103308 DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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OUTLINE
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 LITERATURE REVIEW
 TESTING ON FRESH CONCRETE
 CUBE CASTING
 TESTING ON HARDENED CONCRETE
 CUBE CASTING
 REFERNCE
 CONCLUSION

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ABSTRACT
The basic objective of this study was to identify the
alternative source of good quality natural coarse aggregate which is
depleting very fast due to the fast phase of construction activities in India
use of steel slag is waste industrial by product of iron and steel production.
In this paper the physical, chemical and mechanical
properties of steel slag are found out and compared with the properties of
natural aggregate. It is found that the properties of steel slag are nearly
same as that of natural aggregate which enhances the possibilities of
utilization of steel slag as substitute for natural aggregate.
By-product discharged from the steelmaking process, which
is characterized by abundant free calcium/magnesium oxide, low
cementacious properties, and high contents of heavy metals.

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 INTRODUCTION
STEEL SLAG:
 The industrial waste has been encouraged in construction industries
because it contributes to reduce the usage of natural resources. For many
years, by product such as fly – ash, silica fumes and steel slag were
considered as waste materials.

 They have been successfully used in the construction industries, for the
partial or full replacement of both fine and coarse aggregates. To produce
every tons of steel, approximately 3.0 – 4.0 tons of steel slag is generated as
a by - product materials.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
TITLE OF THE AUTHOR JOURNAL INFERENCES
PAPER DETAILS DETAILS
Manufacturing of Praveen Mathew, Constructed by The industrial by-
sustainable Leni Stephen ,and industrial building product of steel
conventional Jaleen George (2013) industry and it
concrete: utilization possesses the
of steel slag and problem of disposal
light weight as waste. the
concrete bats demand for
aggregate in
construction
industry is
increasing rapidly
and so is the
demand for
concrete.

5
TITLE OF AUTHOR JOURNAL INFERENCES
PAPAER DETAILS DETAILS

Drivers and barriers George Wang YH Ahn, AR Pearce, derived the

of sustainable design Y Wang, G Wang theoretical equation
and construction : international journal for predicting
The perception of of sustainable volume expansion of
green building building technology steel slag is deduced
experience and urban (2010- based on both
2013) chemical reaction
and physical
changes of free lime
in steel slag during
the hydration
process. Laboratory
volume expansion
testing is conducted
to compare the
results with the
theoretical volume
expansion.

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TITLE OF AUTHOR JOURNAL INFERENCES
PAPAER DETAILS DETAILS
Influence of Steel Qiang Wang, Steel slag is a In this paper, the influence of steel
Slag on Peiyu Yan potential mineral slag on the compressive strength,
Mechanical admixture for drying shrinkage, permeability to
Properties and concrete (2013). chloride, and carbonation resistance
Durability of of concrete was investigated under
Concrete two different conditions: constant
W/B and constant 28 days
compressive strength.

4Replacement of R.Prasath A construction The materials like a cement, fine

Natural Coarse Kumar, industry plays aggregate & natural coarse aggregate
Aggregate K.S.Anandh, vital role in India which is used to prepare concrete
withLight Weight Midhun which leads into where once easily available in our
Coarse Aggregate Kumar.V the economic country, but now there is high
developments(201 demand in materials which has gone
0-2013). to a high scenario.

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OBJECTIVES:
 A sink for collecting impurities during steel refining
process, to prevent diffusion N2 and H2 gases from
atmosphere to the molten steel, protecting steel
against re-oxidation, as the barricade heat transfer
from molten steel to the surrounding.

 In addition to being used as concrete aggregate, slag

can be used as an aggregate in mortar for masonry.

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SELECTION OF MATERIALS:
 STEEL SLAG:
The steel slag as produced during the
separation of the molten steel from impurities in steel
making furnaces.

LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE BATS:

Made with light weight aggregates, either
natural or manufactured, comprising gravel or crushed
stone.

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PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE:

 Concrete making is not just a matter of mixing ingredient to

produce a plastic mass but good concrete has to satisfy
performance requirements in the plastic or green state and also in
the hardened state.

 In the plastic state the concrete should be workable and free form
segregation and bleeding is the separation of cement paste form
the main mass.

 The segregation and bleeding indicates in a poor quality concrete

is in hardened state concrete should be strong and durable and
impermeable; and it has minimum dimensional changes.

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METHODOLOGY:
DATA COLLECTION

LITERATURE REVIEW

MATERIAL COLLECTION

MIX DESIGN

TESTS ON FRESH CONCRETE

CUBE CASTING

CURING

TESTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

COST ANALYSIS

CONCLUSION 11
M20 MIX DESIGN
 STEP1:TARGET STRENGTH

fck’=fck+1.65s
Where’
fck’-Target average compressive strength at 28 days
fck-Characteristic compressive strength at 28 days
s-Standard deviation
Therefore from table1, s=5N/mm2
Target strength=20+1.65*5 =28.25N/mm2

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STEP2:SELECTION OF WATER CEMENT RATIO

From table5(IS456:2000)
For severe expose,
maximum water content ratio=0.45
So, we take 0.4<0.45
Hence ok.

STEP3:SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT

From table2,used code IS10262-2009 maximum water
content for 20mm aggregate=186litres
(Note: this is only for 25-50mm slump )
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CASE 1:

WKT,for every 25mm increase slump 3% of water is added.

So, for 100mm slump-6% added
estimated water content=186+(6%100)*186=197lit

CASE2:
Also given super plasticizer is used.
WKT from IS10262:2009
water content is reduced upto 30%

based on trails according to IS code 29% volume is

reduce.
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Hence,
arrived water content=197*0.71=140litres

STEP4:CALCULATION OF CEMENT & FLYASH

CONTENT:

Water cement ratio=0.4(140%cement =0.4)

Cementitious materials(cement+flyash)=140%0.45
=350kg/m3
From table5, used code IS456-2000
minimum cement for sever condition =320kg/m3
Therefore, 350>320
Hence ok.

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Note: Here, fly ash is 30% and cement is 70%
Cementations material content=350*1.1=385kg/m3
Water content =140kg/m3
So, water cement ration =140%385=0.364
Fly ash at 30% =385*30%=115kg/m3
cement =385-115=270kg/m3
*From the usage of fly ash we are saving
350-270 =80kg/m3 of cement
*Instead fly ash we are using
= 115kg/m3
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STEP5: VOLUME OF COARSE AGGREGATE & FINE
AGGREGATE
From table 3 using codeIS10262-2009
• for 20mm size aggregate &zone 1 fine aggregate.
•For water cement ratio of 0.5 volume of coarse aggregate is
0.62 (0.5=0.62)
Therefore decrease is 0.1 results is increase of 0.02
volume of coarse aggregate=0.62
Given pumpable concrete: Volume is reduced by 10%

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Volume of coarse aggregate =0.62*0.9=0.56
Volume of fine aggregate =1-0.56=0.44
STEP6:MIX CALCULATION
Mix calculation per unit volume
(a)Volume of concrete =1m3
(b)Volume of cement
=mass of cement% specific gravity of
cement*(1%1000)
=270%3.15*1%1000=0.086/m3
(c)Volume of fly ash = mass of fly ash% specific gravity of
fly ash*(1%1000)
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 =115%1*1%1000=0.052/m3
(d)Volume of water
=mass of water% specific gravity of
water*(1%1000)

=140%1*1%1000=0.140/m3
(e)Volume of chemical admixture @cementatious material
=mass of admixture% specific gravity of
admixture*(1%1000)

=(2%100*385)%1.145*1%1000=0.007/m3

(f)Volume of all aggregate =(total-remaining)

=(a-(b+c+d+e)
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 =(1-(0.086+0.052+0.140+0.007))=0.715/m3
(g)Mass of coarse aggregate
=(f*volume of coarse aggregate *specific gravity of coarse
aggregate*1000)
=0.715*0.56*2.74*1000=1097kg/m3
Mass of fine aggregate (g)
=(f*volume of fine aggregate
*specific gravity of fine aggregate*1000)
=0.715*0.44*2.74*1000=862kg/m3
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STEP7:MIX PROPORTIONS
Cement -270kg/m3
Fly ash -115kg/m3
Water -140kg/m3
Fine aggregate -862kg/m3
Coarse aggregate -1097kg/m3
Water cement ratio -0.45

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PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
 The cement used was ordinary portland cement. Portlant
cement is the most common type of cement in general usage.
It is a basic ingredient of concrete ,mortar and plaster.
 Specific gravity of cement is 3.15
 Initial setting time 30 minutes
 Final setting time 10 hours.

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PROPERTIES OF FINE AGGREGATE
 M-sand(fine aggregate)used for the experimental program
was locally procured and conformed to Indian standard
specification is:383-1970.

 The sand was first sieved through bureau of Indian

standard(BIS)4.75mm Sieve to remove any particles
greater than 4.75mm.

 Fine aggregate was tested as per is 2386-1963

 Fineness modulus of fine aggregate is 2.5-3

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PROPERTIES OF COARSE
AGGREGATE
 Aggregates are strong, clear and tough with sharp
edges .

 Size varies from 20mm-40mm.

 In
our experiment 20 mm size coarse aggregate is to be
used.

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ADMIXTURES PROPERTIES
 FLY ASH:
 Fly ash consists primarily of oxides of silicon, aluminum
iron and calcium. Magnesium, potassium, sodium, titanium, and
sulfur are also present to a lesser degree.

 When used as a mineral admixture in concrete, fly ash is classified

as either Class C or Class F ash based on its chemical composition.

• Fly ash has high specific surface area and low bulk density. The
amount of unburned carbon and iron impact the color of fly ash,
which can vary from orange to deep red, brown, or white to yellow

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MARBLE DUST POWDER
 Marble is one of the most extensively used aesthetic stones.
Turkey has approximately 3872,000,000 M3 of valuable marble
reserve.

 On the other hand, marble manufacturing industry produces high

amount of waste.

 Marble dust has been used in the manufacturing of mosaics,

mortar, tile, plaster and white cement.

 A 90% of dried marble slurry having very fine dust is smaller

than 200 lm in size

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COCONUT SHELL POWDER:
 Coconut shells have been proven to be of good
quality to react with other materials by the activity
test.

 The addition of eggshell powder to Portland

cement accelerates the hydration reaction by reacting
with tri-calcium silicate (C3S) and also influences the
hydration product of cement paste by providing
nucleation sites

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SELECTION OF ADMIXTURE

 Compared the admixtures, best is fly ash hence it have

high workability and durability.
 Easily binding material.
 Higher strength.
 Cost is economical
 Easily available.

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STEEL SLAG PROPERTIES
 Steel making slag is an integral part of the
steelmaking process. It is produced during the separation
of the liquid steel from impurities in steelmaking furnace
and is a non-metallic by-product of steelmaking process.

 It occurs as a molten liquid melt and is a

complex solution of silicates and oxides which solidifies
upon cooling.

 It primarily consists of silicates, alumina silicates,

calcium aluminum silicates, iron oxides and crystalline
compounds.
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 PROJECT SCHEDULE:
% OF
TYPE OF STEELSLAG CUBE 7 DAYS 14 DAYS 21 DAYS
S.NO CONCRETE AND CASTING CURING CURING CURING
FLY ASH DATE DATE DATE DATE

CONVERSIONAL - 20-02-2024 27-02-2024 05-03-2024 12-03-2024

1 CONCRETE
SPECIAL 10+10 13-03-2024 20-03-2024 27-03-2024 03-04-2024
2 CONCRETE
SPECIAL 20+20 14-03-2024 21-03-2024 28-04-2024 04-04-2024
3 CONCRETE
SPECIAL 30+30 16-03-2024 23-03-2024 30-04-2024 06-04-2024
4 CONCRETE

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MATERIAL TESTING
Fineness of the cement =8%

› Cement consistency test =45%

› Fineness modulus of fine aggregate=3.59

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CONVENTIONAL SLUMP CONE TEST
RESULT
 Observation
 mix proportion =1:1.37:2.74
 weight of coarse aggregate = 14.7kg
 weight of fine aggregate = 7.35kg
 Weight of cement = 5.36kg

 Result
 The slump is 280mm of water cement ratio of 0.45

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33
CONVENTIONAL CAMPACTION
FACTORS TEST RESULT

 Observation
 mix proportion =1:1.37:2.74
 weight of coarse aggregate= 14.7kg
 weight of fine aggregate = 7.35kg
 Weight of cement = 5.36kg

 Result
 The time required for concrete of water cement

ratio 0.45
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35
REFERENCES

BOOKS
1.“CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY - Theory and Practice” by
M.S.SHETTY, SCHAND Publications, New Delhi, 2012.
2. “CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY - Theory and Practice” by M.L
GAMBHIR, Tata MC Graw-Hill Education, 2004.
3. “FLY ASH IN CONCRETE: PRODUCTION, PROPERTIES AND
USES” by RC JOSHI, RP LOHITA,Taylor and Francis Publications,
1997.
4. “LABORATORY MANUAL ON CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY” by
HEMANT SOOD, L.N.MITTAL & P.D.KULKARNI,Paper Back, 2003.
5. “CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY” – by A.M. NEVILLE and
J.J.BROOKS.

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CODE BOOKS
 IS 1727 -1967 for specific gravity of cement
 IS 4031 – 1968 for standard consistency of cement
 IS 4031 – 1968 PART 4 for initial setting time of cement
 IS 4031 – 1968 PART 4 for final setting time of cement
 IS 383 – 1970 for grading of coarse and fine aggregate
 IS 10262 -1989 for mix design of concrete
JOURNALS
 International journal of innovative research in science.
 International journal of engineering and science
 NSE technical transactions
 Colorado department of transportation and applied research

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THANK YOU

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