Simulating Plasmon Effect in Nanostructured OLED

Cathode Using COMSOL Multiphysics

Leiming Wang
Konica Minolta Laboratory USA Inc.

10/08/2015

HLUS Research Div. 1

 Konica Minolta OLED lighting

Flexible

Thin

Lightweight
HLUS Research Div. One piece of cutting-edge technology creates the future 2
Konica Minolta OLED lighting

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Multilayer structure and light out-coupling of OLED

Typical power distribution spectrum of an

OLED viewed in the k-space*

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*Reineke et al., Rev. Mod. Phys. 85, 1245–1293 (2013)
4
Visualizing field distribution in OLED in real space

Py @ 475 nm

|Ex|

|Ey|

|E|

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Visualizing field distribution in OLED in real space
Px @ 475 nm
|Ey|

Pz @ 475 nm
|Ez|

 SPP coupling is less for horizontally oriented dipole emission.

 No SPP coupling for s-polarized case in 2D.

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Reducing waveguide mode by high index substrate

|Ey|
Regular glass

|Ey|
High refractive index
glass

 Py @ 475 nm.

 Strategy of enhancing light extraction efficiency of OLED:

HLUS Research Div. plasmon mode  waveguide mode  substrate mode  air mode. 7
Reducing SPP coupling by nanograting electrode
Light in EML
Light in air

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Reducing SPP coupling by nanograting electrode

 Simplified model – Ag/EML two layer.

 Py @ 535 nm.
HLUS Research Div.  Grating: λG = 100 nm, L = 50 nm, h = 50 nm, d = 50 nm, Δx = 0. 9
Reducing SPP coupling by nanograting electrode

|Ez|

Pz @ 535 nm

 3D capable, but memory intensive and time-consuming

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Power flow analysis

SPP evanescent
field (e-1)

  
Ptotal = ∫ ( E × H ) ⋅ dS 0
  
Plight = ∫ ( E × H ) ⋅ dS1
    
Pplasmon = ∫ ( E × H ) ⋅ dS 2 + ∫ ( J ⋅ E ) ⋅ dVAg
HLUS Research Div. Plasmon loss (%) = Pplasmon/Ptotal 11
Total emission power
4.00E+09 Py=1A•m @ 535 nm
3.50E+09
flat
3.00E+09 λG = 100 nm

Total radiated power (Watts/m)

2.50E+09 λG = 300 nm

2.00E+09

1.50E+09

1.00E+09

5.00E+08

0.00E+00
0 50 100 150 200
d (nm)
(Δx=0)

 Total emission power correlates with the decay rate of the molecular emitter and
the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of OLED.
 For all-phosphorescent OLED, the IQE is ~100%; only the percentage of plasmon
HLUS Research Div. loss is concerned. 12
Plasmon loss – vertical dipole

Py @ 535 nm
100% 100%
90% 90%
80% 80%
70% 70%
Plasmon loss (%)

Plasmon loss (%)

60% 60%
50% 50%
40% 40%
30% 30%
flat
20% 20%
λG = 100 nm
10% 10%
λG = 300 nm
0% 0%
0 50 100 150 200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
d (nm) Δx (nm)
(Δx=0) (d=50 nm)

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Plasmon loss – horizontal dipole

Px @ 535 nm
100% 100%
90% flat 90%
80% λG = 100 nm 80%
70% λG = 300 nm 70%
Plasmon loss (%)

Plasmon loss (%)

60% 60%
50% 50%
40% 40%
30% 30%
20% 20%
10% 10%
0% 0%
0 50 100 150 200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
d (nm) Δx (nm)
(Δx=0) (d=50nm)

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Effect on emission pattern
Flat |E|

λG = 50 nm  Py @ 535 nm.
|E|
 Δx = 0, d = 50nm,
h=50nm, L/λG = ½.
λG = 100 nm |E|  Large grating may lead to structured
directional emission.

 Subwavelength grating –
λG = 300 nm |E| metasurface.

λG = 1000 nm |E|

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Parametric study
Relative plasmon loss SD of wavelength averaging

0.37 0.09

 Relative ratio of plasmon loss - grating with respect to flat.

 λG = 100nm, d = 50 nm.
 Average of 2 horizontal positions: Δx = 0, Δx = λG/2.
 Average of Px and Py.
 Average of 3 emission wavelength: 475 nm, 535 nm, 625nm.
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 COMSOL Multiphysics® Cluster Sweep – parallel! 16
Summary

 Mode distribution and plasmon coupling effect in OLED were modeled

using COMSOL Multiphysics®, which can simulate the optical effect
caused by arbitrary subwavelength nanostructures.

 Reduction of plasmon loss in OLED by ~ 50% over broadband

emission is promising by nanostructured metal cathode.

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Acknowledgement

 HLUS  Stanford University  Konica Minolta Inc. (Japan)

Dr. Jun Amano Prof. Mark Brongersma Mr. Toshihiko Iwasaki
Dr. Po-Chieh Hung Mr. Majid Esfandyarpour Mr. Masahiro Imada
OLED group
Simulation group

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