EMT

OPTOELECTRONIC SYSTEM
462
LIGHT
PROPERTIES
OPTOELECTRONI
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PHOTON

EM
RADIATION
POPLHAORITZO

ATNION

REFRACTIO
N OPTICA
PHOTON L
REFLECTION
SYSTEM
OPTOELECTRONI
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Is light a particle, a
wave, or something
else?

How and
Is it can
why does
light bend?
be
bend ??

Why are things

different
colours?

Why do some things How fast does

reflect lots of light and light travel?
others very little??
OPTOELECTRONI
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PHOTON PROPERTIES
C SYSTEM

is an elementary particle of light and all other form of EM

radiation
LIGHT
PROPERTIES
OPTOELECTRONI
LIGHT
• FromPROPERTIES
C SYSTEM

quantum perspective, light

consist of particles called photon.
• Photon carries electromagnetic energy
momentum,
and as well as intrinsic angular
momentum (or spin) associated with
polarization
its properties.

• Photon has zero rest mass and travels at the speed

of light in vacuum Co; its speed in matter is reduced
to C < Co.
• Photon has a wavelike character that determines its
localization properties in space and time, and the
rules by which it interferes and diffracts.
OPTOELECTRONI
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L
i
g
h
t

i
s

e
l
e
c
t
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In quantum optics, scientist claimed that light is emitted and

absorbed in a tiny packet called photon / quanta.

The above figure shows the light absorption and emission process
Source : reading penrose
 Atoms and Light

Absorb a Photon

Absorb a Photon

2 Adding a photon
increases the energy
of the atom

1
 Atoms and Light

Release a Photon

Release a Photon
2

Releasing a photon
decreases the energy
of the atom
1
 Atoms and Light

QUANTUM MECHANICS
says each ELEMENT (type of atom)
can only have specific, QUANTIZED energies.

Each atomic transition has a

CHARACTERISTIC COLOR

Photon Energy = Frequency = Color

OPTOELECTRONI
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 Photons
Photons come in discrete particles, or packets of energy.

One PHOTON = One packet of light

And yet it's still a wave:

= Wavelength (crest to crest)

wavelength [m]

frequency [1/s] Number of wavelengths

which go by per second
speed of light [m/s]
 Photons
Photons come in discrete particles, or packets of energy.

One PHOTON = One packet of light

Photon energy and wavelength: E photon = n =

l

Visible light Electromagnetic spectrum

E = 3.1 eV E = 1.8 eV
ν = 7.5x1014 s-1 ν = 4.2x1014 s-1

Wavelength 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 nm

OPTOELECTRONI
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 Electromagnetic (EM) waves are produced

by accelerating charge distribution, carry
energy and exert forces on charged particles
upon which they impinge.

 In free (empty) space, all EM

waves travel
with SAME speed (of light)

 Frequency of the wave is determine by the

frequency of the wave’s source.
OPTOELECTRONI
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 LIGHT
OPTOELECTRONI

PROPERTIES
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PHOTONIC involves in

S
generation, control and detection of photon (in
free space or matter). The terms photonics also
reflects the importance of the photon nature of
light in describing the operation of many photonic
devices.

20 century
th 21st century
PHOTONIC TECHNOLOGY
ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY BOOMING
OPTOELECTRONI
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generation of coherent light ( laser) and

incoherent light (LED)

transmission of light in free

space
(waveguide , fiber optic)

modulation, switching and scanning of light

by the use of electrically, acoustically or
optically controlled devices.
amplification and frequency conversion of
light

detection of light
OPTOELECTRONI
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exercis Predict color of the

e spectrum when the
1 following photon energy is
applied :-
a) 5.372 x 10-19 J
c) 2.840 x 10-19
J
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 Changes of light direction when it crosses a

boundary between two substances/ medium
 Occurs as speed of light changes in different medium

 Light only refracted at the boundary when

it
enter/leave the medium
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EXTERNAL • Rare-to-dense reflection

REFLECTIO • I.E : from air  water

N
INTERNAL • Dense-to-rare reflection
REFLECTIO • I.E : from glass  air
N
 Reflection Definitions
• External ni  nt e.g. air to glass
• Internal ni  nt e.g. glass to air
• Specular - Reflection off a smooth surface

The reflected rays are parallel to each other

• Diffuse - Reflection off a rough surface

light is reflected in random directions

OPTOELECTRONI
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LAWPROPERTIES
C SYSTEM

OF REFLECTION / REFRACTION
Whenever a ray of light is incident on the boundary
separating two different media, part of the ray is
reflected back into the first medium and remainder is
refracted (bend in its path) as it enters the second
medium.

Angle of incident ray, 𝜽𝒊 is exactly equal to the angle

the reflected ray, 𝜽𝒓

 law of reflection : ( 𝜽𝒊 = 𝜽𝒓 )
OPTOELECTRONI
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LAWPROPERTIES
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OF REFLECTION / REFRACTION
OPTOELECTRONI
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LAWPROPERTIES
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OF REFLECTION / REFRACTION
 Law of refraction / Snell’s
Law : 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝒊 = 𝒏𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝒏𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝒊 = 𝒏𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝒕
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 𝒏𝒊
𝜽
OPTOELECTRONI
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 The index of refraction of any optical medium is

defined as the ratio between the speed of light in a
vacuum and the speed of light in medium;
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛
𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥, 𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚,
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚,𝑣
=

 i.e : nvacuum : 1.00 ; nwater : 1.333 ; nglass :

1.5
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 The optical density of a medium will be dependence

on the value of refractive index.

High refractive index  high optical density

Low refractive  low optical density
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 As angle of incidence ray greater than critical angle,

Φc , there will be no refracted light . Light will be
totally reflected.

 TIR (total internal reflection) only takes place if

both of the following two conditions are met:
 a light ray is in the more dense medium and
approaching the less dense medium.
 the angle of incidence for the light ray is
greater than critical angle.
OPTOELECTRONI
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INTERNAL TOTAL CRITICAL ANGLE

Critical angle is the angle
REFLECTION INTERNAL incident in an optical dense
REFLECTION medium for which the angle
n` sin 90o = n sin φc of refraction is 90⁰
OPTOELECTRONI
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• A ray of light in air is incident at an angle

of 35o on the smooth surface of a glass. If
exercis
the angle of refraction is 22o, evaluate the
e critical angle.
OPTOELECTRONI
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Let’s study in smarter

and practical way :
OPTICS BENCH
@ www.physi
csclassroom.com
OPTOELECTRONI
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 lights are classified as transverse waves.

 Transverse wave are those in which each small part of

the wave vibrate along a line perpendicular to the
direction of propagation and all parts are vibrating in
the same plane.
OPTOELECTRONI
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OPTOELECTRONI
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Light is a transverse
wave because its components
vibrate perpendicular to the
direction of propagation.

All electromagnetic waves (light
waves, microwaves, X-rays,
radio waves) are transverse
OPTOELECTRONI
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 Harmonic wave equation :

𝜋
𝑦 = 𝐴 sin 𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑𝑜 = 𝐴 cos( 𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑𝑜
−)
where 𝜔 = 2 𝜋 = 2𝜋𝜈 ; 𝑘 = 2𝜋
𝑇 𝜆

Harmonic wave complex equation :

𝑦 = 𝐴 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘 𝑥 −𝜔 𝑡 +𝜑 𝑜

Note : 𝑒 𝑖 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 ( sum of real and imaginary part)

OPTOELECTRONI
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By considering the following displacement

function of a travelling wave, evaluate :
exercis
e 𝑦 = 15m sin 2𝜋 4𝑡 − 𝑥 + 34
𝑥, 𝑡
i. wavelength.
ii. frequency.
iii. initial displacement.
iv. velocity at t = 0 and x = 0.
v. acceleration at t = 10 and x =
2.
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PLANE SPHERICAL CYLINDRICAL GAUSSIAN

WAVE WAVE BEAM
WAVE

𝑦 = 𝐴 sin(𝒌. 𝒓 − 𝜔𝑡) 𝐴 𝐴
𝑦= 𝑖 𝒌𝒓− 𝜔 𝑡 𝑦= 𝑖
𝑦 = 𝐴 𝑒 𝑖 𝒌.𝒓− 𝜔 𝑡 𝑟𝑒 𝜌𝑒
𝒌𝜌 −𝜔 𝑡
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 POLARIZED LIGHT VERSUS UNPOLARIZED

LIGHT

source :kshitij-iitjee.com
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 Process of transforming unpolarized light into polarized light

UNPOLARIZED POLARIZED
LIGHT LIGHT

source :kshitij-iitjee.com
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 Process of transforming unpolarized light into polarized light

OPTOELECTRONI
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 Process of transforming unpolarized light into polarized light

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