Q 1.

 Circuit switching is defined as the method of switching which is used for establishing a
dedicated communication path between the sender and the receiver. The link which is
established between the sender and the receiver is in the physical form. Analog telephone
network is a well-known example of circuit switching. Bandwidth is fixed in this type of
switching.
 Packet switching is defined as the connectionless network where the messages are divided
and grouped together and this is known as a packet. Each packet is routed from the source
to the destination as individual packets. The actual data in these packets are carried by the
payload. When the packet arrives at the destination, it is the responsibility of the destination
to put these packets in the right order.

Q 2.a.

 ASK is a form of amplitude modulation that represents digital data as variations in the
amplitude of a carrier wave. In an ASK system, a symbol, representing one or more bits, is
sent by transmitting a fixed-amplitude carrier wave at a fixed frequency for a specific time
duration.
 FSK is a method of transmitting digital signals using discrete signals. The two binary states
logic 0 (low) and 1 (high) in a binary frequency-shift key mechanism are each represented by
an analog waveform.
 PSK is a digital modulation technique in which the sine and cosine inputs of a radio wave
vary at a specific time, altering the phase of the carrier signal. Binary PSK is the simplest type
of phase-shift keying. It is also known as Phase Reversal Keying (PRK) or 2-phase PSK.

b. Time domain representation of ASK :

Time domain representation of FSK :

Time domain representation of PSK :